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Even a casual observer of American college athletics can see the emergence of star black athletes in conferences that once were racially segregated. By analyzing the college origins of National Football League and National Basketball Association draft choices between 1947 and 2011, this research measures the impact of higher education desegregation on the choices of elite African-American athletes in moving from historically black institutions (HBIs) to traditionally white institutions (TWIs). Using draft data and narrative descriptions, this paper documents when, why, and how this shift occurred. The desegregation of American education sometimes had the perverse effect of increasing opportunities for individual African-Americans, while subordinating the role or even extinguishing the black institutions serving that population in the Jim Crow era. In the desegregated era, there are some benefits to individual black athletes whose high professional draft status may make them young millionaires and to the states which have replaced a rigid odious racial color consciousness with fans cheering for university team colors worn by both their black and white athletes. But there is a price paid by the athletic programs of HBIs who are now confined to lower level conferences away from the most publicized contests. Some data reflected in the paper suggests that HBIs are losing in the competition to recruit elite black students in non-athletic fields as well.

As major sport events have been cancelled and postponed in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the necessity to protect and provide a holistic approach to the professional athlete has never been greater. To do so one must understand the negative consequences for athletes in relation to the cancellation and postponement of such events caused by a communicable pandemic. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of how athletes were affected during the current COVID-19 pandemic. It will also discuss the role of athletes during a pandemic. Athletes like other celebrities can be role models. They can encourage appropriate behaviours including social distancing to help stall the spread of the virus through social media. The article ends with a short discussion on the resumption of sports after lockdown. In such a context of uncertainty, maximum caution is needed for resumption of sports to ensure a smooth return to previous high levels of training and fitness.

This paper uses a simple approach to address the issue of how revenue sharing in professional sports leagues can affect the allocation of free agent players to teams. To affect the allocation of free agents, the imposition of revenue sharing must alter the ranking of bidding teams in terms of maximum salary offers. Two types of revenue sharing systems are considered: traditional gate revenue sharing and pooled revenue sharing. The paper suggests that team rankings for ability to pay are not affected by pooled revenue sharing, however the distribution of player salaries will be compressed. Traditional gate revenue sharing can alter the ability to pay rankings for teams, depending upon playing schedules and the closeness of revenues between closely ranked teams.

Севостьянова Мария Сергеевна, медицинский психолог высшей квалификационной категории, директор Центра современных психологических технологий, Федеральный Сибирский научно-клинический центр Федерального медико-биологического агентства (Красноярск), SevostyanovaMS@yandex.ru Логинова Ирина Олеговна, доктор психологических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической психологии и психотерапии с курсом ПО, Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого (Красноярск), loginova70_70@ mail.ru M.S. Sevost'yanova1, SevostyanovaMS@yandex.ru I.O. Loginova2, loginova70_70@mail.ru 1 Federal Siberian Research Clinical Centre under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2 Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation Рассматривается проблема выявления психофизиологических и психологических характеристик, отличающих профессионально успешных спортсменов высшей квалификации, в контексте решения задач психологического отбора в спорте высших достижений и усовершенствования метода прогнозных оценок. На материале исследования 354 действующих членов спортивных сборных команд России эмпирически доказано, что профессионально успешные спортсмены мужского пола отличаются от других спортсменов более выраженными показателями психомоторной, коммуникативной, общей активности и, соответственно, более выраженными показателями общеадаптационного потенциала. В свою очередь профессионально успешные в спорте женщины характеризуются более выраженными показателями интеллектуальной эргичности, пластичности, моторной скорости, показателями психомоторной, интеллектуальной, общей активности и более выраженными показателям общеадаптационного потенциала, чем их менее успешные коллеги- спортсменки. Межгрупповое сравнение изучаемых характеристик у профессионально успешных в спорте мужчин и женщин не обнаружило достоверных различий в выраженности обобщенных индексов всех видов активности, эмоциональности и адаптивности. В отличие от этого, успешные спортсмены-мужчины отличались от успешных спортсменок более развитыми навыками моделирования и оценивания результатов. В свою очередь, успешным спортсменкам был свойственен более высокий уровень регуляторной гибкости и автономности. Полученные результаты имеют высокую практическую значимость для решения проблемы прогнозирования профессиональной успешности за счет изучения в динамике качеств, обеспечивающих высокие спортивные достижения. Материалы исследования позволят существенно повысить эффективность метода прогнозных оценок при профессиональном отборе кандидатов в спортивные сборные команды страны. In this paper, issue of identification of the psychophysiological and psychological characteristics that distinguish professionally successful highly qualified athletes is considered in the context of solving the problems of psychological selection in high performance sports and improving the methods of predictive assessments. Based on a study of 354 active members of the Russian national sport teams, it has been empirically proven that male athletes who are professionally successful (high-performing athletes) differ from other athletes by more pronounced psychomotor, communication, general activity and, consequently, by more pronounced indicators of general adaptation potential. In turn, women professionally successful in sports are characterized by more pronounced indicators of intellectual endurance, plasticity, motor speed. In addition, they had higher scores on psychomotor, intellectual, general activity indicators of general adaptation potential than their less successful colleagues- sportswomen. Intergroup comparison of the studied characteristics of men and women professionally successful in sports did not reveal any significant differences in the pronouncedness of generalized indices for all types of activity, emotionality and adaptability. In contrast, successful male athletes differed from successful female athletes by more developed skills for modeling and evaluating results. In turn, successful athletes were characterized by higher level of regulatory flexibility and autonomy. The obtained results have a high practical significance for solving the problem of professional success prediction by studying characteristics that provide high level of sport achievements. The results of this research will significantly improve the effectiveness of predictive assessment methods in the domain of professional selection of candidates for national sport teams.

Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their families to medical and health professionals and researchers. In light of the growing awareness and sensitivity towards concussions, the purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations that are designed to improve player safety in professional hockey and address the ethical issues surrounding these suggestions.

In general, an individual commands a salary in return for their contribution to the production process at their place of employment. In the case of a quarterback for a National Football League team, the salary he commands depends on how much the team's owner expects him to contribute to the team and how unique his talents and services are. The salary of the quarterback is negotiated between the quarterback and the team and will vary greatly depending on the relative strengths of each side's bargaining position. The bilateral oligopoly provides a useful way to view how salaries are determined. This thesis uses an econometric model to explore the bilateral oligopoly framework for determining quarterback salaries. Within this framework, there are a set of on-field performance variables (related to the quarterback and the team) and off-field financial variables (related to the team) that are used to negotiate a quarterback's salary. This paper characterizes the quarterback-team relationship by identifying those variables that effect quarterback salaries. Master of Arts