Search

Avrupa ekin saparısı olarak bilinen Cephus pygmeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) ülkemizde buğday alanlarında sık görülmeye başlanan önemli zararlılardan biridir. Bu çalışma, Yozgat ili ve ilçelerindeki buğday alanlarında ekin saparısı C. pygmeus)’un larva bulaşıklık oranları ile bazı buğday çeşitlerindeki zarar durumu ve ürün kayıplarının belirlenmesi amacıyla 2020 yılında yürütülmüştür. Larva bulaşıklık oranları, toplam 36 buğday tarlasından alınan buğday saplarının incelenmesi ile (her bir tarla için 1/4 m²’lik çerçeve ile 2 m²’lik alan) belirlenmiştir. Bazı buğday çeşitlerinde Ekin saparılarından kaynaklanan zarar durumu 16 farklı çeşitte ürün kayıpları ise iki ekmeklik (Ekiz, Esperia) ve makarnalık (Eminbey, Kızıltan-91) buğday çeşidinde yürütülmüştür. Ekin saparısı larva bulaşıklık oranları ilçelere göre değişmekle beraber, en yüksek bulaşıklık %25.6 ile Saraykent ilçesinde, en düşük ise Şefaatli ilçesinde %1.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Zararlının başak boyu, başaktaki tane sayısı ve tane ağırlıkları üzerindeki etkisi çeşitlere ve larva bulaşıklık oranlarına göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Tanelerdeki ağırlık azalmalarından doğan ürün kayıpları %0.2 (Esperia çeşidi) ile 5.9 (Ekiz çeşidi) arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Bulaşık sap oranları, tanelerdeki ağırlık azalmaları dikkate alınarak ekin saparısından kaynaklı ürün kayıplarının ortalama %1.5 dolaylarında olduğu ve ekomik bir kaybın çok fazla söz konusu olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak yüksek larva yoğunluğu belirlenen alanlarda mayıs ayından itibaren periyodik surveylerle zararlının populasyon yoğunluğu gözlem altında tutulması uygun olacaktır., Cephus pygmeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), known as the European Wheat Stem Sawfly, is one of the most common pestobserved in wheat fields in our country.. This study was carried out to determine the larvae infestation rates of C. pygmeus, the damage status and crop losses in some wheat cultivars, in wheat fields in Yozgat province and its districts in 2020. Larval infestation was recorded by examining the wheat stems collected from 36 wheat fields (2 m² area with 1/4 m² quadrat for each field). The damage caused by C. pygmeus in some wheat cultivars was recorded for 16 different cultivars and afterwards crop loss were noted for two bread (Ekiz, Esperia) and two durum (Eminbey, Kızıltan-91) wheat cultivars. Although infestation rates of wheat stem sawfly larvae varied according to the districts, the highest (25.6%) and the lowest (1.2%) infestation rate was recorded for Saraykent and Şefaatli districts, respectively. The effect of the pest on the spike length, number of grains per spike and grain weight varied according to the cultivars and larvae infestation rates. Crop losses due to weight reduction in grains varied between 0.2% (Esperia cultivar) and 5.9% (Ekiz cultivar). Considering larval infestation rate in stems and the weight reductions in the grains, it was determined that the crop losses due to the pest are ~1.5%, which means no economic losses are exerted by the pest currently. However, in areas with high larvae density, it would be appropriate to keep the pest population density under observation with periodic surveys starting from May.

Maize is an important crop in Turkey that is infested by various leafhopper species during the whole season. Monitoring population dynamics and parasitism rate of these species would help to devise effective management practices. This study determined population dynamics of four leafhopper species, i.e.,Zyginidia sohrabZachvatkin, 1947,Empoasca decipiensPaoli, 1930 andPsammotettix striatus(Linnaeus, 1758) in second maize crop. Similarly, population dynamics and parasitism rate of egg parasitoid (Anagrus atomus) of these leafhopper species was also studied through July to November 2018 in Akçakale, Harran and Haliliye districts of Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. Population density of all species significantly varied among studied districts with the highest density ofA. atomusrecorded on 7 September with 30 adults/trap in Haliliye district. The parasitism rate onZ. sohrabeggs was 78% in Akçakale, 82% in Harran and 63% in Haliliye district. It was followed byE. decipienswith 18% in Akçakale, 14% in Harran and 32% in Haliliye. The highest population density ofZ. sohrabwas recorded on 21 September in Akçakale (4328 adults/trap), Harran (3920 adults/trap) and Haliliye (4592 adults/trap). Similarly,E. decipienshad the highest (1216 adults/trap) population density on 10 August in Harran, 12 October (368 adult/trap) in Akçakale and 17 August (2184 adults/trap) in Haliliye. Population dynamics of leafhoppers and their egg parasitoid coincided with each other. The parasitism rate was lower than other provinces in Turkey which is owed to high pesticide use in Şanlıurfa province. Therefore, chemical control should be decided by considering population development of beneficial insect species.

Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations (two local Aydin and Ankara) and Silicosec® (Biofa, Germany) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) adults on bean at 25 and 30°C. DEs were treated with three doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) and control. The adult mortality was assessed after 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21. day of application (DAT). The highest mortality rate (100%) on the cowpea beetle was recorded for Ankara DE on 5. DAT at 25 °C with 600 ppm, followed by Aydin and SilicoSec® DE (84.97% and 63.47%). The biological activity of local DE increased with increasing application dose, exposure time and temperature. The highest mortality at 30 °C was determined for SilicoSec® (100%) with 600 ppm on 2. DAT followed by Ankara and Aydin (94.95 and 94.59% respectively). After 3 DAT, 600 ppm dose showed the highest efficacy all three DEs. There was no new generation emergence of all DEs treatment. It was concluded that the local DEs (Ankara and Aydin) have a high potential to be used for control of C. maculatus adults damage for storage bean.

Insecticidal, repellent and fumigant activities of Rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)], Daphne [Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae)], Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae), Marjoram [Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae)], Basil [Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)] and Fennel [Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)] extracts were tested against Sitophilus granarius (Col.: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions. The composition of essential oils extracted from the plants was also determined. Eucalyptol and Terpinyl acetate were the main components of Daphne oil. Similarly, the main components of Basil oil were Methyl cinnamate, Linalool and Eucalyptol, whereas Camphor and Eucalyptol were the main constituents of Rosemary oil. Likely, γ-Terpinene and β-Terpineol were the main components of Marjoram oil, while Estragole was the main component in Fennel oil. The β-Cubebene and Caryophyllene were the main components of Echinacea oil. Echinacea and Basil oils exhibited high contact toxicity against S. granarius. Basil oil caused 99.59% mortality of S. granarius 24 h after application, whereas Echinacea oil caused 99.59% mortality 72 h after application. In single-dose fumigant toxicity assays, Rosemary oil exhibited 58.41% fumigant activity against S. granarius after 24 h, whereas Fennel oil indicated 100% fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. All essential oils showed repellent effects against both the pests. The essential oils caused 34.12–95.29% decrease in the progeny production of F1 generation of T. castaneum, while the decrease in the F1 generation of S. granarius ranged between 84.27 and 98.88%. It is concluded that essential oils of Fennel, Rosemary, Echinacea and Basil could potentially be used for the control of studied stored grain pests.

This study was conducted in gardens contaminated with pistachio psylla in Siirt Province between 2007 and 2010. It has been found that pistachio psylla forms the highest populations in the pistachio gardens in the Central District of Siirt Province, and in particular, causes important damages in young leaves in mid-June and in the maturing period of fruits in mid- and late-August. Efficiency in certain counts of yellow sticky trap coded 1016 B, of which efficiency and attraction power are considered significant, was observed in the study. It was concluded in the study that these traps are important for reduction of the population of the pest in cases where the population is small. It was found that traps would provide positive contribution if combined with other methods of fight and used in 4 traps for each tree and 7-day periods of hanging.

The aim of this study was to investigate the biological efficacy of diatomaceous soil against Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium Everts) larvae which has gained importance in agriculturalpest management in Turkey in recent years.The experiments were carried out with three different diatomaceous earth (two native diatomaceous earth, Ankara, Aydin provinces and SilicoSec® imported brand) two different temperatures (25 and 30 °C) and 50-65% humidity cultivar with four different doses, i.e., 0, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and four replications for each treatment under controlled conditions. Dead-live counts of the larvae counts were made 7, 14 and 21 days after diatomaceous earth applications and 60 days after the end of the experiments, fertility of F1 generation was determined separately for each treatment. The biological activity of native diatomaceous earths on Khapra larvae increased with increasing application dose, exposure time and temperature. The highest biological activity was determined for Aydin diatom earth with 2000 ppm on day 21 (65.4 %), followed by Ankara diatom (53.8 %) at 30 °C, whereas the effect of SilicoSec®was determined to be the lowest (11.9%). Besides, biological activity of three diatomaceous earth at 25 °C was recorded very low (the highest rate was 30.7% for Ankara 21 days with 2000 ppm). No differences were found in terms of F1 offspring (15.2-18.7%) in all diatomaceous earth replications at 25 °C after days, whereas the lowest (9%) F1 offspring was recorded at 30 °C with 2000 ppm dose. As a result, it was determined that native diatomaceous earths were more effective and promising on khapra larvae than SilicoSec® branded diatomaceous earth.

Bu calisma Guneydogu Anadolu Bolgesi’nde farkli depo tiplerinin Khapra boceginin, Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), bulasikligina olan etkisi ve zararlinin malathion ve deltametrine olan direncini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Bolgedeki bes ilden (Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sanliurfa, Adiyaman ve Batman) farkli tahil depo tiplerinden (metal silo, betonarme ve basit sivasiz) 2014-2016 yillarinda nisan-aralik aylari arasinda surveyler yapilmis ve toplam 355 depodan bugday ornekleri alinmistir. Ayrica, direnc calismalari icin farkli depolardan 24 Khapra bocegi populasyonu toplanmistir. Calisma sonucunda, iller ve depo tipleri Khapra bocegi bulasikligina onemli derecede etki etmistir. En yuksek bulasiklik Mardin ilinde (%77.5), bunu takiben Sanliurfa ilinde (%67.5) kayit edilmistir. Buna karsin en dusuk Khapra bocegi bulasikligi Diyarbakir (%43.4) ve Adiyaman (%44.1) ilinde kayit edilmistir. Depo tiplerine gore en yuksek bulasiklik basit sivasiz depolarda (%80) belirlenmis iken, en dusuk bulasiklik metal silolarda (%27.1) bulunmustur. Direnc calismalari, Kapra boceginin deltametrine karsi dusuk duzeyde direnc gelistirdigi, buna karsin malathiona toleransli oldugu gostermistir. Deltametrin uygulanmis populasyonlarin 4-10.7 kat direnc gelistirmis oldugu, ancak malathion icin bu rakamin 1.32-1.92 kat oldugu kayit edilmistir. Deltametrin icin belirlenen yuksek direnc oranlari, malathiona kiyasla bu insektisitin daha sik kullanimini ile ilgili oldugu dusunulmektedir.

Chalky spot damage on red lentil seeds is themost important problem in lentil cultivation in Souteast Anatolia Region,Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Deltamethrinagainst the stink bugs, Dolycorisbaccarum (L.) and Piezodoruslituratus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) caused chalky spot damage on redlentil. One insecticide, “Decis EC 2.5 (25 g/l Deltamethrin)”, was evaluatedfor its efficacy against the stink bugs at two different lentil fields inDiyarbakir province in 2014. The experiment was laid out in randomized completeblock design with four treatments (200, 300, 500 ml ha-1 doses andcontrol) and five replications at R7 stage ( 50% of pods yellowed ) of lentil.The results revealed that there was not any difference between 200 and 300 mlha-1 doses (29.80 ± 2.29% p= 1.00 and 32.39 ± 1.56%, p= 0.84respectively). Besides the most efficacy dose of the chemical was determined in7th day (46.76 ± 0.77%, p= 0.000 and 51.94 ± 1.99%, p= 0.000) with 500 ml ha-1 dose in both fields. After 10th day, the efficacy ofthe insecticide was reduced to 44.4 - 48.8%. As a result, 500 ml ha-1 dose of Delthamethrin has notadequately controlled the stink bugs in red lentil. Higher doses were notsuitable for controlling the pests, as lentils hay were used as a valuableanimal feed and the risk of pesticide residue. It is strongly suggested thatprimarly other control methods such as, cultural and biological control andresistant cultivar should be used for controlling the pests., Güneydoğu AnadoluBölgesinde kırmızı mercimekteki tebeşirleşme zararı, mercimek tarımının enönemli sorunlardan biridir. Bu çalışma ile kırmızı mercimekte tebeşirleşmezararına sebep olan Dolycoris baccarum(L.) ve Piezodorus lituratus (F.)(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’a karşı Deltamethrin’in biyolojik etkinliğiaraştırılmıştır. Mercimekte diğer zararlılara ruhsatlı “Decis EC 2.5 (25 g/l Deltamethrin)” Diyarbakır ilinde 2014 yılında iki farklımercimek tarlasında bu zararlılar üzerinde denenmiştir. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göredört karakterli (200, 300, 500 ml ha-1, kontrol) ve beş tekerrürlüolarak mercimeğin R7 (baklaların % 50’sinden fazlasının sarı olduğu) gelişmedöneminde kurulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre her iki tarlada en etkili dozun500 ml ha-1 ile 7. günde (sırasıyla % 46.76 ± 0.77 p=0.000 ve %51.94 ± 1.99, p= 0.000) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın 200 ve 300 ml ha-1doz arasında istatistiksel olarak fark olmadığı (% 29.80 ± 2.29 p=1.00 ve% 32.39 ± 1.56, p= 0.84) tespit edilmiştir. İlacın etkisinin 10. günden sonraazaldığı ve biyolojik etkinliğinin % 44.4 - 48.8’e gerilediği tespitedilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Deltamethrin’in 500 ml ha-1 dozunun buzararlıları yeterince kontrol altına alamadığı tespit edilmiştir. İlacın yüksekdozunun kullanımı, mercimek samanının hayvan yemi olarak kullanılması vesamanda ilaç kalıntı riskinden dolayı uygun değildir. Bu nedenle, mercimektekibu zararlılara karşı mücadele, başta dayanıklı çeşitlerin ekilmesi olmak üzere,kültürel ve biyolojik mücadele gibi diğer kontrol yöntemlerine öncelikverilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236340.].

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), being a cash and fiber crop is of high significance in Pakistan. Numerous insect pests and viral diseases in Pakistan and around the world attack cotton crop. Genetically modified cotton (transgenic, resistant to lepidopteran insects), hereafter written as 'Bt-cotton' has been introduced in many regions of the world to combat bollworms. However, cultivars differ in their pest susceptibility, yield response and fiber quality traits. Nonetheless, recent studies have indicated that lepidopteran pests are evolving resistance against 'Bt-cotton'. Several 'Bt-cotton' cultivars have been developed in Pakistan in the past decade; however, limited is known about their pest susceptibility, seed-cotton yield and fiber quality traits. This two-year field study evaluated pest susceptibility, yield and fiber quality traits of thirteen newly developed 'Bt-cotton' cultivars in Pakistan. The cultivars differed in their susceptibility to sucking insects during both years of study. The cultivars 'FH-647', 'SLH-8', 'FH-Lalazar' and 'IUB-013' were more susceptible to jassid, whereas 'BS-52' exhibited higher susceptibility to whitefly during both years of study. Similarly, cultivars 'AGC-999' and 'MNH-992' proved highly susceptible to thrips during each study year. Although 'Bt-cotton' is resistant to bollworms, cultivars 'SLAH-8', 'VH-305' and 'BH-184' were susceptible to spotted bollworm, while 'SLAH-8', 'RH-647' and 'VH-305' were infested by American bollworm. The most susceptible cultivars to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) attack were 'RH-647', 'IR-NIBGE-7' and 'VH-305'. The highest seed-cotton yield was recorded for 'FH-Lalazar' during both years of study. Similarly, the highest ginning out turn was recorded for cultivars 'BS-52', 'VH-305', 'RH-647', 'IUB' and 'AA-919'. The cultivar 'FH-Lalazar' exhibited low pest susceptibility and CLCuV infestation compared to the rest of cultivars. The highest and the lowest gross and net incomes and benefit:cost ratio were noted for 'FH-Lalazar' and 'RH-647, respectively. Keeping in view the low pest susceptibility and high seed-cotton yield, 'FH-Lalazar' could be recommended for higher yield and economic returns in Multan, Pakistan. Nonetheless, regional trials should be conducted for site-specific or region-specific recommendations.

The European wheat stem sawfly, Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767) and the black grain stem sawfly, Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775) are important and common pests in wheat growing areas of Turkey. These sawfly species continue to be a threat to wheat production in the southeast Anatolia Region of the country. This study was conducted to determine larval infestation rates and yield losses caused by these sawfly species in common wheat cultivars grown in the southeast Anatolia Region. Durum and bread wheat fields were surveyed to record larval infestation and damage caused by these sawfly species in four provinces (Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa) of the region. A total 100 wheat fields were randomly selected and stem samples were taken from each field during the harvest period. Spike length, mean number of grains, grain weight and 1000-grain weight were recorded from 100 infested and healthy spikes and crop losses were calculated for 16 wheat cultivars.The surveyed provinces significantly differed in infestation rates, with the highest infestation level recorded for Diyarbakir province with a mean of 17.4% (range 2.1- 54.3%), while the minimum infestation was determined in Adiyaman province with a mean of 5.3% (range 1.4-17.3%). Durum and bread wheat cultivars had negligible effects on larval infestation. Spike length of infested wheat plants was reduced by 0.9-14.4% and the mean number of grains and grain weight were reduced by 0.5-19.7% and 7.2-28.5%, respectively. The loss in 1000-grain weight was 8.9% in bread wheat cultivars, while the loss was 7.9% in durum wheat cultivars. It was concluded that the loss in 1000-grain weight reached 10.9%. Therefore, appropriate control measures should be taken against stem sawflies in high-infestation locations.

The present study aimed to reveal the species, their densities, distribution and short life cycles of wheat stem sawflies in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. Adult sawfly samplings were conducted in areas of cereal cultivation in four provinces: Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Sanliurfa in 2014-2015. One hundred sweep net samples were taken from each wheat field during the adult flight period of sawflies in order to determine the species, their densities and distribution of the wheat stem sawflies. Life cycle studies were done in nature and immature stages of sawflies were also determined.Three species of wheat stem sawflies, Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767), Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775) and T. libanensis (Andre, 1881), were recorded in cereal fields. The most widespread species was C. pygmeus (77.1% and 63.9% in 2014 and 2015, respectively) and the most narrowly distributed was T. tabidus (22.9% and 36.1% in 2014 and 2015, respectively). While the highest number of adults was determined in Diyarbakir Province (mean 44.15 adults / field), the lowest number was determined in Adiyaman Province (mean 5.73 adults / field). Cephus pygmeus adults emerged at the end of March in Mardin and at the beginning of April in Diyarbakir, Adiyaman and Sanliurfa Provinces. After adult emergence, the females fed mainly on wild mustard plants (Sinapis arvensis L.) to obtain nutrition. Eggs and newly emerged first instar larvae appeared in May and larvae in diapause were found in cut stubs in the middle of June.

Sunn pests (Eurygaster spp.) are among the most important insect pests of wheat (Triticum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cultural practices can prevent or minimize common sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) population densities and crop damage. A three-year field experiment (Jun 05 to Aug 07) was conducted in Diyarbakir in the southeast Antolia region of Turkey, to evaluate the effects of planting method (no-till ridge planting and conventional planting) and earliness of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties (early, mid-season and late varieties) on E. integriceps density, grain damage and overall grain yield. The effect of the planting method on the sunn pest density and percent of grains damaged by sunn pest was not significant; however, there was a significant difference among the different varieties used in this study. While Cesit-1252 (late wheat variety) had the highest nymph density (11.2 nymphs m−2) and percent of sunn pest damaged grains (2.8%), Saricanak-98 (early wheat variety) had the lowest nymph density (4.3 nymphs m−2) and percent of sunn pest damaged grains (0.8%). Grain yield was the highest (5.99 t ha−1) for Saricanak-98 while there was no significant difference between Aydin-93 (5.06 t ha−1) and Cesit-1252 (4.99 t ha−1). In conclusion, this study suggests that planting methods may not have a significant effect on sunn pest density, percent of sunn pest damaged grains or grain yield; however, the use of early durum wheat varieties, such asSaricanak-98, may reduce sunn pest population densities, percent of damaged grains, allowing increases in grain yield in southeast Anatolia region, Turkey.

The species of Cicadellidae, Cixiidae and Delphacidae (Hemiptera) on Karacadag rice and the effects of weeds on their populations were investigated in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces between 2010-2012. For specimen collection, sweep net and D.vac were used, and randomized complete block desing were employed by hanging yellow sticky traps for monitoring the populations of fluctations and densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae family in weedy and unweeded plots. A total of 17 species including 10 species belonging to Cicadellidae family, 3 species Ciixiidae and 4 species from Delphacidae were determined. The most abundant and common species were recorded to be Agallia harrarensis Melichar, 1911 and Empoasca sp., from Cicadellidae, Tachycixius desertorum (Fieber, 1876) and Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 from Cixiidae, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Sogotella vibix from Delphacidae family. It was determined that the weeds in rice increased the population of cicadellid and while 71.4% of individuals was captured from weedy plots, 28.6% was obtained from unweeded plots. The population of Delphacidae and Cixiidae were recorded slightly higher in weedy plots The population densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae began to increase starting from vegetative stage and reached to pick level at generative-maturity stage. It is suggested that the control of weeds must be performed strictly and to be considered in rice cultivated areas., Karacadağ çeltiğinde Cicadellidae, Cixiidae ve Delphacidae (Hemiptera) türleri ile yabancıotların bunların popülasyonlarına olan etkileri, 2010-2012 yılları arasında Diyarbakır ve Şanlıurfa illerinde araştırılmıştır. Türleri belirlemek için örneklemelerde atrap ve D-vac. kullanılmış ve Cicadellidae ve Delphacidae familyasının yabancıotlu ve yabancı otsuz parsellerdeki popülasyon yoğunluk ve değişimleri için tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre sarı yapışkan renk tuzaklar asılarak izlenmiştir. Çalışma ile Cicadellidae familyasından 10, Cixiidae familtyasından 3 ve Delphacidae familyasından 4 tür olmak üzere toplam 17 tür belirlenmiştir. Cicadellidlerden en yaygın ve yoğun türlerin Agallia harrarensis Melichar, 1911 ile Empoasca sp., Cixiidlerden Tachycixius desertorum (Fieber, 1876) ve Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865, Delphacidlerden ise Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Sogotella vibix Mats olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Çeltikteki yabancıotların cicadellid popülasyonunu artırdığı belirlenmiş, bireylerin %71.4’ü yabancıotlu alandan, %28.6’sı ise yabancıotsuz alandan elde edilmiştir. Delphacid ve cixiid popülasyonunun ise yabancıot bulunan parsellerde popülasyon az miktarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Cicadellidae ve Delphacidae popülasyonun, çeltiğin vejetatif döneminde başlayarak artmaya başladığı generatif-olgunlaşma döneminde en üst seviyeye ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yabancıot mücadelesinin çeltik alanlarında önemle yapılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Chalky spot damage caused by the stink bugs Dolycoris baccarum (L.) and Piezodorus lituratus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious problem for red lentil production in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. This study aimed to determine spraying time against stink bugs, based on lentil developmental stages and evaluate potential agronomic methods (early vs. timely harvest and traditional harvest with sickle bar mower vs. combine harvester) to reduce chalky spot. Field trials were carried out during 2011–2012 in three provinces of Southeast Anatolia (Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa).Chalky spot damage was initiated at the R6 stage (full seed, seed on nodes 10-13 fill the pod cavities) when the stink bug nymphs started to be observed and the plant had soft immature seeds that were more susceptible to feeding by stink bugs. In early harvested lentil fields, the percentage of chalky spot damage was 0.60 and 0.20 in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces, respectively. It was lower than that of timely harvest. On the other hand, damaged seed percentage significantly reduced by changing the harvesting from traditional to combine harvesting and damage ratio was 0.90 and 0.00 in Diyarbakir and Mardin provinces, respectively. We conclude that the management to protect lentil crops from stink bug infestations should be initiated at the R6 growth stage, and that crops should be harvested a week earlier using combine harvester to reduce stink bug density and chalky spot damage.