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In this paper I offer a philosophical analysis of the act of ‘liking’ a post on social media. First, I consider what it means to ‘like’ something. I argue that ‘liking’ is best understood as a phatic gesture; it signals uptake and anoints the poster’s positive face. Next, I consider how best to theorise the power that comes with amassing many ‘likes’. I suggest that ‘like’ tallies alongside posts institute and record a form of digital social capital. Finally, I consider whether ‘likes’ have ultimately improved online discourse. I argue that while the ‘liking’ function itself is relatively innocuous, public ‘like’ tallies introduce a corrosive motivation to online communication. By making the prospect of increased social capital perpetually salient to us, they encourage us to prioritise high levels of engagement over meaningful engagement.

This study examines migration, ethnicity, stratification, and the informal economy by focusing on Waste Paper Pickers (WPPs) as an informal occupational group in Istanbul. I conducted a yearlong fieldwork project among WPPs in Istanbul, collecting ethnographic, observational, participant observational and interview data to develop a description of the everyday lives of WPPs and how they organize their daily work routines. This paper identified most WPPs as immigrants enmeshed in family, friend and compatriot relationships and examined differences and similarities among WPPs.Three main factors account for immigrants entering this occupation: (1) kinship / relative / friend and compatriot relations, (the WPPs’ social capital); (2) the easy entry to this occupation; and, (3) the ‘mafia’ or hiring WPPs on daily basis. Rather than only one type of WPP, they can better be understood as falling into five different types. WPPs in each type differ in their work, the way they work, the money they earn, and their relations with local people. Among my informants, some WPPs can be seen to fit into more than one type while others fall only into one. These types are: (1) Old-hand WPPs, (2) Beginner WPPs, (3) Drunk WPPs, (4) Hired WPPs, and (5) Seasonal WPPs.

Prenent com a base la teoria del capital social, podem considerar que els individus formen part d’una estructura social que els permet accedir a diferents recursos a partir de les relacions que es generen. En educació, estudis recents demostren la importància d’atendre aquest vessant social, amb l’accent posat en el capital social com a element clau en la millora de la praxi educativa. Degut a la seva importància en l’entramat educatiu, aquesta mirada s’ha dirigit cap a la figura dels mestres i el seu desenvolupament professional. No obstant, encara són escassos els estudis que trobem en la literatura sobre el capital social i els mestres, especialment en la formació inicial a la universitat i en la posterior incorporació a les escoles. Fent palès aquest buit incipient, la present tesi doctoral neix amb l’objectiu principal d’explorar quina és la relació entre el capital social dels futurs mestres i dels mestres novells amb el seu desenvolupament professional. Concretament, la tesi s’estructura mitjançant la presentació d’un compendi de tres articles científics per tal de donar resposta als interrogants de la recerca. Per aconseguir-ho, ens centrem en l’objecte d’estudi del capital social dels mestres com a concepte multidimensional i en la seva aproximació a partir de la teoria i l’anàlisi de xarxes socials. Les troballes confirmen la relació entre un major capital social i la millora del desenvolupament professional. Al seu torn, apunten cap a la importància d’entendre les estructures socials en els contextos educatius de la universitat i l’escola, mitjançant l'exploració de diferents aspectes tal com les posicions i les connexions, la freqüència de les interaccions, la naturalesa dels recursos, les relacions formals i informals, el rol de la confiança, o els valors i els objectius compartits dins de les xarxes. Finalment, suggerim els elements a tenir en compte en els diferents programes i reformes educatives per tal de fomentar el capital social: major vinculació dels mestres, promoció de climes col·laboratius, increment de la confiança, foment de vincles amb la comunitat i aplicació d’accions d’acollida i mentoratge. Tomando como base la teoría del capital social, podemos considerar que los individuos forman parte de una estructura social que les permite acceder a diferentes recursos a partir de las relaciones que se generan. En educación, estudios recientes demuestran la importancia de atender esta vertiente social, con el acento puesto en el capital social como elemento clave en la mejora de la praxis educativa. Debido a su importancia en el entramado educativo, esta mirada se ha dirigido hacia la figura de los maestros y su desarrollo profesional. No obstante, todavía son escasos los estudios que encontramos en la literatura sobre el capital social y los maestros, especialmente en la formación inicial en la universidad y en la posterior incorporación en las escuelas. Poniendo de manifiesto este vacío incipiente, la presente tesis doctoral nace con el objetivo principal de explorar cuál es la relación entre el capital social de los futuros maestros y de los maestros noveles con su desarrollo profesional. Concretamente, la tesis se estructura mediante la presentación de un compendio de tres artículos científicos con tal de dar respuesta a los interrogantes de la investigación. Para conseguirlo, nos centramos en el objeto de estudio del capital social de los maestros como concepto multidimensional y en su aproximación a partir de la teoría y análisis de redes sociales. Los resultados confirman la relación entre un mayor capital social y la mejora del desarrollo profesional. A su vez, apuntan hacia la importancia de entender las estructuras sociales en los contextos educativos de la universidad y la escuela, mediante la exploración de diferentes aspectos tal y como las posiciones y las conexiones, la frecuencia de las interacciones, la naturaleza de los recursos, las relaciones formales e informales, el rol de la confianza, o los valores y los objetivos compartidos dentro de las redes. Finalmente, sugerimos los elementos a tener en cuenta en los diferentes programas y reformas educativas para fomentar el capital social: mayor vinculación de los maestros, promoción de climas colaborativos, incremento de la confianza, fomento de vínculos con la comunidad y aplicación de acciones de acogida y mentoraje. From the perspective of social capital theory, we could say that individuals form part of a social structure which affords them access to different resources, depending on the relationships that are generated. In education, recent studies have revealed the importance of focusing on this social aspect, with an emphasis on social capital as a key element in the improvement of educational practice. Due to its relevance in the area of education, this approach has been focused on the figure of the teacher and their professional development. There are still, however, very few studies found in the literature on social capital and teachers, especially focused on the training they receive at university and their subsequent incorporation into schools. In light of this incipient gap, the main aim of the present doctoral thesis is to explore the relationship between the social capital of pre-service teachers and novice teachers and their professional development. More specifically, the thesis is structured around the presentation of a compendium of three scientific articles in order to provide a response to the research questions that have been posed. To do this, the present study focuses on the social capital of teachers as a multidimensional concept and on the approach to this through the theory and analysis of social networks. The findings confirm the relationship between greater social capital and improved professional development. In turn, they point towards the importance of understanding the social structures in the educational settings of universities and schools, by exploring different aspects such as positions and connections, the frequency of interactions, resource typologies, formal and informal relationships, the role of trust, or shared values and goals within networks. Finally, we suggest elements to be considered in the different educational programmes and reforms which will help to foster social capital: greater connections between teachers, the creation of a collaborative environment, increased trust, the development of ties with the community and the implementation of induction and mentoring actions.

The shift of traditional service perspective to a more transformative service orientation given the rise of customer citizenship behavior thought. This concept considers customers as the citizen instead of a mere service recipient. Derived from organizational citizenship behavior, customer citizenship behavior (CCB) phenomenon led significant research interest among academicians and practitioners in recent years. However, the effect of CCB in relation to online commerce community is yet to be tested. It is obvious that online commerce is spreading day-by-day which became another strong medium of marketing. Existing literature stressed on sharing of knowledge and information among online consumers. However, more importance should be given to understand consumer behavior like CCB. As such, it is utmost necessary to study the behavioral pattern of online commerce community. Furthermore, there is a dearth of study that investigated the elements of social capital (structural, cognitive and relational social capital) in relation to CCB. Such social capital also translates into firm value/profits through congenial customer citizenship behavior. Considering such gaps in the existing literature, the present study aims to propose a conceptual framework highlighting the antecedents and consequence of CCB in the context of online commerce community.

This study examined whether the contribution of social capital to household economic outputs was greater than that of other types of capital, whether different dimensions of social capital contribute equally to household income, and whether the role of social capital varies among different categories of households. We developed a reduced-form model of the household production function, in which social capital is treated as a production factor similar to other conventional factors such as physical capital, labor, and human capital, with household income and expenditure as dependent variables. The results show that social capital has a strong and positive contribution to household income, and the positive contribution of social capital to the general (the poor) house-hold’s income is greater than that of the paper-recycling (the rich) household’s income. In contrast to other studies, the number of memberships in associations does not have an impact on household income.

The available evidence suggests that there are important links between educational inequalities and concurrent and subsequent health inequalities. Much of the literature further indicates that these inequalities are cumulative in their effect over the life course of individuals, families and communities. This evidence, drawn from UK and international studies, suggests that any attempt to tackle health inequalities through educational interventions needs to be conceived as part of a broader medium‐ to long‐term project. It would also need to involve local communities, as well as collaboration between agencies, in order to build up the social capital that the research suggests contributes to positive educational and health outcomes. The paper includes some policy recommendations, which the research suggests could make a significant contribution towards the reduction of inequalities in health. These priorities for intervention, which should initially be targeted towards areas of greatest disadvantage, involv...

actors is proving to be an appealing and reliable conceptual tool for the analysis of problems in management and economics, as evidenced by developments in social network analysis (e.g., Borgatti and Molina, 2003) and social capital studies (e.g., Leana and VanBuren, 1999; Maak, 2007; Spence et al., 2003). The use of the new conceptual lenses offered by the idea and theory of networks points to the possibility of new understandings in the fields of business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Normative and descriptive theories in business ethics and corporate social responsibility are founded on the concept of social network as embodied in stakeholder theory, based on the assumption that a company has the duty to be answerable to all the individuals, groups, and organizations that affect or are affected by its activities (e.g., Post et al., 2002). In addition, network ethics has been touched upon by scholars concerned with topics such as corruption (e.g., Gordon and Miyake, 2001; Logsdon and Wood, 2005; Nielsen, 2003; Steidlmeier, 1999), accounting, and auditing (e.g., Dillard and Yuthas, 2001), information technology usage (e.g., Kavathatzopoulos, 2003; Queiroz and Wood, 2008; Vaccaro and Madsen, 2009; Vaccaro et al., 2008) intra-organizational networks and ethical conduct (e.g., Miller and Thomas, 2005), and multi-sector social problem-solving alliances (e.g., Argandofia, 1999; Gray and Wood, 1991; Wood and Gray, 1991). Looking from all these standpoints, business ethics discourse should focus on the analysis of the consequences of companies and individuals "being interconnected" or "being networked." Any person/ group/organization is affected and affects others because of the effects of social and economic networks. Concepts such as justice, fairness, and responsibility become attributes of a given network whose extension can vary from the dyad to the whole of humanity. A network standpoint becomes particularly important if we reflect on the impact that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has on interand intra-firm interactions in developed countries, or on its importance to organizational climate (e.g. Denison, 1996; Grojean et al., 2004). In both cases, what matters is that each person acknowledges the effects of "being networked" with others on his/her life and behavior.

The importance of clusters and spatial networks for economic development has been largely acknowledged in economic and business literature (see, for example, Porter, 1998; Martin and Sunley, 2003; Malmberg and Maskell, 2002). Empirical evidence shows that companies in clusters experience stronger growth and faster innovation than those outside clusters, and that clusters attract more start-ups than regions without clusters (Audretsch and Feldman, 1996; Baptista and Swann, 1998; Baptista, 2000; Klepper, 2007; Swann et al., 1998). These characteristics cause clusters to be considered a prerequisite for regional prosperity (Porter, 2003; Bathelt, 2001). Many policy-makers have also recognized this phenomenon and turned to policies based on cooperative networks (Aranguren et al., 2006).

By the end of the 1990s, the IFIs were facing sustained criticism from both left and right. The public criticism of the IMF’s handling of the East Asian financial crisis also brought about a rethink of that institutions policies with the Fund’s director in 1998 calling for ‘higher and more cost-effective spending on primary health care and education; [and] adequate social protection for the poor, unemployed and other vulnerable groups’ [emphasis added] (Deacon, 2000, p. 10). After the financial crash, the IMF was concerned to ensure the stability of reform (Harrison, 2004a).

This report serves as a conceptual background piece for the development of the Social Strategy Paper (SSP). To develop the conceptual underpinnings, the objectives and instruments of strategy papers (SP) are viewed under the rubric of Social Risk Management (SRM). SRM consists of public measures intended to assist individuals, households, and communities in managing income risks in order to reduce vulnerability, improve consumption smoothing, and enhance equity while contributing to economic development in a participatory manner. To support the approach and its logic, the structure of this note is as follows: Chapter 2 sets the stage and presents global trends, definitions, and outlooks. Chapter 3 presents key issues of SRM, from the reasons for World Bank concern to a typology of strategies and instruments, and ends with the role of the main actors. Chapter 4 focuses on the boundaries of SP/SRM and on three key policy issues to balance equity, efficiency, and political sustainability. Chapter 5 ends with preliminary list of ways in which the new framework may affect our view of SP and the development of better instruments.

* 1. Introduction: Is There a 'Kerala Model' of Development? - Govindan Parayil * 2. Is the Kerala Model Sustainable? Lessons from the Past, Prospects for the Future - Richard W. Franke and Barbara H. Chasin * 3. Poverty Alleviation as Advancing Basic Human Capabilities: Kerala's Achievements Compared - K. P. Kannan * 4. Social Capital and the Developmental State: Industrial Workers of Kerala - Patrick Heller * 5. Of New Popular Politics of Development: The Kerala Experience - Olle Tornquist * 6. Kerala's Development Achievements and Their Replicability - V.K. Ramachandran * 7. Normal Kerala within Abnormal India: Reflections on Gender and Sustainability - William M. Alexander * 8. What Does the Kerala 'Model' Signify? Towards a Possible 'Fourth World'? - M.P. Parameswaran * 9. Knowledge, Democratization, and Sustainability: The 'Kerala Model' of Scientific Capacity Building - Wesley Shrum and Sundara R. R. Iyer * 10. The Kerala Model: Its Central Tendency and the 'Outlier' - John Kurien * 11. Sustainability and the 'New' Kerala Model - Rene Veron * 12. The Kerala Model: Some Comparisons with the Sri Lankan Experience - Rex Casinader

[EN] Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending uses two-sided platforms to link borrowers with a crowd of lenders. Despite considerable diversity in crowdlending research, studies in this area typically focus on several common research topics, including information asymmetries, social capital, communication channels, and rating-based models. This young research field is still expanding. However, its importance has increased considerably since 2018. This rise in importance suggests that P2P lending may offer a promising new scientific research field. This paper presents a bibliometric study based on keyword co-occurrence, author and reference co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. The paper thus maps the key features of P2P lending research. Although many of the most cited papers are purely financial, some focus on behavioral finance. The trend in this field is toward innovative finance based on new technologies. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insight for researchers, managers, and policymakers to understand the current and future status of this field. The variables that affect new financial contexts and the strategies that promote technology-based financial environments must be investigated in the future., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

This study explored the occupational devotion of lifestyle entrepreneurs and their well-being. Although the number of enterprises in the sports industry increased over the past years, limited literature exists on this topic. Therefore, this paper focused on lifestyle entrepreneurs who turned their sports into their occupations. We conducted semi-structured interviews and a follow-up survey with lifestyle entrepreneurs (N = 13) from various sports (e.g., yoga, kiting, football). The thematic analysis revealed a strong connection between the individuals’ choice of career and well-being. Other themes (and sub-themes), such as mental and physical health and value (co-)creation, were identified, corroborating the authors’ assumption that these lifestyle entrepreneurs started a career in their sports to reach a higher quality of life. The results uncovered that well-being and occupational devotion are closely linked. Co-creation is connected to well-being, and this can accrue social capital in the community. Thus, the results recommended support for lifestyle entrepreneurs as they provide community benefits.

The Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) originated in China at the end of 2019, the virus festered there for four months before spreading globally. Impacting the developed and developing world including Indonesia. It has transformed social, economic and political practices social life, everyday habits and government policies, with multi-dimensional consequences on human life. The present study endeavours to explore the relationship between religiosity, social capital, and psychological well-being of the general public, particularly in terms of coping with the pandemic. In addition to this, the study aims to highlight the importance of public awareness regarding social distancing, use of religion as a coping mechanism, and living a healthy lifestyle during pandemic. For knowing the perception of the masses, an online survey by using a self-administered questionnaire was carried out among coronavirus patients, the general public, social media activists, students, and professionals across Indonesia. The findings indicate that the pandemic has altered the lifestyle of the masses in different ways and that people have varied perceptions towards this virus regarding its spread and preventive measures. The study also reveals that, social capital (β = .418, p

A major challenge for health services worldwide is in providing adequate medical care during mass disasters. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic highlights this difficulty. Patient surge, a consequence of most types of disasters that contribute to trauma experiences, is a primary factor in disrupting such care as it is composed of worried well persons and those experiencing psychosocial trauma that can severely disrupt and overwhelm effective acute hospital based health care. We review the literature and propose a potential solution framework to reduce such a surge that relies on exploiting community social networks as first responders. We utilize and integrate literature based evidence on patient surge, community disaster behaviors and community based informal social networks to examine reasons for patient surge to hospitals. We then propose that leveraging community based social networks as a potent deterrent for non-critically injured, especially those who have experienced psychosocial trauma or the worried well, from seeking hospital care during ongoing disasters. By emphasizing the social capital inherent in community based social networks, this perspective posits an alternative cost-effective means of reducing patient surge.

This study aims to examine how the users’ engagement with health information benefits their well-being and to demonstrate the underlying mechanism of the relationships through bonding and bridging social capital. An online survey was conducted with 522 WeChat users in China. Structural equation modeling using the maximum likelihood of estimation was employed to test the study’s hypothesized model. Bootstrapping methods were used to examine mediation effects. The results revealed that users’ liking, sharing, and commenting behaviors were positively related to the bonding and bridging capital accumulated on WeChat. These two forms of social capital were also positively associated with users’ psychological well-being, though bridging capital exerted more power in our research model. Moreover, both bonding and bridging capital mediated the relationship between WeChat affordances and psychological well-being. The findings shed new light on directions for leveraging mobile social media as an alternative means to bring about improvements in well-being in mobile-phone-saturated China. This is likely to be the first study that examines the mediating roles of bonding and bridging social capital on the relationship between users’ health information engagement and users’ psychological well-being. By providing robust findings by adopting the variable-centered approach in a health context, the findings of this study are promising for the extension and theoretical development of mobile social media research in the context of health information engagement.

This paper examines the vulnerability of households to disasters, using an asset vulnerability framework to represent livelihoods. Such frameworks are widely employed to analyse household poverty and focus on living conditions and well-being rather than money-metric measures of consumption and income. The conceptualisation of household vulnerability is a challenge in current studies on coping with disasters. The paper considers whether a capital assets framework is useful in identifying and assessing household vulnerability in the context of the Wenchuan earthquake in China in 2008. The framework has five categories of assets (financial, human, natural, physical, and social capital) and attempts to measure the resilience and vulnerability of households. When applied to a major disaster, asset-based methods face the problem of heterogeneity of the population, such as with regard to livelihood type or residence. Moreover, the effect of external interventions, such as the provision of relief assistance, must be taken into account.

La intenció d'aquest article és detallar l'abast del capital social als esdeveniments culturals celebrats a Catalunya i analitzar la influència sobre l'atracció turística dels mateixos. Es pretén determinar també quin és l'impacte que tres elements de capital social que intervenen en l'organització d'esdeveniments (elements de motivació, creació de xarxes internes i lideratge) tenen sobre el sector turístic local. L'estudi parteix d'una mostra de 263 esdeveniments als quals s'ha adreçat una enquesta per determinar la presència i pes dels factors de capital social. Aquesta informació s'ha creuat amb dades sobre impactes i atracció turística obtingudes també a partir de la mateixa enquesta i, a partir de l'aplicació del test del chi quadrat, s'ha contrastat si les diferències existents entre els diferents factors del capital social són estadísticament significatives. Les conclusions principals obtingudes indiquen que els esdeveniments que tenen elements de capital social que els reforça la seva cohesió social entenen i justifiquen la celebració com a fet socialitzador, independentment del seu abast turístic. A més es detecta que la creació de xarxes de relació enforteix la cohesió interna, la representativitat i el sentit d'identitat de la comunitat. Finalment es constata que la presència d'elements de lideratge que donen visibilitat i vinculen l'esdeveniment amb xarxes externes explica la diferència existent en la capacitat d'atracció i impactes turístics dels esdeveniments. La principal aportació del treball és posar de manifest el paper del capital social com a factor que incideix en la repercussió social i turística dels esdeveniments catalans. La diagnosi efectuada permet recomanar la incorporació del capital social com un actiu estratègic per a la gestió i per a la creació de nous productes i polítiques turístiques centrades en els esdeveniments culturals. La intención de este artículo es detallar el alcance del capital social en los eventos culturales celebrados en Cataluña y analizar la influencia sobre la atracción turística de los mismos. Se pretende determinar también cuál es el impacto que tres elementos de capital social que intervienen en la organización de eventos (elementos de motivación, creación de redes internas y liderazgo) tienen sobre el sector turístico local. El estudio parte de una muestra de 263 eventos a los que ha dirigido una encuesta para determinar la presencia y peso de los factores de capital social. Esta información se ha cruzado con datos sobre impactos y atracción turística obtenidos también a partir de la misma encuesta y, a partir de la aplicación del test de chi cuadrado, se ha contrastado si las diferencias existentes entre los diferentes factores del capital social son estadísticamente significativas. Las conclusiones principales obtenidas indican que los acontecimientos que tienen elementos de capital social que les refuerza su cohesión social entienden y justifican la celebración como hecho socializador, independientemente de su alcance turístico. Además se detecta que la creación de redes de relación fortalece la cohesión interna, la representatividad y el sentido de identidad de la comunidad. Finalmente se constata que la presencia de elementos de liderazgo que dan visibilidad y vinculan el evento con redes externas explica la diferencia existente en la capacidad de atracción e impactos turísticos de los acontecimientos. La principal aportación del trabajo es poner de manifiesto el papel del capital social como factor que incide en la repercusión social y turística de los acontecimientos catalanes. El diagnóstico efectuado permite recomendar la incorporación del capital social como un activo estratégico para la gestión y para la creación de nuevos productos y políticas turísticas centradas en los eventos culturales. The main aim of this article is to describe the scope of social capital in the cultural events held in Catalonia and to analyze their influence on tourist attraction. It also tries to determine the impact of three elements of social capital involved in organizing events (motivational, internal networking and leadership) have on local tourism. The study is based on a sample of 263 events that were sent a survey to determine the presence and weight of the factors of social capital. This information has been combined with data on impacts and tourist attraction also obtained from the same survey and by the application of the chi-square test, we check whether the differences between the various elements of social capital are statistically significant. The main findings obtained show that the events with elements of social capital that strengthens social cohesion comprehend and justify the conclusion as a socializing fact, whatever their tourist extent. It can be also noticed that networking relationships strengthen the internal cohesion, the representativeness and the sense of community identity. Finally we realise that the presence of leadership elements that give visibility and link the event with external networks explains the difference in the attractiveness and tourism impacts of events. The main contribution of this paper is to reveal the role of social capital as a factor in social and touristic impact on Catalan tourist events. As a conclusion, the incorporation of social capital as a strategic asset for the management and the creation of new touristic products and policies focused on cultural events is recommended.

Aim We reflect on our experiences of coproducing a redesigned, COVID‐safe priority‐setting activity at a time of shifting priorities and upheaval to gain insight into good practice. Method The project team documented the experience of adapting to COVID‐19 through the reflective project evaluation. We reflect on how COVID disrupted coproduction through radically shifting personal and professional priorities and the implications for good practice. Results Our experiences highlighted the role of agility, management capacity, social capital and power in coproduction. Conclusions COVID‐19 disrupted and enabled coproduction, compounding tensions and serving as the basis to transcend them. The pandemic created new demands on institutions that initially prompted withdrawal to established power, and team members which redefined them in relation to each other. Shifting priorities and demands forced team members into new, and out of former, roles coming into conflict with enduring power dynamics articulating constructs of expertise and authority in the institutional structure. We consider how the tensions found expression: as governance and human resource concerns, problems with authorizing payments, challenges in institutionally accommodating community researchers and the exclusion of some from participation.

Gambling is a popular leisure activity but also a significant public health issue in Australia. The severity of gambling in Australia is characterised by unprecedented gambling expenditures and losses representing the highest gambling rates in the world, which has led to renewed interests in understanding the factors influencing gambling behaviours. We contribute to the debate on the determinants of gambling by providing the first study that examines the impact of ethnic diversity on gambling. Using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, we find that ethnic diversity is positively associated with gambling. This result is robust to alternative estimation approaches, alternative ways of measuring ethnic diversity and irrespective of whether gambling is measured using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, gambling expenditures or number of gambling activities. Our results also suggest stronger effects of ethnic diversity for problem gamblers compared to gamblers in other risk categories. These results support the need for policies that promote social capital in diverse communities to reduce the risks of social isolation, which is an important motivator of gambling behaviour.

Aims and objectives This paper aims to critically investigate the notion of mutuality in nursing, and explore how to resolve the tension between individualised accounts of mutuality and institutional and political factors. Background The concept of mutuality underlies many theories and models of nursing yet this does not capture the power relations in health care or institutional constraints on mutuality. Design This is a position paper informed by a narrative literature review. Methods A search of the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge and CINAHL databases for the terms mutual, mutuality and nursing was conducted, to capture English language literature published from 1990 to mid-2015. Results There is a large literature discussing the nature and value of mutual exchange and mutuality. There is acknowledgement of institutional and professional constraints which limit the potential of mutuality. Yet there is often a reluctance to engage with critical thinking which emphasises the inequalities of power in health care situations. Accordingly, the notion of social capital is introduced, which emphasises the role of social relationships which individuals and groups can deploy to their advantage. Finally the paper explores how new thinking about mutuality and social capital can make health care more effective. Conclusions Mutuality and social capital can be enhanced in a variety of ways and may improve client and practitioner outcomes via training, educational and organisational design, and initiatives involving patients and service users, as well as practitioners and service leaders. Relevance to clinical practice The sociologically nuanced account of mutuality advanced here sensitises us to questions of power and domination, as well as enabling us to see mutuality in terms of networks of relationships instead of merely an interpersonal phenomenon. This enables practitioners to enhance clients' and their own capacity for mutuality and develop effective resources to increase resilience and recovery.

The effects of environmental factors [including Socio-Economic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital (Socio-Cultural Level) of both parents] on the Vineland-II adaptive behavior dimensions of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in addition to individual factors, was investigated in 148 Italian toddlers (82% males), aged 18 to 37 months with ASD. Toddlers’ age and Griffiths Mental Development Scales general development affected all of the adaptive behavior dimensions, with negative and positive associations, respectively. The Child Behavior Checklist comorbid conditions were negatively associated with some adaptive behavior dimensions while the ADOS-2 Social affect only with the communication dimension. Mothers’ and fathers’ specific Socio-Cultural Level dimensions were positively associated with toddlers’ specific adaptive behavior dimensions with the same magnitude as comorbid conditions.

A clear understanding of community response to government decisions is crucial for policy makers and health officials during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we document the determinants of implementation and compliance with stay-at-home orders in the USA, focusing on trust and social capital. Using cell phone data measuring changes in non-essential trips and average distance traveled, we find that mobility decreases significantly more in high-trust counties than in low-trust counties after the stay-at-home orders are implemented, with larger effects for more stringent orders. We also provide evidence that the estimated effect on post-order compliance is especially large for confidence in the press and governmental institutions, and relatively smaller for confidence in medicine and in science.

Purpose There is ample evidence that experiencing a criminal victimization is associated with lasting emotional problems among victims. To date, the mechanisms behind this association are not well understood. Based on the theoretical assumptions derived from a transactional stress-appraisal and coping model this study analyses the role of cognitive social capital (SC) in the association between criminal victimization (CV) and victims’ mental health. Methods A cross-sectional, computer-aided telephone survey including a representative sample of 3005 persons from three German cities was conducted. Respondents were asked about CV during their lifetime, cognitive SC, perceived victimization risk, perceived safety and perceived ability to prevent victimization. The PHQ-4 was used as a measure of anxiety and depression. The data were analyzed by means of logistic regression models and a path model controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Lifetime CV with any type of crime was associated with a clinically relevant increased risk of mental disorder (PHQ-4 ≥ 9; OR 1.8, p ≤ 0.05). Path analyses revealed that the direct association between CV and PHQ-4 (β = 0.454; p ≤ 0.01) was significantly diminished by cognitive SC (β = − 0.373; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that cognitive SC is an individual resilience factor against negative experiences related to CV and that it holds the potential to diminish negative mental health consequences of CV. Further research should explore to what extent an enhancement of cognitive SC can help to prevent anxiety and depression among crime victims., publishedVersion

Purpose – The purpose of this position paper is to assess the contribution of restorative justice to the desistance paradigm with a particular focus upon the psychology of these approaches. Design/methodology/approach – Risk, need and responsivity approaches to offender intervention are discussed and compared with the desistance paradigm. An integrative approach of the two methods is proposed and the value of desistance approaches is highlighted in understanding processes of change and how restorative justice approaches can best contribute. Findings – Discussion of desistance theory and the consideration of primary, secondary and tertiary desistance stages leads to the exploration of interplays in social and the human capital and the contribution of restorative justice to the desistance process. A desistance process that belongs to the desister is proposed to be supported by restorative justice processes. Practical implications – Conceptualising the interplay of human and social capital within primary, secondary and tertiary desistance is suggested improve the responsivity of restorative processes, promote desistance, reduce recidivism and better support children’s rights. It provides justification to extend restorative approaches to 18-24-year-old young adults and to different settings. Restorative justice evaluation should consider the process of restorative justice and its outcome measurement could better consider desistance stages. Originality/value – The position paper outlines the unique contribution that restorative justice approaches can make in supporting desistance. It outlines a relevant conceptualisation of desistance to advance knowledge through an improved understanding of process to improve responsivity of restorative approaches and of evaluation practice.

Objectives this study examined whether individual and contextual measures of structural and cognitive social capital were associated with six health-related outcomes across older adults in India. Methods data were collected from a representative sample of adults aged 60 and above across India in 2011-12 (n = 9,174). Personal community involvement and having someone to trust represented individual measures of structural and cognitive social capital. These measures were then aggregated to represent contextual measures of social capital, that is, the mean village level of community involvement and the village proportion having someone to trust. To examine associations between all four social capital indicators and six outcomes including self-rated health, psychological well-being, subjective well-being, memory, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living, we fit pooled, sex-stratified, and place-stratified multilevel regression models and adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors. Results personal community involvement was positively associated with all outcomes among the full sample. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.05 (95% CI 1.02; 1.08) for good self-rated health to 1.42 (95% CI 1.33; 1.53) for high-ADL function. Personally having someone to trust was associated with four outcomes. Village-level social capital measures were less frequently associated with outcomes than personal social capital measures. Association strength between six health-related outcomes and individual and contextual measures of structural and cognitive social capital varied, however, among older people in India by sex, place and outcome. Discussion interventions to promote healthy ageing by increasing community involvement and trust may need to be tailored to population subgroups.

Background The use of peer-to-peer online support groups and communities has grown into a social phenomenon. Many people use online support groups and communities to seek and provide social support. It is essential to examine how users’ participation behaviors may contribute to different outcomes. Objective This study aimed to (1) use the structural positions of online depression forum users in their reply network to predict received support and (2) examine their language use reflecting their health conditions. Methods A total of 2061 users and their 62,274 replies posted on a depression forum from July 2004 to July 2014 were extracted using a web crawler written in Python. The content of the forum users’ posts and replies and their reply patterns were examined. A social network analysis method was used to build the reply networks of users. The computerized text analysis method was used to measure features of the forum users’ language styles. Results Forum users’ bridging social capital (operationalized as network betweenness) was positively associated with the level of communication accommodation in their received replies (P=.04). Forum users’ bonding social capital (operationalized as network constraint) was negatively associated with the level of communication accommodation in their received replies (P Conclusions The structural positions of online depression forum users in the reply network are associated with different participation outcomes in the users. Thus, receiving replies can be beneficial to online depression forum users.

A lack of esteem for teachers and the teaching profession is a central tenet underpinning policy reforms put forward by the 2010 UK Government White Paper ‘The Importance of Teaching’. This article argues that the policy problem and solutions presented in the White Paper lack awareness of the historical and social positioning of teaching. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 32 London-based secondary teacher training students from various social class and ethnic backgrounds, this paper asks how the profession is perceived and what sort of choice it is for the trainees. It employs a Bourdieusian lens and concepts of social and cultural capital to examine the interplay of gendered, classed and ‘raced’ biographies in relation to individuals’ decisions to become teachers. Understanding the social world as ‘accumulated history’, as Bourdieu does, stresses that experiences and outcomes are rooted and collected in a series of historical structures and functionings. The paper argues that the ambiguous status of th...

As the CEO`s of game companies should be ready for the rapid change of technical environment of game industry, highly skilled employees and the social capital become very important factors in doing game business. 2013 Korea Game White Paper shows that many game companies prefer employees with job experience. The social capital and network help game companies get industrial information easily. This study empirically examines the relationship among CEO`s related business experience, corporate performance and social capital based on 134 Korean game companies. CEO`s characteristics are measured by using demographic characteristics including age, amount of education, and prior job experience and psychological characteristics, but this study focuses on related business experience. The results of this study show some significant relationship between the related business experience of CEO and nonfinancial performance of the firm. Secondly, this study verifies the moderating effect of the social capital between the related business experience of CEO and non-financial performance of the firm. The results of the moderating effect of the social capital show that social capital increases the non-financial performance.

Background The number of people living with a long-term condition is increasing worldwide. Social media offers opportunities for patients to exchange information and experiences with others with the same condition, potentially leading to better self-management and improved patient outcomes, at minimal costs to health service providers. Objective This paper describes how an online network with a range of social media platforms was created, with the help of a group of patients with chronic kidney disease and specialist professionals. The project considered whether information needs and health-related and social outcomes were met. Methods We performed a longitudinal in-depth evaluation of the creation of the moderated network, observation of the use of the platforms, self-efficacy surveys (at baseline and 6 months), and semistructured interviews (at baseline and 6 months). Results A total of 15 patients and professionals participated in the co-design of the network (hub), which was initially launched with 50 patients. Several platforms were needed to engage patients at different levels and encourage generation of information, with the support of moderators. In addition, 14 separate patients participated in the evaluation. Satisfaction of information needs through social engagement improved self-efficacy (n=13) with better self-care and management of illness. Social outcomes included seeking employment and an increase in social capital. Conclusions An online network (hub) with several social media platforms helped patients with chronic kidney disease manage their condition. Careful co-designing with users resulted in a sustainable network with wider applicability across health and social care.