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Serra da Mantiqueira is the most important mountain range in eastern South America, known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. A new species of Amaryllidaceae endemic to the region was recently identified, described and illustrated herein. It can be recognized by its rupicolous habit, large bulbs, reaching 12 cm in diameter, annual, lorate leaves, white flowers with pink striations and perigonal tube up to 1.5 cm long. Comments on its habitat, conservation status, phenology data, photographs and illustrations are provided, as well as comparison with the most morphologically similar species. Known by only a single population, exposed to several types of threats and with limited guarantee of protection, Hippeastrum abatinguara is considered Critically Endangered. Additionally, a key to the species of Hippeastrum occurring in the Serra da Mantiqueira is presented, accompanied by photographs of these species in their natural habitats.

Balos, Mehmet Maruf, Sonay, Veysel, Çeçen, Cahit, Akan, Hasan (2023): Allium murat-sonayii (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Türkiye. Phytotaxa 600 (1): 43-51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.1.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.600.1.6

Allium murat-sonayii Balos, Sonay & C. Çeçen, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3, Table 1) Diagnosis: —Bulblets light purple, stamen equal to or longer than the perigon, tepals, emerald green in primarily, outer tepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, scabrid in upper part, mainly along keel and margins, inner tepals, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, curved inward, margins scabrid, ovary papillose, median cusps shorter than lateral cusps. Type: — TÜRKİYE. Elazığ: Karakoçan region, Sarıcan town, near Mt. Hesarek, stony steppe, 2300 m of elevation, 15 July 2022, M . Balos 5381 & V . Sonay (holotype HARRAN!). Paratypes: — TÜRKİYE. Elazığ: Karakoçan region, Sarıcan town, near Mt. Hesarek, stony steppe, 2300 m of elevation, 12 June 2021, M . Balos 5238 & V . Sonay (HARRAN!) Description:—Bulb ovoid, l.2–3.5 × 0.7–2.5 cm; outer tunics dark brownish, papyraceous, with parallel fibres, splitting above, creates a 0.5–1.8 cm collar on stem, bulblets few, 6–8.5 mm long, light purple, oblong-ovoid, fusiform, stipitate, often borne on stem; inner tunics membranous, whitish. Stem 14–27 cm long, straight or flexuous below. Leaves 2, 5–17 cm × 1.5–1.75 mm, canaliculate, smooth, shorter than scape, leaf sheathing up to 1/2 of stem or below, glabrous, lowest leaf rarely circinnate; sheaths ± ribbed. Spathe caducous, 1-valved. Umbel subglobose, 1–3.5 cm long, many-flowered, dense. Bracteoles united around the outer pedicels. Pedicels, 1.5–5.5 mm long, unequal, glabrous, upper part is swollen. Perigon 2.75–3 × 1.75–2.25 mm, oblong-campanulate; tepals, emerald green in primarily, later creamy at the base, greenish in the middle, slightly purplish on top and margines, midrib is not prominent. Outer tepals 2–3 × 1–1.2 mm, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, scabrid in upper part, mainly along keel and margins; inner tepals, 2–3 × 1.25–2.4 mm, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, curved inward, margins scabrid. Stamen 2–4.5 mm long, equal to or longer than the perigon; filaments white, glabrous at base, outer filament simple, subulate, 1.5–3 × 0.5 mm; inner filament tricuspidate 3–4.25 × 0.75 mm; median cusps 1.5–2 mm long, shorter than lateral cusps, basal lamina 2 mm long; lateral cusps 2.5–3 mm long. Anthers ca. 1 × 0, 6 mm, dirty yellow, slightly verrucous. Stylus 0.75–2.5 mm long, distinctly exerted from perigon; ovary papillose, ovate, 2 × 1.25 mm. Capsule ca. 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm wide, ovate to globose; valves emarginated, 2.2–3 × 2–2.7 cm wide; seed 2–2.5 × 1–1.25 mm, black. Etymology: —The new species is named in honour of Murat Sonay, brother of the second author, who first collected the new species. Vernacular name: Since no local name can be observed, the name “zümrüt soğanı” is suggested (Menemen et al. 2016, 2021). Distribution and habitat: — Allium murat-sonayii is a local endemic restricted to near Mt. Hesarek in Elazığ province, Eastern Anatolia. It is an element of Irano–Turanian phytogeographical region (see Davis 1971). The new species is only distributed on the summit of near Mt. Hesarek, in stony areas, at 2300 m of elevation (Fig. 1). Species growing nearby are Acantholimon saxifragiforme Hausskn. ex Mobayen, Aethionema speciosum Boiss. & A.Huet, Allium shinasii Armağan, Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & A.Huet, Helichrysum plicatum subsp. polyphyllum (Ledeb.) P.H.Davis & Kupicha, Mesostemma kotschyanum (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Vved., Sabulina juniperina (L.) Dillenb. & Kadereit, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl, Polygonum setosum Jacq., Silene chlorifolia Sm., Thymus leucotrichus Halácsy. Phenology: —Flowering and fruiting from June to July. Conservation status: —Less than 100 mature individuals were observed at the type locality of Allium murat-sonayii, which covers (area of occupancy-AOO) an area of less than 10 km 2 (criteria B2). There is a serious grazing effect on the population, which may lead to a reduction in the number of individuals in the near future. Therefore, due to its restricted population, a single locality, and estimated decrease in the area of occupancy, habitat quality and number of mature individuals, the species may be classified as ‘‘Critically Endangered’’ (CR) (criteria B2 ab [i, ii, v]) (IUCN 2023). Taxonomic Relationships: — Allium murat-sonayii Balos, Sonay & C. Çeçen is close to A. stearnianum Koyuncu, Özhatay & Kollmann in Kollmann et al. (1983: 266), A. stearnianum subsp. vanense Kollmann & Koyuncu in Kollmann et al. (1983: 267), A. aybukeae H.Duman & Ekşi in Duman et al. (2017: 1286), A. gemiciana Yıldırımlı & Kılıç (2016: 3), A. yamadagensis Yıldırım & Ekşi in Ekşi & Yıldırım (2019: 31) and Allium dictyoprasum C.A.Mey. ex Kunth in Meyer & Kunth (1843: 390). All these species belong to section Allium and their outer tepals are rough, but differs from them by several morphological characters, such as bulblets color, stem length, leaf, umbel shape, perigon colour, outer and inner tepal, anther colour, filaments and ovary (Table 1). Allium murat-sonayii differs from A. stearnianum and A. stearnianum subsp. vanense by stem lenght, light purple bulblets, broad leaves, subglobose umbel, perigone colour, dirty yellow anther, glabrous filament at base; from A. stearnianum by papillose, ovate ovary; from A. stearnianum subsp. vanense by smooth leaves; differ from A. aybukeae by bulblets, dark brownish, papyraceous outer tunic, shorter perigon, outer and inner tepal, equal or longer stamens than perigon, glabrous filament at base, papillose ovary; differ from A. gemiciana by papyraceous outer tunic, present bulblets, canaliculate, smooth and broader leaves, oblong-campanulate and shorter perigone, shorter and narrower outer tepal, shorter inner tepal, dirty yellow anther, papillose, ovate ovary; differ from A. yamadagensis by shorter stem length, canaliculate, smooth leaves, shorter pedicel, shorter and oblong-campanulate perigon, shorter inner and outer tepal, glabrous filament at base, shorter ovary; differ from A. dictyoprasum by outer tunic structure, yellow bulblets, shorter stem length, canaliculate and fewer leaves, subglobose umbel, shorter pedicel length and ovary shape. These differences indicate the specimens to represent indeed a new species. The differences between the new species and related six species are summarized in Table 1., Published as part of Balos, Mehmet Maruf, Sonay, Veysel, Çeçen, Cahit & Akan, Hasan, 2023, Allium murat-sonayii (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Türkiye, pp. 43-51 in Phytotaxa 600 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/8054186, {"references":["Menemen, Y., Aytac, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2016) Turkce Bilimsel Bitki AdlandIrma Yonergesi. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 3 (3): 1 - 3 [In Turkish].","Menemen, Y., Aytac, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2021) Turkce Bilimsel Bitki, Mantar, Suyosunu ve Bakteri AdlarI Yonergesi. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 8 (3): 188 - 195 [In Turkish].","Davis, P. H. (1971) Distribution patterns in Anatolia with particular reference to endemism. In: Davis, P. H., Harper, P. C. & Hedge, I. C. (Eds.) Plant life in South-West Asia. The Botanical Society of Edinburgh, pp. 15 - 27.","IUCN (2023) Red List Guidance Documents- IUCN standards and Petitions Committee. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 2022. 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Downloadable from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf. (accessed 25 January 2023).","Kollmann, F., Ozhatay, N. & Koyuncu, M. (1983) New Allium taxa from Turkey. Notes-Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 41 (2): 245 - 268.","Duman, H., Eksi, G. & Ozbek, F. (2017) Two new species of Allium L. sect. Allium (Amaryllidaceae) from Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303: 1271 - 1291. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 017 - 1437 - 4","Yildirimli, S. & Kilic, O. (2016) New taxa of tepaloid monocots from Turkey Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 22 (1 - 2): 1 - 17. [in English]","Eksi, G. & Yildirim, H. (2019) Allium yamadagensis (Amaryllidaceae) a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 400 (1): 31 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 400.1.4","Meyer, C. A. & Kunth, C. S. (1843) Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 390."]}

In this paper, Allium tianmuense is described as a new species based on morphological and molecular analyses, and its taxonomic relationships are discussed. It grows in the understorey of deciduous broad-leaved forests at 1000‒1500 m a.s.l. in Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang (southeast China). Morphological analysis indicates A. tianmuense should be classified into A. sect. Sacculiferum and is distinct from the common species A. thunbergii and A. chinense in the morphology of leaves, umbel, filaments and phenology. Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenetic analysis further confirmed the inclusion of A. tianmuense within A. sect. Sacculiferum and revealed its distinction from all other species of this section representing a new species.

Allium tianmuense Z.H. Chen & Y.L. Xu, sp. nov. (Figs. 1‒3) Type: CHINA. Zhejiang Province, Linan County, Tianmu mountians, Dajingwu, under the deciduous broad-leaved forests, 30°23’1.39’’N, 119°26’31.64’’E, elevation 1156 m, 21 October 2022, Yue-Liang Xu and Chun-Mei Pang, Xu2813 (holotype: ZM barcode ZMNH0068011, Fig. 5). Description: Herbs perennial, with onion-like odor. Bulbs clustered, ovoid, 1‒2 cm in diam.; tunic white, sometimes tinged with purple brown, membranous, entire. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 10‒25 cm × 3‒9.5 mm, flat, fistulose, clearly 1-keeled abaxially, appearing in autumn (Oct.-Nov.), withered in spring (May). Scape lateral, 15‒40 cm × 0.8‒2.0 mm, terete, solid, covered with leaf sheaths only at base; Spathe 2‒3-valved, membranous, persistent; Umbel nearly hemispheric, laxly flowered, bearing bulblets and flowers or bulblets only; pedicels subequal, 1‒2 cm long, 2.5‒ 4 × as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale purple; segments with green midvein, free at base; inner segments slightly longer and wider than outer ones, ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, 5‒6 × 3‒4 mm; outer ones oblongelliptic, clearly boat-shaped, obtuse or rounded at apex, 4‒5 × 2‒3 mm. Filaments subequal, 7‒9 mm long, slightly broadened at base, entire, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; anthers oblong, reddish brown, rounded at the apex. Ovary trivalved, obovoid-globose, smooth, greenish, base constricted into a short stipe 0.5‒1 mm long, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base; ovules two per locule. Style simple, 5‒6 mm long, exserted; stigma entire. Capsule obovoid, 5‒7 × 6‒9 mm. Seeds dark brown, subovoid-flattened, 3‒4 × 4‒5 mm, testa with densely cellular periclinal walls. Distribution and habitat: The new species is only known from Tianmu Mountian of Linan County, northwestern Zhejiang (Fig. 6). It grows under the deciduous broad-leaved forests at the elevation of 1000‒1500 m. Phenology: Flowering from September to October, fruiting from October to November. Etymology: The specific epithet ‘ tianmuense ’ refers to the type locality of the new species. Similar species: The new species is closely related to A. thunbergii and A. chinense. It is mainly distinguished from them by its flat leaves, 3‒9.5 mm wide, withered in spring and umbel bearing bulblets. The distinguishing characteristics of the new species and the two relatives are listed in detail in Table 1. Additional specimen examined (Paratypes): CHINA. Zhejiang Province, Linan County, Tianmu mountian, Niling, beside the ditch, 30°24.480’N, 119°27.738’E, elevation 1050 m, 21 September 2019, Zhen-Hai Chen et Li-Peng Yu, LA19092101 (ZM); ibidem, 28 October 2022, Yue-Liang Xu, Xu 2814 (ZM); ibidem, 21 November 2022, Yue-Liang Xu, Xu 2816 (ZM); ibidem, roadside at forest margin, elevation 1000 m, 21 September 2019, Zhen-Hai Chen et Li-Peng Yu, LA19092102 (ZM); Dajingwu, under the deciduous broad-leaved forests, elevation 1150 m, 9 November 2021, Yue-Liang Xu et Bin-Yang Din, Xu 2732 (ZM); ibidem, 21 November 2022, Yue-Liang Xu, Xu 2815 (ZM)., Published as part of She, Shi-Qi, Zhang, Yang, Yang, Jia, Pang, Chun-Mei, Xu, Yue-Liang & Chen, Zheng-Hai, 2023, Allium tianmuense, a new species from Tianmu Mountain (Zhejiang, Southeast China), pp. 225-235 in Phytotaxa 595 (2) on pages 232-234, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7905926

Two different alkaloid-guided extraction approaches were used to obtain extracts and fractions of leaves and bulbs from Crinum americanum L. (Amaryllidaceae). Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity, and evaluated for antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Crinine (1), 1,2-didehydrocrinan-3-one (2), flexinine (3), lycorine (4), 1-O-acetyl-lycorine (5), caranine (6), acetyl-caranine (7), 11,12-didehydro-anhydrolycorine (8), hippadine (9), crinamine (10), 6-oxo-isocrinamine (11), macronine (12), and epipowelline (13) were identified in different extracts and fractions. Additionally, four steroids were identified: stigmasterol (14), beta-sitosterol (15), cycloartenol acetate (16), and cycloeucalenol acetate (17). Lycorine and crinine were isolated, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All extracts and fractions inhibited AChE activity, but with IC50 values ranging from 1–290 µg/mL. One fraction (L_EE2) from the ethanol extract of C. americanum leaves achieved the highest AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.21 µg/mL), when compared to other extracts or fractions. The extracts did not exhibit significant antioxidant activity. After 24 h of treatment, ethanol extracts of leaves and bulbs showed cytotoxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner from 25 µg/mL. In this study, we highlighted that, after organic extraction, the remaining plant material still presented secondary metabolites, which is interesting for a better understanding of the chemical composition of C. americanum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of in vitro AChE inhibition and cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells using extracts and fractions from C. americanum. Furthermore, among the 17 compounds, ten were identified for the first time in this species.

Described are two new species in the southern African subtribe Strumariinae (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae). In Hessea the new species H. pallida (subg. Hessea) from Toringberg, Western Cape, on the westernmost edge of the southern Namaqualand Hardeveld, is known on the edges of a seasonal pan within Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld. The whitish to pale pink flowers have crisped tepal edges in common with three species known exclusively from fire-prone fynbos in the Core Cape Floristic Region. Hessea pallida is inferred to be most closely related to H. monticola. The two species differ in the size, colouring and markings of the flowers, shape of the tepals and flowering habit. Hessea monticola is a fire obligate whereas H. pallida flowers regularly in a habitat free of fire. The recognition of Toringberg as a minor refugium for core Cape plants is briefly discussed. In Strumaria the new species S. crystallina (subg. Strumaria) is described from the Nama shales of the Skaaprivier gorge on the northern Namaqualand Escarpment. The widely campanulate flowers have sculptured stamens and style like those of S. bidentata, but S. crystallina stands out in having soft, narrow leaves unlike the firm, upright leaves spread into a flattened fan as in most other species in the subgenus, apart from S. prolifera in northern Namaqualand. Both new species are known only from the type locality.

Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an herbaceous ornamental species that grows throughout the tropics and warm temperate regions, mainly in the Americas, Australia, and Southern Asia. Several phytochemical and biological studies on this species have been conducted, and pharmacological studies have revealed its promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties using different in vitro and in vivo models. The medicinal properties of this species have been attributed to the presence of several secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids). In C. latifolium bulbs, lycorine, hemanthamine, tazettine, and crinine-type alkaloids have been identified with diverse chemical structures. Furthermore, crinine, hemanthamine, and tazettine-type alkaloids are the most abundant in leaves. The present review aims to summarize research on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. latifolium. As the scientific data indicate promising medicinal applications, this review will help researchers working in the fields of pharmacognosy, natural products, and health and related sciences to focus on further studies that yield concrete evidence regarding the potential of C. latifolium extracts for the treatment of different human disorders.

The complete genome sequences of two carlaviruses were determined by high-throughput sequencing of RNA extracted from ringspot and mosaic, disease symptoms on leaves of spider lily plants (Crinum asiaticum, family Amaryllidaceae) growing as landscape plants in Hawaii. One, named Nerine latent virus (NeLV)-Hawaii with a genome of 8281 nucleotide exhibited the highest nucleotide identity and amino acid similarity of 95.5% and 96.0%, respectively, to the genome sequence of an isolate of NeLV from Narcissus sp. in Australia (JQ395044). The second, named Hippeastrum latent virus (HiLV)-Hawaii with a genome of 8497 nucleotides exhibited the highest nucleotide identity and amino acid similarity, 84.3% and 88.7%, respectively, to the sequence of a previously uncharacterized HiLV isolate from a potted flowering plant, Amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort) in Taiwan (DQ098905). The amino acid sequence similarities of replicase (Rep) and coat protein (CP) between HiLV-Hawaii and NeLV-Hawaii were 44.8% and 38.4%, respectively. Results of viral protein Rep and CP amino acid sequence comparisons from various carlaviruses provide evidence that HiLV and NeLV, previously classified as synonymous viruses are in fact unique viruses. This is the first report for the complete sequence, organization, and phylogenetic characterization of HiLV and the first detection of HiLV both in C. asiaticum and in the USA.

Allium parhamii is described and illustrated as a new species from the Kopet Dagh mountain range, North Khorassan province in Iran. Based on morphological features, the new species belongs to A. sect. Asteroprason. It differs from the closely related species A. monophyllum in several floral and leaf characters as well as the micromorphological characters of seed coat and karyotype. The new species is illustrated and Red-Listed as critically endangered and notes on habitats and distribution are provided.

The Sierra de las Nieves National Park, declared by the Spanish Government in July 2021, is part of the Serranía de Ronda (Western Baetic mountains), which is considered one of the main centres of biodiversity and endemicity of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Andalusia, Spain) and the Mediterranean Basin. The park and its surroundings have an important diversity of vascular plants, mainly due to the orographic, climatic and geological diversity of the area, which is divided into three biogeographical sectors: Rondeño sector (limestones, dolomites and clays), Bermejense sector (peridotites and serpentines) and Aljíbico sector (gneisses and micaschists). This contribution presents the first catalogue of the vascular flora of this national park and its surrounding area, with 1,387 taxa distributed in 104 families and 542 genera. An amount of 79 taxa are endemic to Andalusia and 57 are endangered: 4 are Critically Endangered (CR), 17 are Endangered (EN) and 36 are Vulnerable (VU).

A new species of Allium, A. elaounii sp. nov. seemingly endemic to Kroumirian mountains (Northwestern of Tunisia) is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to A. rouyi group and A. valdecallosum, from which it differs mainly by characters of stem, bulb, leaves, inflorescence, and seeds. Distribution in Tunisia, notes of its preferred habitat, phenology, and the IUCN status of conservation are also provided. A diagnostic key to species of the A. sect. Pseudoscorodon occurring in North Africa is also presented.

A new species, Allium sunhangiisp. nov., of the Middle Asiatic section Brevidentia F.O.Khass. & Iengal., (subgenus Allium, tribe Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae) is described. The species is a small plant from the Babatag Ridge in the Surkhandarya province of Uzbekistan. It is morphologically close to Allium brevidens Vved. in having initially dark violet filaments and three-cuspidate inner filaments, but differs by its small size and visibly unequal tepals as well as in the phylogenetic analysis based on ITS data.

The AChE inhibitory activity of alkaloid extracts and compounds has been in the focus of research on the plants of Amaryllidoideae subfamily since the approval of galanthamine in 2001 by FDA for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A small fraction of the huge biodiversity of the plants producing Amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been studied as a source of AChE inhibitors. Less than 20% of the known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit AChE. Galanthamine, lycorine and haemanthamine are scaffolds for semi-synthesis of potent AChE inhibitors. In the last years, galanthamine has been studied in silico for drug optimization and synthesis of potent dual-binding AChE inhibitors. In silico studies of other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have also provoked the interest of researchers in the last years. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on studies of the AChE inhibitory activity of extracts and compounds from the plants of Amaryllidoideae subfamily covering the literature from the last two decades.

Lapiedra martinezii Lag. (Amaryllidaceae) is an autumn-flowering geophyte that grows in coastal and sublittoral environments. The interest in this species has emerged during recent decades due to its bioactive alkaloid content and its conservational status. The aim of this work was to review the available information on L. martinezii and to assess whether it could be introduced as an ornamental plant in xero-gardening. Therefore, its aesthetic appeal was reviewed and compared to other cultivated and wild plants. Also, information on its ecological and propagation requirements were checked to discern whether it could be adapted under different production systems and culture conditions. In addition, other aspects were also analyzed to identify strengths and limitations of this species for its further revalorization as an ornamental plant. The results obtained suggest that L. martinezii could be a good choice as a foliage plant for growing in gardens as an alpine bulb or pot plant. Moreover, it might be quite well adapted under different production and culture conditions to dry and semi-arid regions. The horticultural traits related to its germination and in vitro multiplication are interesting strengths to bear in mind for its industrial propagation and early domestication. Finally, its introduction in xero-gardening could also help in its ex-situ conservation. However, a more in-depth study would be needed to definitively introduce it into the ornamental plant market. Lapiedra martinezii Lag. (Amaryllidaceae) es un geófito bulboso de floración otoñal que vive en ambientes costeros y sublitorales. El interés en esta especie ha crecido durante las últimas décadas debido a su contenido en alcaloides bioactivos y a su estado de conservación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la información disponible sobre L. martinezii y evaluar si podría ser introducido como planta ornamental en xerojardinería. Por tanto, los caracteres estéticos fueron analizados y comparados con otras plantas cultivadas y silvestres. También, se estudia la información disponible acerca de sus requerimientos ecológicos y de propagación para detector si podría ser adaptada en distintos sistemas de producción y condiciones de cultivo. Además, otros aspectos fueron analizados para identificar tanto las fortalezas como las limitaciones de esta especie en su posterior revalorización como planta ornamental. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que L. martinezii podría ser una buena opción como planta ornamental de follaje para su cultivo en jardines como bulbo de rocalla o planta de maceta. Además, podría adaptarse bastante bien a distintos sistemas de producción y condiciones de cultivo en regiones secas y semiáridas. Las características hortícolas relacionadas con la germinación y multiplicación in vitro son fortalezas interesantes para tener en cuenta en su puesta en cultivo a escala industrial y su domesticación preliminar. Finalmente, la introducción de esta especie en xerojardinería podría también ayudar a su conservación ex situ. Sin embargo, sería deseable una investigación más profunda para su inclusión en el mercado convencional de planta ornamental.

There is considerable interest in the plant family Amaryllidaceae for its biologically-active isoquinoline alkaloid principles. Some of these (such as galanthamine and narciclasine) have demonstrated their applicability in the clinical arena, particularly as cancer and motorneuron disease therapeutics. While synthetic organic chemistry affords ideal opportunities for drug development with such targets, the phytochemical approach is considered a somewhat more amenable option. In this regard, southern Africa has garnered widespread attention due to the abundance of Amaryllidaceae plants in its territory. Crinum, Ammocharis, Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia are genera of the family that are likewise well-represented in southern Africa. Up to 2012, thirty members from these genera were examined for their chemical and biological properties, culminating with the identification of nearly one-hundred alkaloid entities several of which exhibited notable biological activities. The present effort covers studies since 2013 that have been undertaken on the title genera in regards to their chemical and biological characteristics. Close to ninety alkaloids and twenty-five non-alkaloid entities were described during this time-frame from fifteen representative species. Biological studies included cholinesterase inhibiton, cytotoxicity, antidiabetes and antihypertensive effects, herbicidal, insecticidal and plant growth regulatory effects, as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiplasmodial effects. The structural variety of the compounds isolated in cases allowed for structure-activity probes to be made in some of the assays. There were also studies carried out to establish the molecular basis to these activities, notably in the area of molecular cancer chemotherapeutics.

Allium jichouense X.G.Ma, H.Sun & D.Q.Huang, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Type: — CHINA, Sichuan: Jiulong County, Jichou Mountain, alpine screes, 4503 m, 29.31°N, 101.50°E, 19 August 2022, X.G. Ma et al. MXG22-46 (holotype KUN; isotype CDBI, KUN); the same locality, 7 August 2018, W.G. Sun et al. FSC-31 (paratype KUN) Description: —Bulbs solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, cylindric, 0.5–0.7 cm in diam., usually attached to a horizontal or oblique rhizome, rhizome 5.8–8.9 mm long; tunic dirty gray, or blackish brown to grayish brown, fibrous, inconspicuously subreticulate at base. Leaves 2 to 4; leaf sheaths not exposed above ground, 2.3–6.2 cm high; leaf blades broadly linear, usually falcate or curled, shorter than to nearly as long as scape, 1.5–3.8(–6.7) mm wide, flat, usually tinged with reddish-purple to dark purple, sometimes only at margins. Scape nodding distally, usually tinged with greenish reddish-purple, 6.5–7.6 cm high, terete, covered with leaf sheaths at base only. Spathe pale yellowishred to reddish-purple, 1-valved, deciduous or partly persistent, 1.4–1.5 cm long; beak very short, 0.3–0.5 mm long. Umbel usually 4–9 flowered. Pedicels subequal, 5.7–9.0 mm long, shorter than tepals, ebracteolate. Perianth pinkishblue, tepals with greenish-yellow or dark purple midvein; outer tepals narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic, 13.7–14.8 × 3.8–4.3 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones ovate-oblong, sometimes with irregularly remotely denticulate at margins, ca. 14.5 × 4.1–4.6 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments not exserted, reddish-purple, subequal, 3.6–6.8 mm long, 1/2–2/3 as long as tepals, connate and adnate to tepals for ca. 1 mm; outer ones subulate, rarely broadened at base; inner ones broadened at base (without teeth at margins), ca. 1.7 mm wide; anthers elliptical, pale brown, 2.0–2.2× 1.0– 1.2 mm. Ovary subglobose, with broad and concave nectaries, covered by short and hoodlike appendages at base, ca. 3.1 × 2.2 mm. Style slightly shorter than or subequal to ovary, non-exserted, ca. 2.8 mm high; stigma punctiform. Phenology: —Flowering from July to August. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the type locality Jichou Mt., a mountain range at the border between Jiulong County and Kangding City of Sichuan Province, China. Distribution, habitat, and ecology:— Allium jichouense is currently known from the type locality in Jiulong County and nearby Zimei pass of Gonggashan Township in Kangding County of Sichuan Province. Geographically, A. jichouense is sympatric with its closest relative A. sikkimense, as well as A. forrestii and A. changduense. It grows exclusively on alpine screes or gravelly slopes at higher elevations of 4,300 –4,500 m, and exhibits several morphological adaptations to the scree habitat, such as dwarf form, often falcate or curled leaves, commonly colored aboveground parts (including leaves, scape, spathe-valves and flowers), extended rhizomes and well-developed deep roots, demonstrating the well coevolution between scree plants and environment (Musarella et al. 2020)., Published as part of Huang, De-Qing, Sun, Hang & Ma, Xiang-Guang, 2022, Allium jichouense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of the section Sikkimensia from southwestern China, pp. 115-128 in Phytotaxa 575 (2) on page 122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7413164, {"references":["Musarella, C. M., Brullo, S. & del Galdo, G. G. (2020) Contribution to the orophilous cushion-like vegetation of central-southern and insular Greece. Plants 9 (12): 1678. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / plants 9121678"]}

Allium jichouense from Sichuan Province, southwestern China is described as a new species. It grows exclusively on alpine screes or gravelly slopes at higher altitudes of 4,300–4,500 m. Morphologically, it resembles A. sikkimense in bulb and floral features, but differs significantly in its falcate or curled, commonly reddish-purple pigmented leaves, scapes and spathe-valves. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the new species belongs to A. sect. Sikkimensia and is nested within different populations of A. sikkimense. The possible scenarios are discussed for the embedded phylogenetic relationship of A. jichouense within A. sikkimense. A detailed morphological description, illustrations and habit features of the new species are given.

According to Escobar (2012), there are two kinds of floral appendages around the staminal tube or urn in Miersia: 1) the upper pair of appendages are of staminal origin and 2) the four lateral appendages, one pair on each side of the staminal tube, are of tepaliferous origin. Consequently, mentions to "tepaliferous appendages" in diagnoses, descriptions, identification key and figure captions of our recent article (García et al. 2022) should be changed to "floral appendages", to denote the mixed nature of those structures in most species of Miersia.

Hymenocallis ximixtlanensis is described and illustrated as a new species for science. This taxonomic entity has similarity with H. graminifolia. However, it is distinguished from the latter by presenting wider leaves (1.9–2.2(–2.8) vs. 0.5–0.7 cm), much longer floral tubes (12–14.2 vs. ca. 4 cm), longer anthers (ca. 2 vs. 1.4 cm), and ovaries with four ovules in each locule (4 vs. 2).

Hymenocallis ximixtlanensis J. Jiménez Ram., Cruz Durán & E. García, sp. nov. Figs. 1, 2. Hymenocallis ximixtlanensis is similar to H. graminifolia Greenm., but it is distinguished from it by its wider leaves (1.9–2.8 cm vs. 0.5– 0.7 cm), inflorescences with 1(–2) flowers (vs. 1–6), longer floral tubes (12–14.2 cm vs. 4 cm), larger free portion of the filaments (3.5 cm vs. 2 cm), longer anthers (2 cm vs. 1.4 cm), more ovules per locule (4 vs. 2), and its distribution in oak forest (vs. tropical deciduous forest). TYPE:— MEXICO. Guerrero: Municipality of Atlixtac, Ximixtlán (Mezones 2), road Atlixtac-Tlatlauquitepec, 17°32’55”N, 98°52’24”W, 29 June 2013 [fl], R. Cruz et al. 9086 (holotype: FCME!; isotype: FCME!). Herbs perennial, escapous, 23–30 cm tall. Bulbs 3.7 cm in diameter, spherical, tunicate, the cataphylls brown, membranous. Leaves 2(–3), basal, ascending, but recurved at the apical portion, 14–21(–23) × 1.9–2.2(–2.8) cm, ensiform, pale green, narrowing at base; margin entire; apex acute. Inflorescence escapous, with one flower (exceptionally 2), with bracts at the apex of the scape; scape 2.5–5 cm long, exceptionally 11–14 cm long, cylindrical, solid; bracts 4 cm long, membranous, filiform. Flowers white; tepals 7.7–9 × 0.7–0.8 cm, linear, subequal, ascending; tube of the perigonium 12–14.2 × 0.2–0.3 cm, straight, light green; staminal crown rotated, 2.6 cm high, 3.5 cm diam., crown margin briefly indented; filaments 6, the free portion 3.5 cm long, filiform, white, slightly yellowish in the last quarter, anthers ca. 2 cm long, yellow, dorsifixed and versatile; ovary 1.4–1.5 × 0.8 cm, ovoid, green, trilocular, with 4 ovules in each locule; style 18–22 cm long, dark green distally, stigma globose, dark green. Fruits and seeds unknown. Phenology:—Flowering from June to July. Distribution and ecology:— Hymenocallis ximixtlanensis has been localized growing in Quercus forests, at 1915 m above sea level, on limestone soil. Etymology:—The specific epithet alludes to the site from where the only population of this species is known, the town of Ximixtlán, Municipality of Atlixtac in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico. Conservation:—According to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (2022), H. ximixtlanensis is proposed as Critically Endangered (CR), because it fits with the criteria B2(a) and D, since during the exploration of the area (Municipality of Atlixtac), only a small population with less than 50 mature individuals, in an area of about 20 m ², was found. Additional specimens examined:— MEXICO. Guerrero: Municipality of Atlixtac, Ximixtlán (Mezones 2), road Atlixtac–Tlatlauquitepec, 17°32’5”N, 98°52’24”W, 29 June 2013 [fl], R. Cruz, L.A. Alcántara & E. Hernández 9086 bis (FCME!); 21 June 2014 [fl], R. Cruz & E. Hernández 9189 (FCME!, MEXU!, UAMIZ!)., Published as part of Ramírez, Jaime Jiménez, Durán, Ramiro Cruz & Granados, Ma. Elena García, 2022, Hymenocallis ximixtlanensis (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from the state of Guerrero, Mexico, pp. 191-196 in Phytotaxa 574 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7380930

Hippeastrum abatinguara Campos-Rocha & A.S.Medeiros, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Hippeastrum abatinguara can be considered similar to H. brasilianum (Traub & Doran 1976: 40) Dutilh in Meerow et al. (1997: 17) due to its habitat and flower color pattern, but is readily distinguished by having a smaller perigone (up to 9.5 cm long vs. 14–23 cm in H. brasilianum), with pink striations on the tepals, absent in H. brasilianum. Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Bocaina de Minas, zona rural, afloramento rochoso, em área de transição entre Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana e Mista, 04 September 2021, A. Campos-Rocha, A.S. Medeiros, J.H.A. Dutilh & P.A.S. Veiga 3334 (holotype UEC!; isotypes BHCB!, ESA!, NA!, RB!). Terrestrial saxicolous herbs, up to 90 cm tall at flowering. Bulb 6–14 cm long, 6–12 cm in diam., rounded, more often widely ovoid, exposed, white, covered with reddish or brown tunics; bulb neck up to 12 cm long, eventually very short to absent. Leaves 2 to 11, 22–46 × 1.8–3.4 cm, suberect to arcuate, lorate, papery, sometimes asymmetric, similarly green colored on both sides, usually with reddish to vinaceous pigmentation on the margins, eventually near the midrib, base, and apex, occasionally with a longitudinal light green stripe close to the midrib, margins flat, eventually slightly involute, hyaline, midrib inconspicuous adaxially, somewhat prominent abaxially, apex acute to rounded, usually asymmetric, dry at flowering. Inflorescence 2–4 flowered; scape 28–74 cm long, 1.4–2.5 cm in diam., erect, subcylindrical, laterally compressed, fistulose, glaucous, greenish; spathe bracts 2, 5–8.6 × 2–3.2 cm, free, lanceolate, glaucous, reddish, apex acute; bracteoles 1–4, up to 6 cm long, lanceolate to subulate, greenish or reddish. Flowers patent, pedicellate, slightly scented at anthesis; pedicels 2.4–7 cm long at anthesis, 4–6 mm in diam., obtusely triangular in cross section, greenish. Perigone 6.5–9.5 cm long, zygomorphic, infundibuliform; perigonal tube 7–15 mm long, greenish; paraperigone absent. Tepals 6 in 2 whorls, in free portion white, with faint thin pink to magenta striations distally or throughout their length, eventually tessellated, sometimes absent on the lower petal, greenish pigmentation near the base, mostly close to the midrib; outer whorl (sepals) wider than the inner (petals), obovate, apex acute with apicule sub-apical 1.5–3 mm long; upper 5.8–7.8 × 2.4–2.8 cm; lateral 5.8–7.6 × 2.5–3 cm; petals oblanceolate, lateral slightly asymmetric, apex acute with apicule inconspicuous or absent; lateral 6–8 × 2–2.4 cm, lower 6–7.5 × 1.4–2 cm. Stamens of four different lengths, shorter than limb segments, exserted; filaments declinate-ascending, fasciculate, inserted at the mouth of the perigonal tube, free portion white, upper episepal 5–5.8 cm long, lateral episepal 5–5.6 cm long; lateral epipetal 5.4–6.4 cm long, lower epipetal 5.2–6.3 cm long; anthers 4–7 mm long after anthesis, oblong, yellow to cream; pollen yellow. Ovary 0.6–1.2 mm long, oblong to obovoid, obtusely trigonal, greenish; ovules 40–44 per locule, about 1 × 1 mm, clavate to obpyriform; style 6.4–8 cm long, declinate to slightly ascending, white, of similar length or slightly longer than limb segments; stigma trifid, lobes 1.5–3 mm long, slightly recurved, white. Capsule 2.2–3.2 cm long, 2.8–4 cm in diam., obloid to widely obovoid, greenish, eventually with reddish to vinaceous pigmentation; seeds 10–14 × 7–12 mm, irregular, usually widely to very widely obovate or obtrullate, flattened, winged, blackish. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to an indigenous people who inhabited the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais and were decimated as a result of the colonization of their territory. The Abatinguaras would have lived on the banks of the Grande and Sapucaí rivers, and offered a strong resistance to the advance of the Bandeirantes (colonial crusaders) at the end of the 17th century (José 1965, Guimarães 2017). Awati-wára is a word of Tupi origin, an indigenous language, being a translation of ‘white man eaters’ (Guérios 1948, Michaelis 2015). It is also a call for the defense of Brazilian indigenous people, in a context of violence against these peoples and their territories (Bonilla & Capiberibe 2021, Ferrante & Fearnside 2021, CIMI 2022). The specific epithet is used here as a noun in apposition, in accordance with Article 23.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature (Turland et al. 2018). Distribution and habitat: — Hippeastrum abatinguara is known only from the type locality, in the municipality of Bocaina de Minas, located in the south of the State of Minas Gerais, close to the border with Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 3). The municipality is part of the Upper Grande River region, which houses the headwaters of the Grande River and some of its major tributaries, on the continental slopes of the Itatiaia massif (Carvalho et al. 2005, Pereira et al. 2006). The new species was found on a granitic rocky outcrop in the rural area of Bocaina de Minas, about one kilometer from the Grande River, at 1500 meters above sea level. Individuals distributed over the entire exposed northward slope of the rocky outcrop were observed, which is about 250 m high and covers 10 hectares of area. We are estimating a local population of a few dozen mature individuals, while some areas of the rocky outcrop are difficult to visualize and can be reached only by climbing. Hippeastrum abatinguara is a rupicolous species, occurring on shallow soils in vegetation islands, mostly formed by a species of Alcantarea (É. Morren ex Mez 1894: 516) Harms (1929: 802) (Bromeliaceae), although some isolated clonal clumps have also been observed. They also occur associated with other monocots, e.g. Anthurium Schott (1829: 828) sp. (Araceae), Bifrenaria Lindley (1832: 152) sp. (Orchidaceae) and Cyperus (Linnaeus 1753: 44) sp. (Cyperaceae), and some species of ferns, e.g. Doryopteris Smith (1841: 404) sp. (Pteridaceae) and shrubs, e.g. Pleroma Don (1823: 283) sp. (Melastomataceae). One individual of H. abatinguara was found growing in the understory of an area with a few small trees and shrubs. The rocky outcrop is inserted in a region with a predominance of Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest, in addition to Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and highaltitude grassland (Carvalho 2005, Simas et al. 2010). According to Carvalho et al. (2005), the locality has a climatic type Cb, by Köppen Procedure Classification, with mean annual temperature of 16.7ºC, varying from 13ºC in July to 19.7ºC in January, and a mean annual precipitation of about 2,100 mm, ranging from 340 mm per month in the wettest quarter (December to February) to 35 mm per month in the driest quarter (June to August). Two other species of Hippeastrum are recorded from rocky outcrops nearby: H. glaucescens (Martius ex Schultes & Schultes 1830: 813) Herbert (1837: 139) and H. morelianum Lemaire (1845: 37). Conservation status: — Hippeastrum abatinguara should be considered Critically Endangered (CR) based on sub-criteria B1ab(i, ii, iii, v)+2ab(i, ii, iii, v), due to the number of locations (1) and continuous decline of EOO, AOO, and habitat quality, and criterion D, since the only known population likely consists of fewer than fifty mature individuals. Most of the observed individuals were located in very steep places, which preserves them from the advance of pasture areas and cattle raised in the vicinity, but does not protect from the threat of fire, visible in several patches of vegetation. According to local residents, the rocky outcrop has faced annual fires over the past five years, which have consumed all or most of its area. Man-made fires are the main threat to rocky outcrop ecosystems worldwide, resulting in major changes in the structure and composition of their flora, which can lead to local extinction of species (Burke 2003, Fitzsimons & Michael 2016, Campos-Rocha et al. 2018). Open areas created by fire are more likely to be colonized by invasive species, another major threat to vegetation in rocky outcrops (Pigott 2000, Porembski 2000). The colonization of the SM by European settlers started very early in Brazilian history, with the region playing a key role in the occupation of the interior of the country from the 18th century onwards (Dean 1996, Rodrigues 2003). Since then, SM faced a process of continuous environmental degradation, with the replacement of its native vegetation cover by agricultural areas, pasture, and secondary vegetation (Pelissari & Romaniuc Neto 2013, Gonzaga & Menini Neto 2017). In the Upper Rio Grande region, deforestation process was intensified during the 1940s, with the increasing demand for wood and charcoal represented by the construction of the National Steel Mill (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro (Carvalho et al. 2005). As a result, the vegetation cover of this region is now reduced to forest fragments restricted to hilltops, elevated or steeper areas (Carvalho et al. 2005, Pereira et al. 2006, Simas et al. 2010). The rocky outcrop on which H. abatinguara was found belongs to private farms located in its surroundings, and is inserted in the Serra da Mantiqueira Environmental Protection Area (EPA Serra da Mantiqueira). Sustainable use conservation units, EPAs were established as the least restrictive category of protected area in Brazil, often covering quite extensive areas, consisting of both public and private land (Brasil 2000). It is also considered the least effective category in ensuring conservation of biodiversity and natural resources (Cozzolino 2005, Rylands & Brandon 2005, WWF-Brasil & ICMBIO 2017). The slope of occurrence of the new species is considered a Permanent Preservation Area (PPAs) by the Brazilian Forest Code, as a slope with a declivity greater than 45 degrees, equivalent to 100% in the line of maximum slope (Brasil 2012). Together with conservation units, PPAs are the main legal instrument for the protection of biodiversity in Brazil, comprising spaces with inherent environmental vulnerability, where no human activity is allowed, and vegetation clearing only in exceptional cases. In the SM region, most PPAs revealed conflicting land use, generally more pronounced in water PPAs than in PPAs of slope (Silva et al. 2015, Silva et al. 2019, Vilela et al. 2021). The preservation of native vegetation in PPAs is the responsibility of their owners (Brasil 2012). In Minas Gerais, the SM is classified as an extremely high priority area for conservation (IEF 2021), as well of special biological importance (Drummond et al. 2005). Phenology: — Hippeastrum abatinguara was observed flowering in winter (July and September). Immature fruits were seen in early September. Apparently, H. abatinguara is a hysteranthous species. Plants in cultivation were found to be self-incompatible. Notes: — Hippeastrum abatinguara can be considered quite unique among Brazilian species of Hippeastrum. It is a large-sized rupicolous species, with bulbs of up to 12 cm in diameter, which can present more than 10 contemporary leaves, reaching close to 1 m tall at flowering. It can be considered related to H. brasilianum, a rupicolous whiteflowered species endemic to rocky outcrops in Southeastern Brazil. Hippeastrum abatinguara is distinguished by having a smaller perigone (6.5–9.5 cm long), and perigonal tube representing between 1/6 and 1/9 of the total perigone length (vs. flowers 14 cm or more long and perigonal tube representing about 1/3 of the perigone length in H. brasilianum), besides the presence of pink striations on the upper two thirds of the tepals or throughout their entire length, absent in H. brasilianum. Due to the size and color pattern of its flowers, can also be considered similar to Hippeastrum reticulatum Herbert (1824: sub t. 2475), a pinkish-flowered species spread mainly in the Ombrophilous and Semideciduous Forests of Southern and Southeastern Brazil. However, H. abatinguara can be distinguished even vegetatively by its sessile and lorate leaves (vs. pseudopetiolate leaves, rarely obscurely pseudopetiolate, with lanceolate to oblanceolate lamina in H. reticulatum). Moreover, H. abatinguara has white flowers with pink striations, and trifid stigma (vs. pink flowers with longitudinal white stripes, tessellated with red-violet, and a capitate stigma in H. reticulatum). The mature dehiscent capsule of H. abatinguara is green and dry, with numerous papery winged seeds, while that of H. reticulatum is pigmented bright red on the interior surfaces, with a few globose, glossy seeds., Published as part of Campos-Rocha, Antonio, Medeiros, Alexandre Da Silva, Meerow, Alan William, Sanz-Veiga, Priscila Andre, Koch, Ingrid & Dutilh, Julie Henriette Antoinette, 2022, A remarkable new species of Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) from the Serra da Mantiqueira, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 197-208 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on pages 201-204, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7284457, {"references":["Traub, H. P. & Doran, J. L. (1976) Amaryllis brasiliana Traub & Doran. Plant Life 32: 40.","Meerow, A. W., Van Scheepen, J. & Dutilh, J. H. A. (1997) Transfers from Amaryllis to Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae). Taxon 46: 15 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1224287","Jose, O. (1965) Indigenas de Minas Gerais: aspectos sociais, politicos e etnologicos. Imprensa Oficial, Belo Horizonte, 219 pp.","Guimaraes, G. O. (2017) Presenca de indigenas no municipio de Virginia: um resgate da historia indigena sul-mineira. Anais do XXIX Simposio Nacional de Historia. Associacao Nacional de Historia, Brasilia, 17 pp. Available from: https: // www. snh 2017. anpuh. org / resources / anais / 54 / 1502750574 _ ARQUIVO _ PRESENCADEINDIGENASNOMUNICIPIODEVIRGINIA. pdf (accessed 24 December 2021).","Guerios, R. S. M. (1948) Dicionario das tribos e linguas indigenas da America Meridional. Publicacoes avulsas, n. 6 - I, A. Museu Paranaense, Curitiba, 63 pp.","Michaelis (2015) Dicionario Brasileiro da Lingua Portuguesa. Editora Melhoramentos Ltda. Available from: https: // michaelis. uol. com. br / moderno-portugues / busca / portugues-brasileiro / abatinguara (accessed 8 December 2021).","Bonilla, O. & Capiberibe, A. (2021) From ' flocking for rights' to the politics of death: indigenous struggle and indigenous policy in Brazil (1980 - 2020). Portuguese Studies 37: 102 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1353 / port. 2021.0011","Ferrante, L. & Fearnside, P. M. (2021) Brazilian government violates indigenous rights: What could induce a change? Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin 152: 200 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.12854 / erde- 2021 - 584","CIMI - Conselho Indigenista Missionario (2022) Violencia contra os povos indigenas no Brasil - Dados de 2021. Conferencia Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil, Brasilia, 281 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Carvalho, D. A., Oliveira-Filho, A. T., van den Berg, E., Fontes, M. A., Vilela, E. D., Marques, J. J. & Carvalho, W. A. (2005) Variacoes floristicas e estruturais do componente arboreo de uma floresta ombrofila alto-montana as margens do rio Grande, Bocaina de Minas, MG, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 19: 91 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062005000100010","Pereira, I. M., Oliveira-Filho, A. T. D., Botelho, S. A., Carvalho, W. A. C., Fontes, M. A. L., Schiavini, I. & Silva, A. F. D. (2006) Composicao Floristica do compartimento arboreo de cinco remanescentes florestais do Macico do Itatiaia, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguesia 57: 103 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2175 - 7860200657108","Mez, C. (1894) Bromeliaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. von, Eichler, A. W. & Urban, I. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis 3 (3). F. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 173 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454","Harms, H. (1929) Bromeliaceae novae III. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 784 - 805. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994800","Schott, H. W. (1829) Fur Liebhaber der Botanik. Wiener Zeitschrift fur Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode. Vienna 1829: 828.","Lindley, J. (1832) The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. Ridgways, London, 152 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 499","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.","Smith, J. (1841) Enumeratio Filicum Philippinarum. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 404 - 405.","Don, D. (1823 \" 1822 \") An Illustration of the natural family of plants called Melastomataceae. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 4: 276 - 329.","Simas, F. N. B, Simas, N. G. & Simas, C. A. B. (2010) Plano de Manejo RPPN Mitra do Bispo. Available from: https: // www. icmbio. gov. br / portal / images / stories / docs-planos-de-manejo / rppn _ mitra _ do _ bispo _ pm. pdf (accessed 8 December 2021)","Schultes, J. A. & Schultes, J. H. (1830) Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. Cum characteribus, differentiis et synonymiis 7 (2). Sumtibus J. G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae, 1816 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 825","Herbert, W. (1837) Amaryllidaceae. Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders. James Ridgway & Sons, London, 428 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 116651","Lemaire, C. (1845) L'Horticulteur Universel 4. Chez H. Cousin, Paris, 384 pp.","Burke, A. (2003) Inselbergs in a changing world - global trends. Diversity and Distributions 9: 375 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1472 - 4642.2003.00035. x","Fitzsimons, J. A. & Michael, D. R. (2016) Rocky outcrops: A hard road in the conservation of critical habitats. Biological Conservation 211: 36 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.11.019","Campos-Rocha, A., Semir, J., Peixoto, M. & Dutilh, J. H. A. (2018) Griffinia meerowiana, a remarkable new species of Amaryllidaceae from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. Phytotaxa 344: 228 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 344.3.3","Pigott, J. P. (2000) Environmental weeds and granite outcrops: possible solutions in the \" too hard basket \". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 83: 135 - 37.","Porembski, S. (2000) The invasibility of tropical granite outcrops (' inselbergs') by exotic weeds. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 83: 131 - 134.","Dean, W. (1996) A ferro e fogo: a historia e a devastacao da Mata Atlantica brasileira. Companhia das Letras, Sao Paulo. 484 pp.","Rodrigues, A. F. (2003) Os sertoes proibidos da Mantiqueira: desbravamento, ocupacao da terra e as observacoes do governador dom Rodrigo Jose de Meneses. Revista Brasileira de Historia 23: 253 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 01882003000200011","Pelissari, G. & Romaniuc Neto, S. (2013) Ficus (Moraceae) da Serra da Mantiqueira, Brasil. Rodriguesia 64: 91 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 2175 - 78602013000100009","Gonzaga, D. R. & Menini Neto, L. (2017) Estado de conservacao da Serra da Mantiqueira: ameacas, lacunas, avancos e perspectivas do conhecimento da flora. In: Barbosa, B. C., Resende, L. O., Prezoto, F. & Goncalves, E. L. (Eds.) Topicos em sustentabilidade e conservacao. Juiz de Fora, pp. 77 - 86.","Brasil (2000) Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Available from: http: // www. planalto. gov. br / ccivil _ 03 / LEIS / L 9985. htm (accessed 8 December 2021).","Cozzolino, L. F. F. (2005) Unidades de conservacao e os processos de governanca local: o caso da APA do Sana (Macae, RJ). Master's degree dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 156 pp.","Rylands, A. B. & Brandon, K. (2005) Brazilian protected areas. Conservation Biology 19: 612 - 618. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00711. x","Brasil (2012) Lei nº 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012. Available from: https: // www. planalto. gov. br / ccivil _ 03 / _ ato 2011 - 2014 / 2012 / lei / l 12651. htm (accessed 31 December 2021).","Silva, F. P., Rocha, C. H. B. & Neto, R. M. (2015) Conflitos de uso da terra nas Areas de Preservacao Permanente (APPs) da Bacia Hidrografica do Ribeirao Uba-MG. Revista de Geografia 5: 141 - 156.","Silva, M. H., Trannin, I. C. D. B. & Catelani, C. D. S. (2019) Conflitos de uso do solo de Areas de Preservacao Permanente da Bacia Hidrografica da Serra da Mantiqueira - UGRHI 1. Sodebras 159: 181 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.29367 / issn. 1809 - 3957.14.2019.159.181","Vilela, H. T. F., Goncalves, A. F. A., Franca, L. C. J. & Junior, F. W. A. (2021) Conflitos de uso do solo em Areas de Preservacao Permanente em uma regiao do Alto Rio Grande, Minas Gerais. 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Identification key for the Hippeastrum species occurring in the Serra da Mantiqueira 1. Leaves pseudopetiolate to obscurely pseudopetiolate, lamina lanceolate to oblanceolate; ovary with up to 12 ovules per locule; interior of mature capsule bright red, seeds globose................................................................. Hippeastrum reticulatum (Fig. 4J) - Leaves sessile, lamina lorate, linear, falcate or strongly falcate; ovary with more than 24 ovules per locule; mature capsule not pigmented, seeds papery, flattened................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Lamina strongly falcate, subfleshy; flowers nearly actinomorphic, salverform; stamens erect, anthers at the same height.............................................................................................................................................................. Hippeastrum velloziiflorum (Fig. 4L) - Lamina lorate, linear or falcate, chartaceous; flowers zygomorphic, campanulate to infundibuliform; stamens deflexed, anthers in different positions............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3. Lamina linear, 0.1–0.5 cm wide.................................................................................................. Hippeastrum cipoanum (Fig. 4D) - Lamina lorate or falcate, more than 1 cm wide................................................................................................................................ 4 4. Flowers green; staminal filaments exceeding the length of the perigone................................ Hippeastrum calyptratum (Fig. 4C) - Flowers white to cream, red, dark red to carmine, salmon, orange, sometimes greenish proximally and reddish distally, rarely pink; staminal filaments shorter than the perigone.................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Perigonal tube longer than 4 cm.............................................................................................. Hippeastrum brasilianum (Fig. 4B) - Perigonal tube up to 4 cm long......................................................................................................................................................... 6 6. Paraperigone absent.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 - Paraperigone callose, fimbriate, a pellicle of fused fimbriae or a ring of broad scales...................................................................... 8 7. Flowers white with pink striations.................................................................................... Hippeastrum abatinguara (Figs. 1 & 2) - Flowers red to orange.................................................................................................................... Hippeastrum striatum (Fig. 4K) 8. Stigma capitate to tri-lobed.............................................................................................................................................................. 9 - Stigma trifid.................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 9. Flowers salmon or orange, rarely pink, yellowish to green at the base, forming a circular pattern at the throat; upper tepals distally reflexed; perigonal tube 2.3–3.2 cm long.................................................................................... Hippeastrum puniceum (Fig. 4H) - Flowers dark red to carmine, greenish white at the throat with extensions to the middle of the limb; upper tepals not reflexed; perigonal tube about 1 cm long........................................................................................................ Hippeastrum reginae (Fig. 4I) 10. Paraperigone a ring of broad scales................................................................................................ Hippeastrum aulicum (Fig. 4A) - Paraperigone callose, fimbriate or a pellicle of fused fimbriae...................................................................................................... 11 11. Tepals almost isodiametrical, lateral sepals symmetrically elliptic to narrowly elliptic.......... Hippeastrum morelianum (Fig. 4F) - Upper sepal much wider and longer than lower petal, lateral sepals falcate.................................................................................. 12 12. Bulb subterranean; perigonal tube 1.4–2 cm long; paraperigone a pellicle of fused fimbriae............................................................................................................................................................................................................... Hippeastrum glaucescens (Fig. 4E) - Bulb on rocks; perigonal tube 2–2.4 cm long; paraperigone callose with faint linear scratches between the base of the expansions on the three upper tepals........................................................................................................... Hippeastrum psittacinum (Fig. 4G), Published as part of Campos-Rocha, Antonio, Medeiros, Alexandre Da Silva, Meerow, Alan William, Sanz-Veiga, Priscila Andre, Koch, Ingrid & Dutilh, Julie Henriette Antoinette, 2022, A remarkable new species of Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) from the Serra da Mantiqueira, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 197-208 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on pages 204-205, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7284457

Two new species of the Chilean endemic genus Miersia (Gilliesieae, Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae) are described, M. stellata and M. raucoana, alongside morphological descriptions, a distribution map, illustrations, conservation status assessments, and an updated key to all species of Miersia. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences were performed to inquire into the evolutionary affinities of both new species and the recently described, M. putaendensis, within the tribe Gilliesieae.

Lycoris longifolia, a new species from China, was described and illustrated here. Our phylogenomic evidence based on whole plastomes strongly supported the separate phylogenetic position of this new species, and it could also be easily distinguished by several morphological characters, such as its long leaves with a distinct purplish-red midrib on the abaxial surface.

Allium L. is a perennial plant in the Amaryllidaceae family and includes 1,000 species. There are 24 indigenous Allium species in Korea, and they have a high value as genetic resources. However, there is a lack of research on indigenous Allium species and little research on recently classified or unknown Allium species, such as A. pseudojaponicum, A. dumebuchum, and A. ulleungense. Therefore, this study determined the effects of environmental control (temperature and light) on germination responses of four indigenous Allium seeds (A. longistylum, A. taquetii, A. pseudojaponicum, and A. thunbergii). Germination responses were evaluated by germination percentage (GP), days to 50% of germination of final germination rates (T50), mean germination time (MGT), germination uniformity (GU), and germination speed (GS). GP of A. longistylum and A. pseudojaponicum was more than 50% at 5°C, but A. taquetii and A. thunbergii did not germinate at 5°C. A. pseudojaponicum inhabits beaches in the southern region, and but A. longistylum inhabits near rivers and streams. However, A. taquetii and A. thunbergii mainly inhabit mountainous areas. Therefore, this difference is estimated to be in accordance with the environmental conditions of their habitat. At 5°C, the GP of A. longistylum was improved in dark conditions (90.0%) than in light conditions (68.3%); T50 and MGT were also shortened. The GP of A. taquetti increased at 15°C in the dark than light conditions, and T50 and MGT were shortened at 15°C and 20°C. Also, the GP and GU increased. At 5°C, the GP of A. pseudojaponicum was higher in the dark (83.3%) than in light conditions (70.0%); T50 and MGT were shortened at 15°C, and GS increased in the dark. At 15°C and 20°C of A. thunbergii, T50 and MGT were shortened, and GP increased in the dark. Therefore, in the relatively low-temperature group, dark conditions improved some germination responses than the light condition. Most of the four Allium seeds used in the experiment showed more than 90% GP at 15°C - 25°C, but other germination responses showed differences according to temperature and light. The T50, MGT, and GS of A. longistylum and A. thunbergii were the most improved at 20°C and 25°C, while A. taquetii and A. pseudojaponicum had the shortest T50 and MGT at 25°C, and the GS was the fastest. As a result, regardless of light, the proper temperature was 20°C – 25°C for A. longistylum, 25°C for A. taquetii, 25°C for A. pseudojaponicum, and 25°C in darkness and 20°C – 25°C in light for A. thunbergii.

Lectotypification of the name Allium carolinianum Redoute is discussed. An illustration from the protologue has been designated as the lectotype. The plate fulfils the requirement of an illustration with analysis. As no cited isotype, syntype, iso-syntype or paratype exist, the name is lectotypified to the published plate.

Summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.) is a bulbous plant to the Amaryllidaceae family. L. aestivum is a Euro-Mediterranean region plant and is a well-known source of pharmacologically important alkaloids. Galanthamine is the major bioactive compound that is widely used in the treatment of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Another alkaloid lycorine has antitumor, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different salt stress treatments on galanthamine and lycorine amounts, growth and development, non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (free radical scavenging activity and total phenol-flavonoid content) and enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalases (CAT)] in L. aestivum. The plant was cultivated for 3.5 months watering with 3 different concentrations (2, 4 and 8 g/L) of 2 different salt types (NaCl and CaCl2). Salt stress treatments did not change the shoot length, bulb size and water content significantly. Obtained leaves and bulbs were extracted with methanol and analyzed with HPLC-DAD system. Galanthamine and lycorine amounts were enhanced with 4 g/L CaCl2 in the bulbs. Galanthamine in the leaves was also improved with 8 g/L NaCl. Salt stress treatments did not change the lycorine content in the leaves. Antioxidant capacity of the bulbs and leaves of L. aestivum was very low. Salt stress caused by 4 g/L CaCl2 increased the antioxidant activity only in the leaves and total phenol-flavonoid content in the bulbs. All salt stress treatments increased the SOD activity in the bulbs. The highest SOD and CAT activities were observed with 8 g/L CaCl2 and 4 g/L NaCl, respectively in the bulbs. Some CaCl2 treatments (2 g/L and 4 g/L) increased the activity of SOD and CAT, respectively. It was concluded that L. aestivum is a salt tolerant plant, and 4 g/L CaCl2 is a conspicuous treatment in terms of increased galanthamine amount and antioxidant activities (non-enzymatic and enzymatic) in the bulbs.

Allium webbii Clementi (1857: 327) Type (lectotype, designated here):— TURKEY. Crescit in Lapidosis alpinis Olympi Bith., 14 August 1850, Clementi s.n. (FL011990!; isolectotypes: BM001066441!, E00344665!, G00165106!, LE00010864!, LE00010865!, S06-4199!). ≡ Allium flavum var. minus Boissier (1882: 255) ≡ Allium minus (Boiss.) Koçyiğit & Özhatay, Bot. Chron. (Patras) 22: 79, 80. (2019) comb. inval., non A. minus (Yu et al. 1981: 32) Choi & Oh (2010: 200). Type (first-step lectotype, designated by Kollmann 1984: 150):— TURKEY. Regione alpina Olympi Bithyni (Ulu Dag), 14 August 1850, Clementi s.n. (E, G, K). Second-step lectotype, designated here:— TURKEY. Regione alpina Olympi Bithyni (Ulu Dag), 14 August 1850, Clementi s.n. (FL011990!; isolectotypes: BM001066441!, E00344665!, G00165106!, LE00010864!, LE00010865!, S06-4199!). Note:— Kollmann (1984: 150), designated a collection as a lectotype for A. flavum var. minus Boissier (1882: 255) citing E, G, K, without specifying a herbarium sheet. The specimen in FL (barcode 011990) is designated here as the lectotype [second-step], according to Art. 9.17 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2019). We choose to lectotypify A. webbii with the same collection as the type for A. flavum var. minus to ensure consistency in the application of these names., Published as part of Idrees, Muhammad & Shaw, Julian M. H., 2022, Nomenclature notes on two names in Allium (Amaryllidaceae), pp. 140-142 in Phytotaxa 566 (1) on pages 140-141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7103556, {"references":["Clementi, A. J. (1857) Sertulum orientale seu recensio plantarum in olympo bithynico, in agro byzantino et hellenico nonnullisque aliis orientis regionibus annis 1849 - 1850. Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino Ser. II, xvi. t. 166: 239 - 338.","Boissier, E. (1882) Flora Orientalis 5 (1). H. Georg, Geneve & Basel, 428 pp.","Yu, S. O., Lee, S. T. & Lee, W. T. (1981) A Taxonomic Study on the Allium Species in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 11: 21 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11110 / kjpt. 1981.11.1.021","Choi, H. J. & Oh, B. U. (2010) A new species and a new combination of Allium sect. Rhizirideum (Alliaceae) from northeastern China and Korea. Brittonia 62: 199 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12228 - 009 - 9124 - 6","Kollmann, F. (1984) Allium L. In: Davis, P. H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 98 - 211.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J. Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) (2019) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Allium tauricum var. pilosum (Kollmann & Koyuncu) Koçyiğit & Özhatay ex M.Idrees & J.M.H.Shaw, comb. nov. Basionym:— Allium flavum var. pilosum Kollmann & Koyuncu (1983: 247) ≡ Allium villosiusculum Seregin (2004: 102) ≡ A. tauricum (Besser ex Reichenbach 1828: 9) Grossheim (1928: 213) var. pilosum (Kollmann & Koyuncu) Koçyiğit & Özhatay in Özhatay & Koçyiğit (2019: 78, 81), comb. inval. Type (holotype):— TURKEY. Gaziantep: about 2 km E. of Gaziantep on the road to Urfa, s.d., Alava 6705b (TUR, not seen, isotype HUJ).

Idrees, Muhammad, Shaw, Julian M.H. (2022): Nomenclature notes on two names in Allium (Amaryllidaceae). Phytotaxa 566 (1): 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.9

Lycoris insularis S.Y.Zhang & J.W.Shao, a new fertile diploid species from coastal provinces in eastern China is described. This new species is most similar to L. sprengeri in morphology and has been misidentified as the latter for a long time. However, it can be distinguished from the latter by the relatively longer perianth tube (1.5‒2.5 cm vs. less than 1.3 cm), a characteristic that was overlooked before. Phylogenetic analysis, based on complete plastid genome, showed that L. insularis is not genetically related to L. sprengeri in the genus. The former was a sister group of L. sanguinea, while the latter was closely related to L. longituba and L. chinensis and they were respectively located on different clades that were separated at the base of the phylogenetic tree. The chromosome number of L. insularis is 2n = 22. At present, as the new species is relatively widely distributed and the wild population can normally reproduce by seeds, we evaluate it as LC (Least Concern) according to criteria of the IUCN Red List.

Allium goumenisannum from the north continental Greece (NC) is described and illustrated as a species new to science. It is an autumn-flowering species classified to Allium sect. Codonoprasum and is characterized by a triploid chromosome number (2n = 3x = 24), unusual for this late-flowering species group. This paper focuses on the presentation of the main morphological and karyological characters of the new species and its possible relationships with other Greek and East Mediterranean autumnal species.

Allium goumenissanum Ioannidis & Tzanoud. sp. nov. (Figs. 1–5) Allium goumenissanum is an autumn flowering species, member of Allium sect. Codonoprasum Rchb. characterized by a sub-spherical to spherical inflorescence, 2 opposite spathe valves much longer than pedicels, reddish-white to brownish tepals and stamens included within perigone. It is related to A. stamatiadae Trigas & Bareka 2020:287), A. orestis Kalpoutzakis, Trigas & Constantinidis (2012:223) and A. panormitisi Galanos & Tzanoudakis (2019: 197) from which, however, differs in a number of characters related to the outer tunics of the bulbs (A. panormitisi), stem attachment to the bulb (A. stamatiadae), the morphology of the spathe-valves (A. stamatiadae), the length of pedicels (A. orestis) and the portion of the stem covered by the leaf-sheaths and the length of the stamens (A. panormitisi). Type:— GREECE. Central Macedonia: District (Nomos) Kilkis, Mt Paiko, WNW of the village Goumenissa, at the margins of oak forest, elev. 300-400 m., N 40 o 57’ E 22 o 26’, 9 September 2021, Tzanoudakis & Ioannidis 14719 (holotype UPA!, isotypes UPA!). Bulbous perennial herb. Bulb ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.8 cm, outer tunics coriaceous, brown to reddish-brown, the inner ones membranous, whitish. Bulblets present, produced externally, lateral, or to the upper part of the bulb, ellipsoid, acuminate, 7–10 mm long, light brownish to reddish. Stem erect, robust, 50–60 cm long, 3–4 mm in diameter, glabrous, inserted centrally to the bulb, covered by the leaf-sheaths for 1/2–2/3 of its length. Leaves 3–4, fistulous, canaliculated, ribbed abaxially, glabrous, shorter to equaling the stem in length and ca. 3 mm wide. Spathe persistent with two opposite and unequal valves, the longer 7–9 -nerved and up to 15(20) cm long, the shorter 5–6-nerved and up to 8(12) cm long. Inflorescence lax, fastigiate, sub-spherical, many-flowered (50–60), pedicels sub-equal to unequal 8–20 (30) mm long, the central ones erect in fruit. Perigone campanulate, tepals (5–) 6 × (2–) 3 mm, greenish-white in margin and reddish-brown in the upper part and around the greenish mid-vein, the outer elliptic and slightly mucronate, the inner obovate rounded. Stamens included into perigone, filaments white, connate at the base into an annulus ca. 2 mm long. Anthers oblong-ovate ca.1.2 × 0.6 mm, purple. Ovary oblong- obovate ca. 4 × 2 mm, greenish, gradually narrowed and whitish towards the base and slightly rounded and yellowish in the upper part. Style ca. 3 mm long, white. Capsule 3-valved, pear-shaped, ca. 5.5 × 4.5 mm. Seeds semi-ovoid, black, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm. Chromosome number: 2n = 3x = 24. Additional material examined (paratypes):— GREECE. Central Macedonia: District (Nomos) Kilkis, Mt Paiko, WNW of the village Goumenissa, at the margins of oak forest, elev. 300-400 m, N 40 o 57’ E 22 o 26’. 18 September 2012, Ioannidis 14721 (UPA!). Ibid. 2 km on the way from Goumenissa to Filirias, in abandoned fields, elev. ca. 250 m, N40 o 56’ E22 o 27’, 9 September 2021, Tzanoudakis & Ioannidis 14720 (UPA!). Ibid. Near the village Skra, across the small valley called “Kotzadere”, N 41°0’51, E 22°29’21, 29 August 2021, Ioannidis 14722 (UPA!). Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to Goumenissa, the small traditional city near the type locality of the species, well known for its vineyards and its traditional local orchestra (Panda) called “chalkina”. Distribution, Ecology and population biology:— Allium goumenissanum is presently known only from the type locality and two other sites, all close to Goumenissa village of Kilkis’ province (NC Greece), at the foothills of Mt Paiko (250–400 m a.s.l.). Allium goumenissanum grows, mainly, in forest margins and small streams characterized by the presence of Quercus pubescens Willdenow (1796: 279) and Platanus orientalis Linnaeus (1753: 999), respectively. In the type locality the new species is also accompanied by plant species like Quercus coccifera Linnaeus (1753: 995), Cistus creticus Linnaeus (1762: 738), Teucrium chamaedrys Linnaeus (1753: 565), Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus (1753: 600),), Nigella damascena Linnaeus (1753: 534), Iris sintenisii Janka (1877: 244) and Briza maxima Linnaeus (1753: 70). All known subpopulations of the new species are rather small and geographically localized. The plants usually form dense clusters, typically consisting of both mature and immature individuals, while scattered single individuals also occur. The subpopulation located between Goumenissa and Filirias consists of more than 1000 individuals occupying an area of less than 500 m 2, while the two other subpopulations (in a distance of ca. 7.5 and 9.5 km from the former) count about 200 individuals each. The population structure mentioned above and the presence of the bulblets, around the main bulb, indicate a significant role of vegetative reproduction in A. goumenissanum. Further studies, however, are necessary for clarifying the role of the sexual reproduction in this triploid species. Preliminary results showed that, in the new species, the pollen fertility approaches 78% and in each inflorescence, ca. 25% of the flowers produce, at least, one good seed. Data of this kind, however, are not available from other diploids or polyploids autumn-flowering Mediterranean Allium species. With regard the total distribution range of the new species it is worth to note that the low and moderate elevation sites of the mountains of the north continental Greece are not thoroughly explored and autumn–flowering species are, in general, considered as under–collected. Thus, the presence of additional populations of A. goumenissanum in northern Greece and neighboring countries cannot be ruled out. So far, autumn-flowering Allium spp. resembling A. goumenissanum have been collected from three different regions of the North Greece (unpublished data, Purkhard Biel and Zacharias Kypriotakis pers. comm.), as well as from the island of Evia (unpublished data; Trigas & Bareka 2020), but the quality and/or the quantity of the material available do not allow for an accurate identification and comparison. Karyology:—In all the material investigated 24 chromosomes were counted in the metaphase plates. Considering that x = 8 is the basic chromosome number in Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Tzanoudakis 1992) the new species is triploid (2n = 3x = 24). According to the available data on the cytology of the Mediterranean autumn – flowering species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Özhatay et al. 2018), A. goumenissanum seems to be the first triploid member of this group. In a total of 18 Mediterranean autumn-flowering species known so far, 13 are diploids (2n = 2x = 16) and 5 tetraploids (2n = 4x = 32). Since, of these 5 polyploid species, only one was reported from the Eastern Mediterranean area viz. the Central Aegean endemic A. apolloniensis Biel et al. (2006: 367), A. goumenissanun is the second one, but it is a triploid species distributed far away from the Central Aegean area (Fig. 6). Regarding chromosome morphology, the karyotype analysis showed that the complement of the new species consists, almost exclusively, of metacentric chromosomes which, also, show no significant size differences (Table 1, Fig. 5). According to our results, the mean absolute length of the chromosomes of the haploid complement (x = 8) is ca. 8 μm, the R-length (percentage of the length of each individual chromosome in the total length of the haploid complement) varies between 14.84 and 10.50%, while the arm ratio (r) values vary between 1.11 and 1.24 (Table 1 & Fig. 5). In the metaphase plates investigated, the number of nucleolar organizer chromosomes (SAT-chromosomes) observed varies between 0 and 4 (Fig. 5) always belonging to ‘paniculatum’ type (mA according to Tzanoudakis 1983). Due to the small size differences among the chromosomes, it is, however, very difficult to speculate in how many homologous chromosomes set they belong. In the case that A. goumenissanum is considered as autopolyploid, it is concluded that in the haploid complement, at least two SAT-chromosomes are presented (x = 6m + 1 mA + 1 mA). The only worth noting comment regarding the chromosome complement differentiation of the new species is the observation that in most of the metaphase plates studied, one out of the three largest chromosomes shows an arm ratio higher than others (usually higher than 1.3, but never higher than 1.7) and could be classified as msm (Fig. 5). It is, however, difficult to say that this karyotype differentiation suggests an allopolyploid origin of the new species or a karyotype differentiation due to some intra- or inter-chromosomal exchange. Taxonomic relationships:—There is no doubt that A. goumenissanum shares the main diagnostic characters of Allium sect. Codonoprasum and especially of the A. paniculatum Linnaeus (1759: 978) group (presence of two opposite and unequal spathe-valves longer than pedicels, fastigiated inflorescence, campanulate perigon, stamens with simple filaments, ovary without conspicuous nectaries). The new species is also a real autumn-flowering species due to its late flowering season (September /October i.e. much later than other Allium species in the area) and due to the absence of the bulbs’ dormancy from its ontogenetic cycle. Considering that in the list given by Özhatay et al. (2018) summing the 18 Mediterranean autumn-flowering Allium species of the A. paniculatum group, 13 of them are mentioned as diploids (2n = 2x = 16) and 5 as tetraploids (2n = 4x = 32), A. goumenissanum should be added as the first triploid (2n = 3x = 24) species of this group. As it has been noted by Galanos & Tzanoudakis (2019) the species group mentioned above consists of species which differ in a number of ecological, morphological and cytological characters. As a real autumnflowering species with a sub-spherical inflorescence and greenish red to brownish flowers, A. goumenissanum is well distinguishable by the autumn-flowering species of the same section described from the Greek islands with a similar set of characters (viz. A. tardans, A. panormitisi, A. makrianum Brullo et al. (2010: 267) and A. stamatiadae), mainly due to the smaller portion (1/2-2/3) of the stem covered by the leaf sheaths. Comparing to the four aforesaid species it is, also, well distinct due to some other characters, such as the many-flowered inflorescence and the much longer spathe valves (compared to A. tardans), the included stamens and the outer bulb tunics (compared to A. panormitisii), the glabrous leaves and leaf sheaths (compared to A. makrianum), the texture of spathe valves (different from the leaves) and the type of attachment of the scape to the bulb (compared to A. stamatiadae). The new species is also well distinguished from A. orestis, an autumn-flowering species described from south continental Greece (Peloponnese), which is characterized by a laxer inflorescence with strongly unequal pedicels and yellowish perigone segments (Kalpoutzakis et al. 2012). Allium goumenissanum also differs from all the five species mentioned above with regard its chromosome number. The new species is triploid (2n = 3x = 24) while all the five formers are diploid (2n = 2x = 16). It is worth noting that the triploid chromosome number, 2n = 3x = 24 has been mentioned, also, for A. phitosianum Brullo et al. (2003: 134), a member of the Allium paniculaum group described from central continental Greece, as a “typical autumn-flowering species” (Brullo et al. 2003). Allium phitosianum is well distinct from A. goumenisannum as, according to the original description, it is a smaller plant (stem 12–30 cm) with outer bulb tunics splitting in stripes, shorter spathe valves and yellow anthers. Since, however, A. phitosianum is excluded by Özhatay et al. (2018) from the list of the 18 autumn-flowering Mediterranean species of the A. paniculatum group mentioned above, up to the present, A. goumenissanum is considered as the only triploid member of this group. Considering, however, that by Özhatay et al. (2018) some other Greek species of A. sect. Codonoprasum described as late-flowering are not included in their list viz. the tetraploid A. dirphianum Brullo et al. (2003: 133), while are included species which certainly come to flowers much more earlier viz. A. euboicum Rechinger (1961:435) there is, obviously, the need for a re-evaluation of the criteria used to characterize an Allium species as late Summer- or Autumn-flowering. To this direction, in addition to flowering period, parameters related to the geographical position, the elevation and the micro-climate conditions should also be considered. Allium tardans, for example, which is endemic to Crete-Karpathos in the southern Aegean area, very often comes to flower during August, that is, during the same period with A. frigidum Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier (1854: 34) and A. oreohellenicum Tzanoudakis et al. (2019: 231), which are endemic to the higher elevations of the mountains of Southern and Central continental Greece (Tzanoudakis et al. 2019). The last two species, however, are not considered as autumn-flowering. Similar seems to be the case with A. phitosianum, collected and described from the top of the mount Timfristos (Velouchi), of central continental Greece, at an elevation of ca. 2000 m (Brullo et al. 2003). In such altitudes and especially, in the corresponding habitats of the central continental Greece, the climate is not typical Mediterranean: Winter lasts, almost, 8 months, rainfalls are often even during July and August, dry period, actually, does not exist while the border-lines between Spring, Summer and Autumn, are not clear. With regard the taxonomic relationships within the group of the Greek late-summer and /or autumn-flowering species, there is no doubt that some of them are really taxonomically isolated, especially those being endemic in southern and southern-east Aegean islands viz. A. platakisii Tzanoudakis & Kypriotakis (1993: 309), A. archeotrichon Brullo et al. (1999: 42), A. symiacum Galanos & Tzanoudakis (2017: 107) (Fig. 6). It is worth noting that in this part of Greece different Allium sections are, also, represented by autumn-flowering species (Tzanoudakis 2001), indicating that autumn-flowering has probably evolved independently at different clades of the genus. Some other autumn- flowering species of A. sect. Codonoprasum, however, described from continental Greece or from Greek islands near the continent seem to be members of a complex including related diploid as well as polyploidy species. The species included in the Table 2, as well as species like A. rausii Brullo et al. (2003: 136) seem to be candidate members of such a complex. Keeping in mind that floristic exploration of the Greek area is going on and that several Greek, and not only, Botanists are interested in the genus Allium in the area, new data are expected soon with regard the distribution patterns and the relationships of the autumn-flowering species. Allium brussalisii Tzanoudakis & Kypriotakis (2008: 141) seems to be a good and representative example. It has been described as a local endemic of the mountain Parnis, near Athens, but in a few years it became an East Mediterranean species reported from several localities of the whole south Greece (Fig. 6) and the Asia minor as well (Koçyigit et al. 2014, Kalpoutzakis et al. 2019)., Published as part of Ioannidis, Vasilis & Tzanoudakis, Dimitris, 2022, Allium goumenissanum a new autumnal species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from north Greece, pp. 59-69 in Phytotaxa 554 (1) on pages 60-65, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.554.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6809788, {"references":["Trigas, P. & Bareka, P. (2020) Allium stamatiadae, a new species of A. sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Andros Island (Aegean Archipelago, Greece). Phytotaxa 443 (3): 287 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 443.3.5","Kalpoutzakis, E., Trigas, P. & Constantinidis, Th. (2012) Allium orestis sp. nov. (Amaryllidaceae) from Parnon and Taigetos mountains, south Peloponnisos, Greece. Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 195 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2011.01490. x","Galanos, C. J. & Tzanoudakis, D. (2019) Allium panormitisi (Amaryllidaceae), a new autumn-flowering species from Symi island, SE Aegean area, Greece. Botanica Serbica 43: 197 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / BOTSERB 1902197 G","Willdenow, C. L. (1796) Berlinische Baumzucht. Berlin 506 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 1200 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1762) Species Plantarum, Ed. 2. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 784 pp.","Janka, V. (1877) Generis Iris species nova. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek. Budapest 1 (4): 242 - 245.","Tzanoudakis, D. (1992) Karyotype variation and evolution in the Greek Allium. In: Hanelt, P., Hammer, K. & Knupffer, H. (Eds.) The genus Allium: taxonomic problems and genetic resources. Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, pp. 305 - 320.","Ozhatay, N., Kocyigit, M., Brullo, S. & Salmeri, C. (2018) Allium istanbulense, a new autumnal species of A. sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Turkey and its taxonomic position among allied species. Phytotaxa 334 (2): 152 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 334.2.5","Biel, B., Tan, K. & Tzanoudakis, D. (2006) A new autumn- flowering species of Allium (Liliaceae) from the island of Sifnos (Cyclades, Greece). Willdenowia 36 (SI): 367 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 36.36132","Tzanoudakis, D. (1983) Karyotypes of ten taxa of Allium sect. Scorodon from Greece. Caryologia 36: 259 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00087114.1983.10797667","Dimopoulos, P., Raus, Th., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, Th., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A. & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013) Vascular plants of Greece: an annotated checklist. Englera 31: 1 - 372.","Linnaeus, C. (1759) Systema Naturae II. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 563 pp.","Brullo, C., Brullo, S., Giusso del Galdo, G. & Salmeri, C. (2010) Allium makrianum (Alliaceae), a new autumnal species from Greece. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 49: 267 - 278.","Brullo, S., Guglielmo, A., Pavone, P., Salmeri, C. & Terrasi, M. C. (2003) Three new species of Allium Sect. Codonoprasum from Greece. Plant Biosystems 137: 131 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11263500312331351391","Rechinger, K. H. (1961) Die Flora von Euboea. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik 80: 383 - 465.","Boissier, E. (1854) Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, fasc. 13. Geneva, 114 pp.","Tzanoudakis, D., Tsakiri, M. & Raus, Th. (2019) What is Allium achaium Boiss. & Orph.? Disentangling the taxonomy of a Greek mountain species. Willdenowia 49: 231 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 49.49211","Tzanoudakis, D. & Kypriotakis, Z. (1993) Allium platakisii, a new species of the Greek insular Flora. Flora Mediterranea 3: 309 - 314","Brullo, S., Pavone, P. & Salmeri, C. (1999) Allium archeotrichon (Alliaceae), a new species from Rhodos (Dodecannisos, Greece). Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 41 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1999. tb 01901. x","Galanos, C. J. & Tzanoudakis, D. (2017) Allium symiacum (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Symi Island (SE Aegean, Greece). Willdenowia 47: 107 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 47.47202","Tzanoudakis, D. (2001) The genus Allium in Greece: a genus representative of the floristic richness and diversity of the area. In: Ozhatay, N. (Ed.) Plants of the Balkan Peninsula: into the next millennium. Marmara Universitesi, Istanbul, pp. 353 - 358.","Tzanoudakis, D. & Kypriotakis, Z. (2008) Allium brussalisii (Alliaceae), a new species from Greece). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 140 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2008.00853. x","Kocyigit, M., Ozhatay, N. & Kaya, E. (2014) New species and new records for Allium sect. Codonoprasum from Turkey. In: Kaya, E. (Ed.) Geophytes of Turkey, Volume 3. Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Edition No 96, Yalova, pp. 514 - 524.","Kalpoutzakis, E., Constantinidis, Th. & Trigas, P. (2019) Chorological additions for some noteworthy taxa of the Greek flora. Botanika Chronica 22: 233 - 249."]}

Allium stenodon (Amaryllidaceae) is reported as a returning member of the Korean flora. This species proved to be the only member of the section Sikkimensia among Korean Allium species, and it is easily distinguished by its cylindrical bulbs with fibrous to sometimes subreticulate tunics and blue to purple-blue perianth. Previously recognized A. baekdusanense is treated as an additional synonym of A. stenodon. Photographs and complete descriptions of A. stenodon are provided together with a dichotomous key to the Korean Allium species. In addition A. stenodon is newly recorded in Jilin province in China.

Allium species of Melanocrommyum subgenus, belonging to different sections and affecting in various ecological and geographical conditions of Uzbekistan, have been studied. It is established that generative plants within a population differ on morphological features and parameters of seed growing potential, manifestation degree of which is in direct correlative dependence on the number of leaves per stem.It is shown that productivity of reproductive strategy is determined by various mechanisms, existence and manifestation degree of which is defined by belonging of explored species to a bulbous vital form and largely depends on their ecological confinedness.

Hippeastrum elegans is a Brazilian Amaryllidaceae plant producing galantamine (GAL), an anticholinesterase drug for Alzheimer's disease, besides other alkaloids such as pseudolycorine (PSE), narciclasine (NAR) and sanguinine (SAN). Therefore, we used a metabolomic approach to investigate the influence of the harvest time on its chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). Alkaloid extracts were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS and 1H NMR, then assessed for AChE inhibitory activity. These data were combined and analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression. H. elegans was found to be rich in PSE and NAR, achieving higher contents in 270 and 390 days of cultivation, respectively. However, the highest anti-AChE activities were observed for 450 days-bulbs extracts. PLS indicated pseudolycorine as the discriminant compound for this extract, hence responsible for its higher anti-AChE activity jointly with the known AChE inhibitors GAL and SAN. Thus, the cultivation of H. elegans appears to be a promising way for providing bioactive alkaloids.

A new species, Miersia putaendensis (Amaryllidaceae), endemic to Central Chile, is described. The new species differs from all known species of Miersia by featuring a white staminal tube with a purple spot and two upper linear, cuneiform floral appendages directed towards the front in its frontal lobe, the apex of which is toothed and deflexed. It inhabits southern slopes of sclerophyll woodlands and scrubs, particularly along rocks. Currently, the species is critically endangered. A detailed description, illustration, distribution map of the new species, and a dichotomous key with all accepted species of Miersia are provided.

Allium muratozelii is described here as a new species. Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are given. Allium muratozelii is known from Tunceli province in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. According to its morphological features, the new species belongs to Allium subg. Melanocrommyum sect. Melanocrommyum. It is distinguished from the morphologically similar A. colchicifolium mainly by scape and leaf length, leaf shape, margins of tepal, and filament color. IUCN red list category, notes on biogeography and ecology of the new species are also given.

Allium section Rhizirideum is reviewed for South Korea and neighboring northeastern China based on critical observation of wild populations and herbarium materials. Species delimitations are re-evaluated on the basis of morphological and somatic chromosome numbers, resulting in the recognition of five species. Allium dumebuchum from Ulleungdo Island, South Korea, is described as a new species. This species is most similar to A. senescens due to its habits, but is clearly distinguished particularly by its rhomboid scapes in cross-secion, light purple perianth color, entire and narrowly triangular inner filaments, and flowering season from late September. One previously recognized species is placed into synonymy: A. pseudosenescens (under A. senescens). Photographs and a key to species of Allium section Rhizirideum in South Korea and northeastern China are provided in addition to information on nomenclatural types, synonymies, chromosome numbers, distribution, and specimens examined.

Allium toksanbaicum from South East Kazakhstan is described as a new species. Molecular markers reveal a close relationship to A. obliquum and some other central Asian species of the section Oreiprason. We investigated the phylogenetic relationship of the new species based on sequences of two chloroplast spacers (rpl32-trnL and trnQ-rps16) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The new species is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16. A detailed morphological description, illustrations and karyotype features of the new species are given. With its falcate leaves, the new species is very similar to A. carolinianum from the section Falcatifolia, but in the shape of the inflorescence and flowers it is very different from it. From A. obliquum it differs for the purple colour of flowers and filaments, as well as the presence of teeth at the base of inner stamens.

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns in Allium section Decipientia (subgenus Melanocrommyum) were analysed, including most species of this section and representative species of most other sections of the monophyletic Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum. We constructed a molecular phylogenetic tree based on predominantly non-coding sequences from nuclear ribosomal RNA and four plastid regions. In Allium section Decipientia, 2n = 16 and 2n = 20 chromosomes were confirmed and, in part, newly reported. All plants with 2n = 20 form a clade that is sister to the European A. decipiens and A. quercetorum with 2n = 16 in the ITS analysis and are genetically distant from the Eurasian steppe species with 16 chromosomes, A. tulipifolium and A. robustum. The plastid analysis does not reveal a clear relationship between these three monophyletic groups. The karyotype of A. tulipifolium is similar to those of other members of subgenus Melanocrommyum, but only preliminary chromosomal dimensions could be presented for the species with 2n = 20 chromosomes. The latter group comprises A. grande, A. subscabrum, A. viridulum and the newly described taxa A. koksuense and A. lepsicum. Allium tulipifolium and A. robustum have been placed in a new section Tulipifolia, and all species with 2n = 20 have been placed in a new subsection, Viceniprason, of section Decipientia. A nomenclatorial conspectus and a key for determination of the members of Allium sections Decipientia and Tulipifolia are also provided. According to the time divergence estimation, subgenus Melanocrommyum diversified c. 25 Mya in the late Oligocene. The split between most species of the section Decipientia and other taxa in this subgenus was estimated as early Miocene, which furthermore diversified into two sister clades in mid Miocene. Allium decipiens split off from the ancestors of the 2n = 20 species also in the mid Miocene. Further branching in this species group is of rather young age, and occurred within the last 6 Myr (late Miocene to late Pliocene and Pleistocene).

P. maritimum L., belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a species that grows on beaches and coastal sand dunes mainly on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, the Middle East, and up to the Caucasus region. It has been largely investigated due to its several interesting biological properties. With the aim of providing new insights into the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this species, the ethanolic extract of the bulbs from a local accession, not previously studied, growing in Sicily (Italy), was investigated. This chemical analysis, performed by mono- and bi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, as well as LC-DAD-MSn, allowed to identify several alkaloids, three of which were never detected in the genus Pancratium. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the preparation was assessed in differentiated human Caco-2 intestinal cells by trypan blue exclusion assay, and its antioxidant potential was evaluated using the DCFH-DA radical scavenging method. The results obtained demonstrate that P. maritimum bulbs’ extract exerts no cytotoxic effect and is able to remove free radicals at all the concentrations tested.

We investigated the seed testa sculpture of twenty-four species belonging to thirteen sections and five subgenera of Allium from the herbarium materials or collected from plants in living collections. Seed testa sculpture of 21 species were described for the first time in this study. According to our results, the straight anticlinal wall and one large verruca or dense granules periclinal wall were found among the species in subgenus Amerallium, Cepa, Polyprason and Reticulatobulbosa. Only A. ochroleucum (sect. Daghestanica, subg. Polyprason) has U-type undulation anticlinal wall, which is similar to species of subg. Allium. The U- to Omega-type undulation anticlinal walls and several big verrucae with marginal verrucae periclinal wall were found in subg. Allium. Our results suggest that seed testa sculpture is important character of species and sections level of the genus Allium.

Experimental studies of the use of visual and olfactory cues by flower-visiting animals can shed light on the evolution of floral signalling traits. We examined the functional significance of floral traits in Clivia miniata (Amaryllidaceae). This forest lily with large orange trumpet-shaped flowers is pollinated mainly by swallowtail butterflies and belongs to a lineage with ancestral bird pollination. We used C. miniata flowers varying in colour, orientation and scent, and arrays of artificial flowers varying in colour, pattern, orientation, size, shape, and scent to assess foraging preferences of the butterflies that pollinate C. miniata. Butterflies preferred orange over yellow colour morphs of C. miniata and preferred red and orange model flowers over yellow ones. Orange models with a central yellow target ‘nectar guide’ were favoured over plain orange models. Butterflies also favoured large over small model flowers and preferred to alight on upward-facing flowers. Addition of scent compounds emitted by C. miniata flowers increased butterfly visitation to model and natural flowers. These results identify the importance of particular combinations of visual and olfactory signals for attraction of swallowtail butterflies and shed light on the floral modifications associated with a shift from bird to butterfly pollination.

Isoquinoline alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae have proven to be of significant value in drug discovery and development. Crossyne guttata is frequently used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic and wound cleaner as well as to treat alcoholism. The aim of the study was to identify the variation in alkaloid content of the species in relation to published works on the genus Boophone. We isolated Distichamine 1 from an ethanolic fraction of Crossyne guttata using column chromatography. Spectroscopic analysis yielded three alkaloids, distichamine 1, crinamine 2 and epibuphanisine 3. Distichamine 1 is a rare β-crinane alkaloid previously isolated only from the genus Boophone. The presence of distichamine 1 in the genus Crossyne suggests that it may be more widespread in tribe Amaryllideae than originally thought.

Two alkaloids, 3-O-demethyltazettine (1) and hippadine (2) were isolated by column chromatography. The structures elucidated by different analytical techniques like NMR, IR, UV and mass for the first time from Crinum jagus bulb, an Amaryllidaceae from Cote d'Ivoire. This study is intended as a Contribution to its promotion.

Ammocharis coranica is a bulbous southern African species reported to be used to treat mental illness. Eight Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of the aromatic, lycorine or crinine type were found in the current study, five of which, hippadine, lycorine, caranine, acetylcaranine, and 1-O-acetyl-9-O-demethylpluviine have previously been isolated from this species. A further three alkaloids, 6α-hydroxybuphanidrine, golceptine and a new compound of the crinine type, charisine, were isolated in this work. Charisine is a tetramethoxylated crinine alkaloid, and the first documented to be methoxylated on the 5,10b-ethano bridge of this subclass.