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RESUMO Os processos de moldagem em areias a verde são mundialmente utilizados na confecção de peças fundidas. Normalmente areias a verde são constituídas de areia de sílica, argila bentonítica, água e aditivos. O uso da bentonita sódica é amplamente difundido pelas suas qualidades superiores como ligantes. As argilas são compostas de argilominerais a base de silicatos hidratados de alumínio que comumente atingem certa plasticidade quando umedecidas. O que diferencia uma argila de outra é o tipo de estrutura e as substituições que podem ocorrer dentro desta estrutura; do alumínio por magnésio ou ferro, e do silício por alumínio ou ferro. Em todo caso o caulim é um mineral industrial importante nos vários mercados mundiais incluindo aplicações em cobertura e carga de papel, cerâmica, tintas, plásticos, borrachas, fibras de vidro e muitas outras utilizações. As misturas apresentam o teor de umidade que variou a relação água/argila de 0,1 a 0,3 para areia aglomerada com 10% de caulim. Para cada ensaio de compactabilidade, permeabilidade e resistência â compressão a verde foram elaborados 3 corpos de prova conforme ABNT com diferente relação areia/argila/água. Como enriquecimento do trabalho, foram avaliadas as propriedades permeáveis da areia sílica utilizada nos ensaios. Conclui-se que o caulim, sem aditivos, oriundo da cidade de Tijucas do Sul (PR), apresenta resistência mecânica â compressão aceitável para a sua utilização em fundição, entretanto, a permeabilidade não foi satisfatória em nenhuma composição. Já a compactabilidade foi aceitável apenas quando a umidade causou o inchamento da areia, sendo que neste ponto, houve também a máxima resistência mecânica à compressão.

Furnas is a small and not well-known copper sulfide deposit in the northern Carajás mineral province (Pará State, Brazil). Mineralogical and geochemical studies were performed on three weathered samples in order to verify the presence of copper in the lateritic minerals. According to these Cu-bearing minerals (malachite, e.g.), the weathered ore can be exploited. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses have shown that the copper is mainly associated to cryptomelane and to clay minerals and, although goethite composes from 40 to 50% of the samples (weight %), less than 0.1% of the total Cu is associated to it. Based on the results, the weathering sequence could be established; the alteration processes were responsible for the dissolution of the copper primary sulfides; the Cu released by these sulfides is, afterwards, incorporated in biotites and vermiculites, following the gneiss schistosity. Afterwards, the biotites altered to an interstratified 10-14 Å (biotite-smectite-vermiculite) and subsequently to an Al-Fe-Cu smectite (nontronite); finally, smectite was altered to kaolinite and the Cu was leached.

Resumo A indústria cerâmica figura entre as cadeias produtivas mais importantes do estado do Amapá, tanto na geração de divisas, quanto na de empregos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar novos depósitos de argilas provenientes da região sul do Amapá, visando aplicações nas indústrias cerâmicas. As argilas inicialmente foram submetidas às caracterizações física, química, mineralógica e térmica. Posteriormente, foram confeccionados corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial, sendo aplicada prensagem em duas etapas de 13,4 e 20 MPa. As amostras foram secas em uma estufa a 110 ºC, e submetidas à queima em 850, 1000 e 1200 ºC. Foram determinadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas: retração linear de queima, absorção de água, porosidade aparente, densidade aparente e resistência à flexão, bem como a quantificação das fases cristalinas e a evolução mineralógica após queima. Os resultados evidenciaram que as argilas são constituídas por caulinita, quartzo, mica e esmectita. Em relação às propriedades físico-mecânicas, verificou-se que cinco argilas são adequadas para uso como refratários densos e uma para cerâmica vermelha.

International audience; The functionalization of Laponite RD platelets with different cationic, anionic, and nonionic homo-and copolymers synthesized by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) has been investigated. The effective interaction of the macromolecular RAFT agents (macro-RAFTs) with the inorganic particles is known to be of crucial importance for the successful coating of minerals with polymers via RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization to produce polymer-encapsulated inorganic particles. The macroRAFT agents synthesized in the present work contain carefully selected reinitiating R groups, which bear either ionizable tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium moieties (from 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, DMAEMA), negatively charged acrylic acid (AA) repeat units, or neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains, and are capable of interacting with Laponite via different adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium adsorption of these RAFT (co)polymers was investigated by the plotting of adsorption isotherms, and either L-type or H-type curves were obtained. The hydrophobicity of the macroRAFT was shown to promote adsorption, as did the pending configuration of the PEG block. Charge repulsion between AA and the negatively charged surface of Laponite at pH 7.5, on the other hand, was prejudicial for adsorption, while the strong electrostatic interaction between the cationic DMAEMA molecules and the Laponite surface led to high-affinity-type curves.

A vantagem do processo de fabricação de tijolos com manipueira é ser ecologicamente correto, pois não consome água, nem há necessidade de ir ao forno, economizando recursos naturais e fazendo uso de um efluente altamente poluente. Assim, este trabalho objetivou analisar as propriedades mecânicas de tijolos fabricados com solo associado à manipueira como alternativa sustentável. Foram avaliados os parâmetros absorção de água e resistência à flexão. Em conformidade com os resultados, observou-se que as massas cerâmicas apresentaram valores de absorção de água da ordem de 10 a 13 %, valores aceitáveis para fabricação de blocos cerâmicos e valores de resistência a flexão adequados para fabricação de tijolos maciços, tanto, os corpos de prova com queima quanto os corpos de provas sem queima. Assim, conclui-se que a troca da água pela adição da manipueira na massa cerâmica não interfere nas propriedades mecânicas e esta pode ser adicionada a massa cerâmica para fabricação de tijolos ecológicos através do processo de prensagem.Mechanical properties of manufactured bricks with soil and cassava wastewaterAbstract: The advantage of the manufacturing process of brick with cassava is being environmentally friendly because it does not consume water, and there is no need to go to the oven, saving natural resources and making use of a highly polluting effluent. This work aimed to analyze the mechanical properties of bricks made from soil associated with cassava as a sustainable alternative. Parameters were evaluated water absorption and flexural strength. In accordance with the results, it was observed that the ceramic material provided water absorption values of the order of 10 to 13%, acceptable values for manufacturing ceramic blocks and bending strength values suitable for manufacture of solid bricks, both proof bodies test with burns as the proof bodies of evidence without burning. It is therefore concluded that the replacement of water by the addition of cassava the ceramic mass does not interfere with the mechanical properties and that can be added to the ceramic paste for manufacturing green bricks through the pressing process.

In this work, particles of nanoclay modified with poly(diallyldimethylammonium), PDDA, namely PDDA/PGV, were obtained and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area measurement (BET surface area), measurement of zero charge point (pHPCZ), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The PDDA/PGV particles were applied as adsorbent for the removal of gallic acid (GA) from aqueous solution. The effect of various parameters, such as solution pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, and temperature, was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of PDDA/PGV (238.45 mg g−1) was observed at pH 4 and 15 °C. The study of adsorption kinetics and isotherms revealed that the adsorption process was better fitted by pseudo-first order and Freundlich model, respectively. The obtained thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption of GA is spontaneous and enthalpy-driven.

In the present study the origin of clay deposits occurring in an inland platform, in central Portugal, was investigated by their mineralogical and chemical composition. The clay deposits, exploited for ceramic industry are composed of silt-clay facies, the Monteira Member and the Arroca Member, which are assigned to the Coja Formation (Paleogene) and the Campelo Formation (Miocene), respectively. These clayey facies show almost compositional homogeneity, especially concerning texture. The mineralogical composition of the Monteira Member displays slightly higher content in smectite and interstratified clay minerals, which is supported by the chemical composition of samples analyzed. Both members present similar REE patterns, displaying an intense weathering record and little variation in the source area composition. Minor element geochemistry suggests low content in heavy minerals and transition metals. REE patterns and ratios of geochemical parameters support the dominant metasedimentary provenance, with a granite source contribution and also mature recycled sediments of continental origin. The study results’ suggest that the clays of these two members have the same source in terms of lithology and recycled sediments from the Hesperian massif. During the deposition of the Arroca Member, a major remobilization of the Monteira Member is suggested, explaining the geochemical similarity of both facies.

As argilas provenientes da Formação Corumbataí são atualmente a principal fonte de matéria-prima para as indústrias do Polo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes. 73% das indústrias desse polo que utilizam o processo de secagem via seca são hoje alvo de crescente pressão dos órgãos de controle ambiental devido à emissão de partículas (poeira) associado ao processo de secagem da matéria-prima. Neste trabalho, foram realizados quatro diferentes testes de secagem em três tipos de matéria-prima (D, I e M) da Formação Corumbataí, com umidades naturais iniciais de 8%, 18% e 19%, respectivamente, para poder avaliar a sensibilidade à secagem. Dentre os testes analisados neste trabalho estão o processo natural de secagem ao sol, secagem ao vento, secagem ao sol combinado a uma corrente de vento, e secagem ao sol com matéria-prima previamente umedecida em água corrente. Os testes foram ainda correlacionados à análise termogravimétrica. A análise por difração de raios X, juntamente com as análises química e petrográfica mostrou que as amostras D, I e M contêm predominantemente filossilicatos 2:1 como illitas (25-30%) e esmectitas (15-25%), e em menor quantidade caulinita (0-15%) e clorita (0-5%). Os resultados dos experimentos de secagem associados à mineralogia mostram que entre 100 °C e 200 °C nos gráficos de termogravimetria pode indicar de modo rápido a sensibilidade à secagem que o material apresenta, uma vez que a maior perda de umidade obtida nesta faixa indica a maior quantidade de minerais do grupo das esmectitas, que por sua vez conferem ao material menor sensibilidade à secagem. Além disso, os procedimentos de secagem natural sugerem que secar separadamente a matéria-prima pode resultar em maior eficiência do processo de secagem. The clays from the Corumbataí Formation are the major source of raw ceramic materials for industries in the Ceramic District of Santa Gertrudes, SP, Brazil. 73% of those industries that use the dry grinding process are being targeted of increasing pressure from the environmental control agencies due to particle emission (dust) in the air associated with the drying process of raw materials. In this paper, four different types of experiments were performed on three different types of raw-material (D, I and M) from the Corumbataí Formation, with initial moisture contents of 8%, 18%, 19%, respectively, to evaluate the drying sensitivity of these samples. The tests conducted were drying by sunlight, drying by wind, drying by sunlight combined with an air stream, and drying by sunlight the samples previously moistened in flowing water. The tests were correlated with thermogravimetric analyses. The X-ray diffraction analysis along with the chemical and petrographic analysis has shown that samples D, I and M contain, mainly, phyllosilicates 2:1, such as illite (25-30%) and smectite (15-25%), and fewer amounts of kaolinite (0-15%) and chlorite (0-5%). The results of the drying experiments associated with the mineralogy of the samples showed that the thermogravimetric curves in the 100 °C- 200 °C range may indicate in a faster way the materials drying sensitivity, once the major moisture loss obtained in this range indicates the largest amount of smectite, which gives a lower drying sensitivity to the material. Moreover, the dry route procedures suggest that drying the materials separately may improve the drying process results.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T15:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_11392_Disserta__o_Fabricia.pdf: 2794068 bytes, checksum: ec240a6fbf8358df113f84523cc46919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 As argilas organofílicas preparadas a partir de sais quaternários de amônio destacam-se como adsorvente para separação de compostos orgânicos da água. Desta forma, o propósito deste trabalho foi preparar e caracterizar três diferentes tipos de argilas organofílicas e depois verificar a capacidade de uma dessas argilas em adsorver a atrazina em meio aquoso. A partir do processo de troca catiônica, promoveu-se a modificação da argila natural em argilas organofílicas, usando-se os surfactantes brometo de cetil trimetil amônio, cloreto de cetil trimetil amônio e cloreto de dodecil trimetil amônio. Para a argila in natura, os resultados da análise química por fluorescência de raio X apresentaram-se coerentes com os de um argilomineral esmectítico, assim como o resultado obtido pela capacidade de troca catiônica, que apresentou um valor de 80meq/100g de argila. Os dados de difração de raio X indicam diferentes expansões lamelares para as três argilas organofílicas obtidas quando comparadas à argila in natura, comprovando a presença dos sais quaternários de amônio no espaço interlamelar. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível verificar formação de aglomerações. Também foi verificada uma diminuição da área superficial específica demonstrando menor acessibilidade aos espaços lamelares devido à presença dos surfactantes. As análises termogravimétricas foram realizadas numa taxa constante de aquecimento até 1000ºC, obtendo-se perfil de variação negativa em todas as argilas, sendo possível constatar a perda de água e dos surfactantes gradativamente. O inchamento de Foster mostrou forte favorecimento de adsorção de solventes de características apolares, confirmando o caráter organofílico. Além disso, a adsorção da atrazina na argila organofílica escolhida foi bem maior se comparada com a argila in natura, evidenciando o potencial de uso desses materiais como alternativa aos tratamentos existentes para remoção de compostos orgânicos de água.

Curcumin (CUR) has showed promising photophysical properties regarding to biological and chemical sciences. However, the main barrier for those applications are their low solubility and stability in aqueous solution. The effects of two different clay minerals, the montmorillonite (SWy-2) and the Laponite RD (Lap) nanoclay, on the stabilization of Curcumin were investigated. Their effects were compared with two well-established environments (acidic and neutral aqueous media). CUR/clay hybrids were prepared using a simple and fast method, where CUR solution was added into clay suspensions, to obtain well dispersed hybrids in water. The degradation process of CUR and CUR/clays hybrids was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopic. For both studied hybrids, the CUR degradation process was suppressed by the presence of the clay particles. Furthermore, the Lap showed a great stabilization effect than SWy-2. This behavior was due to the smaller particle size and higher exfoliation ability of Lap, providing a large surface for CUR adsorption compared to SWy-2. The degradation process of CUR solutions and CUR/clay hybrids was also studied in the presence of light. CUR photodegradation process was faster not only in the aqueous solution but also in the clay suspension compared to those studied in the dark. The presence of clay particles accelerated the photodegradation of CUR due to the products formation in the reactions between CUR and oxygen radicals. Our results showed that the singlet oxygen quantum yield ( Φ Δ ) of CUR were about 59% higher in the clay suspensions than CUR in aqueous solution. Therefore, the formation of CUR/clay hybrids, in particularly with Lap, suppressed the degradation in absence light of CUR and increased the singlet oxygen generation, which makes this hybrids of CUR/clay a promising material to enlarge the application of CUR in the biological sciences.

As cargas elétricas nas partículas dos solos são divididas em estruturais ou permanentes e variáveis. As primeiras desenvolvem-se na superfície da partícula do solo por substituição isomórfica; as segundas, no entanto, evidenciam-se por meio de dissociação e associação de prótons (H+), protonação ou desprotonação e adsorção específica de cátions e ânions. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as cargas permanentes e as variáveis, em solos de referência do Estado de Pernambuco. Para atingir os objetivos, foram retiradas amostras subsuperficiais de 24 perfis em diferentes regiões (nove da Zona da Mata, oito do Agreste e sete do Sertão), que representam aproximadamente 80 % da área total desse Estado. As determinações realizadas, utilizando solução de cloreto de césio, permitiram quantificar as cargas permanentes e as referentes aos grupos funcionais hidroxila, por meio da troca iônica seletiva de Cs+ por Li+ e de Cs+ por NH4+, respectivamente. Todos os solos analisados apresentaram capacidade de troca catiônica variável, com proporções no intervalo de 0,16 a 0,60 e média de 0.40, quando relacionada com a capacidade de troca catiônica total. The electrical charges in soil particles are divided into structural or permanent charges and variable charges. Permanent charges develop on the soil particle surface by isomorphic substitution. Variable charges arise from dissociation and association of protons (H+), protonation or deprotonation, and specific adsorption of cations and anions. The aim of this study was to quantify the permanent charges and variable charges of Reference Soils of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. To do so, 24 subsurface profiles from different regions (nine in the Zona da Mata, eight in the Agreste, and seven in the Sertão) were sampled, representing approximately 80 % of the total area of the state. Measurements were performed using cesium chloride solution. Determination was made of the permanent charges and the charges in regard to the hydroxyl functional groups through selective ion exchange of Cs+ by Li+ and Cs+ by NH4+, respectively. All the soils analyzed exhibited variable cation exchange capacity, with proportions from 0.16 to 0.60 and an average of 0.40 when related to total cation exchange capacity.

Montmorillonite/PMMA nanocomposites were obtained by in situ photopolymerization. Methyl methacrylate was photopolymerized in the presence of modified clay minerals using thioxanthone (TX) and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDB) as photoinitiating system. The organomontmorillonites (SWy-1-C8-Mt and SWy-1-C16-Mt) were prepared by ion exchange of SW-1 Mt with octyltrimethylammonium bromide (C8) and hexyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16), respectively. X-ray diffraction indicated that clay/PMMA nanocomposites can have intercalated or exfoliated structures, or even a mixture of exfoliated and partially intercalated structure layers. The structure of each particular clay polymer nanocomposite (CPN) depends on the clay mineral loading and the solvent used for the preparation. The molecular weights of the SWy-1-C8/PMMA and SWy-1-C16/PMMA (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%) obtained by photopolymerization in ethanol, were in the range of 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 D, and in acetonitrile the M w values varied from 220,000 to 270,000 D. Photooxidative degradation of clay/PMMA nanocomposites has been investigated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Evidence was found that PMMA and CPN degrade by random chain scissions. The polydispersity increases after irradiation and the degradation rate coefficient for pure PMMA is up to 6 times larger than that for CPN. The effects of the clay mineral content, clay mineral type (clay mineral modified by surfactants with different lengths of alkyl chains) and solvent used for dispersion of organoclay on the photodegradation rate coefficients were also studied. The influence of these parameters on the photodegradation process was statistically evaluated using a two-level factorial design. The importance of the parameters was proved to follow the order: clay mineral content > clay mineral type > solvent. CPN with higher clay mineral loadings showed slower rates of oxidation. The clay mineral stabilizes the polymer against UV irradiation. SWy-1 clay mineral scatters and absorbs the incident light, decreasing the degradation rate of polymer present in the CPN.

The spectroscopic behaviour of Auramine O (AuO) in aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite clays was studied using absorption and static and dynamic fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence of Auramine O increases immediately after mixing the dye solution with the suspension of clay due to its adsorption on the external surface of the clays, which restricts the torsional molecular motion of Auramine. At longer times, the dye molecules migrate into the interlamellar region of the clay particles. Aggregation of the dye molecules can occur in the interlayer region, leading to the decrease of the fluorescence emission. The fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) of AuO on the natural montmorillonites SAz-1, SWy-1, Syn-1 and Laponite clays were 0.015, 0.007, 0.016 and 0.017, respectively. These values are higher than the ΦF of AuO in aqueous solution and are of the same order of magnitude of the ΦF found for viscous solvents such as n-hexanol and n-heptanol (0.014 and 0.015). Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy studies of adsorbed Auramine on clays revealed multi-exponential decays with components in the 25–36, 219–362 and 1300–1858 ps ranges. The short-lived components can be attributed to species bound to external surface and the longer lifetime is assigned to dye molecules in interlayer spaces interacting strongly with the clay. It seems clear that the binding of Auramine to clays causes a significant reduction of the rate of internal conversion that does involve rotational diffusion, so that the clay will be locked in a conformational geometry unfavourable for internal conversion.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a argila de Toritama, estado de Pernambuco, na sua forma "in natura" após ativação térmica a 500 °C visando sua utilização na remoção de Cd2+. A argila "in natura" foi caracterizada por meio de espectrometria de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDX), difração de raios X e análise textural usando adsorção física de nitrogênio (BET). As argilas ativadas termicamente (100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 °C) foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X. A argila ativada termicamente a 500 °C foi caracterizada por EDX e BET. A remoção do Cd2+ pela argila ativada termicamente foi realizada em sistema de banho finito. O tratamento térmico modificou levemente a área, como mostrou a análise de área de superfície específica, mas não modificou a distribuição de diâmetro de poros. Os dados experimentais para o sistema de banho finito se ajustaram aos modelos estudados, Langmuir e Freundlich; no entanto, o modelo de Freundlich foi mais satisfatório. O processo de remoção de cádmio em sistema de banho finito pela argila de Toritama ativada termicamente a 500 °C só atinge o equilíbrio depois de 120 min e apresenta um percentual de cerca de 86,8% de remoção de cádmio.

O estudo do ciclo de queima de materiais cerâmicos tradicionais é de grande interesse industrial, visto que são processos que utilizam grande quantidade de energia. Com um ciclo de queima adequado é possível obter um produto de melhor qualidade e com menor consumo de energia térmica, aumentando a produtividade e diminuindo os custos de produção. No Brasil, atualmente, a maioria dos ciclos de queima dos produtos da cerâmica estrutural tem duração em torno de 24 h, sendo normal, em alguns casos, ciclos que chegam a durar mais de 30 h. A inclusão de ciclos de queima mais curtos é atualmente o mais importante processo de inovação em estudo para otimização do processo de queima da indústria de cerâmica estrutural. Este trabalho faz um estudo comparativo das propriedades tecnológicas de materiais cerâmicos de base argilosa queimados por um ciclo de queima tradicional (queima lenta) e um ciclo de queima rápida. Foram utilizadas neste trabalho matérias-primas argilosas procedentes de indústrias de cerâmica estrutural. As taxas de queima utilizadas foram de 1 oC/min (ciclo lento) e 20 oC/min (ciclo rápido) e as temperaturas máximas para as duas taxas de queima foram de 850 oC, 950 oC e 1050 oC. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos do ciclo de queima nas propriedades tecnológicas dos produtos da cerâmica estrutural, permitindo incluir ciclos de queima rápida dependendo das características iniciais das materiais primas e do processamento utilizado In industrial processes that use high temperatures, greater fire great can reduce the cost of production and increase productivity. The use of faster and more efficient fire cycles has been little investigated by the structural ceramic industry in Brazil. As clay materials are submitted to high temperatures, pores are sealed by mass transport mechanisms and a series of thermally activated processes involving the initial constituents. The reactions that take place during firing depend on the nature and composition of the clay materials used. The firing cycle must be tuned to assure the technological performance required for each product, but at the same time minimize the consumption of energy. Samples were pressed under 25 MPa, dried and fired in an electric furnace. The heating rates selected were 2 oC/min (slow cycle) and 20 oC/min (fast firing). The holding time at the sintering temperatures (950 °C and 1050 oC) were null. This paper presents for the first time the use of a fast fire rate for raw materials using a traditional slow cycle and fast cycle were tested from physical and mechanical properties of the burned pieces were measured, with emphasis on water absorption and linear shrinkage tests. Microstructural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction. The results show that is possible to obtain products with equivalent water absorption values and in enhanced mechanic properties when is used the fast firing

The dye loading effect on the photophysical behavior of Auramine O adsorbed onto solid clays was studied. When the dye concentration is increased, solid samples of Auramine O incorporated in SYn-1, SAz-1 and SWy-1 clays show an enhancement of the β-band in the UV–vis-DR spectra and the band at 450 nm shifts to the blue. This behavior can be attributed to the formation of H-type dye aggregates. For SYn-1 and SAz-1 clays, which show higher charge density, the formation of H-aggregates of the dye is favored. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime values of AuO decrease with the increasing of dye loading in these clays, since H aggregates do not exhibit fluorescence. The basal spacing of SAz-1 and SYn-1 containing 5% of AuO remains the same as that for pure SAz-1 and SYn-1. The adsorption of the dye predominantly occurs on the external surface of the SAz-1 and SYn-1 clays. On the other hand, for SWy-1 clay, UV–vis results suggest the presence of H- and J- aggregates. The fluorescence emission and lifetimes increase with the AuO concentration. XRD measurements confirm the penetration of the Auramine O into interlayer regions of the SWy-1 clay. When the Auramine is in the interlamellar regions of clay, the rotation of its phenyl rings is restricted, diminishing the internal conversion rate, therefore increasing the emission. The adsorption of the dye occurs on the external surface and in the interlamellar layers of SWy-1.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:02:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0366-69132004000300015.pdf: 159995 bytes, checksum: 1f1fb7d388df3251fefd14d6f5b5b571 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:02:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0366-69132004000300015.pdf: 159995 bytes, checksum: 1f1fb7d388df3251fefd14d6f5b5b571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:03:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0366-69132004000300015.pdf: 159995 bytes, checksum: 1f1fb7d388df3251fefd14d6f5b5b571 (MD5) S0366-69132004000300015.pdf.txt: 22819 bytes, checksum: ba32267fcaebf8c98d4c859186ae2259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0366-69132004000300015.pdf: 159995 bytes, checksum: 1f1fb7d388df3251fefd14d6f5b5b571 (MD5) S0366-69132004000300015.pdf.txt: 22819 bytes, checksum: ba32267fcaebf8c98d4c859186ae2259 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0366-69132004000300015.pdf: 159995 bytes, checksum: 1f1fb7d388df3251fefd14d6f5b5b571 (MD5) S0366-69132004000300015.pdf.txt: 22819 bytes, checksum: ba32267fcaebf8c98d4c859186ae2259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-01 Argilas de interesse da indústria de cerâmica estrutural foram caracterizadas. Algumas propriedades físicas de diversas massas cerâmicas, preparadas a partir de material coletado em depósitos artificiais, também foram analisadas. Todas as massas investigadas exibem alta concentração de componentes finos (< 2 mim) e considerável grau de plasticidade, o que é compatível com a presença de elevado teor de argilominerais. Corpos de prova cerâmicos foram preparados por prensagem a seco e queimados em temperaturas ao redor de 855 °C. Os parâmetros resistência mecânica à flexão, retração linear, absorção de água, cor aparente e perda de peso foram medidos. Como resultado, as aplicações industriais destas matérias primas foram analisadas e revistas, bem como novas aplicações foram propostas. Clays and ceramics of interest to the structural ceramic industry were characterized. Some physical properties of ceramic masses formulated from artificial deposits exploited by the local industry were also analyzed. All materials investigated exhibit high contents of fine components (< 2 mum) and significant plasticity that is compatible with the presence of a great amount of clay minerals. Ceramic probes were prepared by dry pressing and fired at around 855 °C. Flexural strength, linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent color and weight loss were measured. In addition, the industrial applications of these raw materials were reviewed and newest potential uses proposed. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Física, Química e Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Física, Química e Biologia

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar uma mistura de argilas utilizada na fabricação de tijolos na região de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Com isso, é possível avaliar a possibilidade de aplicação desta massa na fabricação de outros produtos com maior valor agregado, como por exemplo telhas e revestimentos cerâmicos. Foram realizadas análises de composição química, difração de raios-X, análise térmica diferencial/(ATD), análise termogravimétrica (ATG), análise granulométrica e determinação de propriedades físico-mecânicas em função da temperatura de queima. Os resultados demonstraram que a massa cerâmica estudada é apropriada para a fabricação de tijolos maciços e blocos de vedação. Entretanto, para a fabricação de telhas e revestimentos cerâmicos é necessário trabalhar a formulação da massa para a obtenção de propriedades de acordo com as normas técnicas em vigor. The objective of this paper is to characterize a mixture of clays in the area of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ used in the fabrication of bricks. It makes possible to evaluate the possibility of application of this body in the production of others products with greater aggregate value, as roof tiles, wall and floor tiles. In this work were realized the following tests: chemical composition, differential thermal analysis(DTA), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), particle size distribution analysis and determination of physical-mechanical properties in function of the temperature of it burns. The results demonstrated that the ceramic body studied is appropriate for the production of massive and walled bricks. However to manufacture roof tiles, floor and wall tiles it is necessary to manipulate the body formulation to obtain the of properties in agreement with technical norms in use.

Hybrid materials, in which stable organic radical cations are intercalated into layered inorganic host materials, can be successfully synthesized via an ion exchange reaction in a layered fluoromica clay, to yield recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation of various alcohols. We have conducted systematic synthetic and structural studies on the intercalation of the radical cations 4-(diethylmethylammonium)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (DEMTEP), 1-[2-(4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium (VIOTEP), and 2-(3-N-methylpyridinium)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide (m-MPYNN) into a synthetic fluoromica clay named Somasif® ME 100, Na(2x)Mg(3.0-x)Si4O10(F(y)OH(1-y))2 (x = 0.33, y = 0.98). The guest-host interactions in these intercalation compounds have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR of the constituent nuclei ((23)Na, (19)F, and (29)Si) of the Somasif structure. The intercalation process can be conveniently monitored using (23)Na MAS-NMR. Guest-guest interactions have been probed by magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as EPR and (1)H MAS NMR experiments. The (1)H MAS-NMR line widths and chemical shifts probe modifications in the electron spin density distributions and/or intermolecular interactions between the electron spins of the guest species. Despite these indications of weakly interacting spins, magnetic susceptibility measurements are consistent with the near-absence of cooperative magnetism. The VIOTEP and DEMTEP inclusion compounds demonstrate catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, using NaOCl as a co-oxidant. Although the radical ion species is partially leached out under these conditions (ionic exchange with Na(+) in solution) the catalytic activity remains for up to 40 subsequent cycles. Fully leached materials can be regenerated by catalyst re-loading and this process can be conveniently monitored by X-band EPR spectroscopy.

In this work, the effect of clay nanoparticles as a casting solution additive on the morphology and performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes was evaluated. Ultrapure water permeability was used to initially survey membrane performance and the membranes cast with 1% clay + 1% sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and 2% clay had the highest permeabilities. The pure water permeability had no correlation to membrane thickness, porosity, contact angle, or negative surface charge density. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the membrane surface and cross-section were used to determine the membrane surface porosity, surface pore size, and internal structure, and all of these membrane features were affected by the clay addition and concentration. The increased permeability of the 2% clay membrane is attributed to its greater surface pore size and porosity. The 1% clay + 1% SHMP, 2% clay, and control membrane were subject to further cross-flow permeability, retention, and fouling evaluations using ultrapure water, sodium alginate solution, and natural surface water. The membranes cast with clay additions had a greater potential for fouling as compared to the control. A simple detergent cleaning procedure indicated the membrane fouling was completely reversible. Membrane structure as a predictor for drinking water treatment performance is discussed.

This paper presents the swelling behaviour of clayey materials under controlled suction imposed both by a Richards chamber and by controlling the relative humidity with concentrated saline solutions. Soil-water characteristic curves (matrix and total) were determined by the filter paper method. The materials under study belong to the Guabirotuba Formation, of Pleistocene age, in the Curitiba Basin in the state of Parana, southern Brazil. Materials under several stages of suction of 5000–40 000 kPa were subjected to swelling tests in an oedometer press. The results indicated that the greater the suction the higher the swelling pressure. However, when swelling tests were carried out with suction variation controlled by relative humidity, in which the increase in moisture was very slow, the samples showed no swelling.

The present paper describes the synthesis and characterization by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of Laponite RD/Sodium polystyrenesulfonate nanocomposites obtained by radical photopolymerization initiated by the cationic dye safranine. The presence of the clay mineral does not affect the hydrotropic aggregation of the monomers, but allows a better deaggregation of the initiator molecules, decreasing the quenching of the excited states that leads to the radicals that initiate polymerization. Increasing the amount of clay mineral loading in the polymerization mixture promotes higher monomer conversion and faster polymerization. The size of the nanocomposite particles, measured by light scattering decreases from 400 to 80 nm for clay mineral loadings of 1.0 wt.%. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the clay mineral does not present a regular crystalline structure in the nanocomposite. Atomic force microscopy studies show films of sodium polystyrenesulfonate polymer with embedded Laponite platelets in its structure, forming 1–8 nm height and 25–100 nm diameter aggregates.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the structure and some functional properties of biofilms added with modified clays (Cloisite® 15A and Cloisite® 30B) prepared by the casting method. The analysis of the microstructure of the films, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Optical microscopy (MO), and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the addition of clay in the films resulted in the formation of a heterogeneous microstructure, microcomposite or tactoid. Due to the formation of a microcomposite structure, functional properties of the films added with both clays such as opacity, solubility, and permeability to water vapor (PVA), were not better than those of the control film. Thus, it was concluded that although it is possible to produce a film added with modified clays using the casting method, it was not possible to obtain intercalation or exfoliation in a nanocomposite, which would result in improved functional properties. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar mudanças na estrutura e em algumas propriedades funcionais de biofilmes de zeína adicionados de argilas modificadas (Cloisite® 15A e Cloisite® 30B) elaborados pela técnica casting. Por meio do uso de técnicas de análise de microestrutura dos filmes, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia Ótica (MO) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR), observou-se que os acréscimos de argilas resultaram na formação de uma microestrutura heterogênea, formando um microcompósito ou tactoide. Devido à formação da estrutura tipo tactoide, as propriedades funcionais de opacidade, solubilidade e permeabilidade ao vapor d'água (PVA), para os filmes adicionados de argilas, não foram melhores do que as obtidas para o filme controle. Assim, concluiu-se que é possível elaborar um filme adicionado de argilas modificadas usando a técnica casting, porém não foi possível obter intercalação ou esfoliação em nanocompósito, os quais resultariam em melhores propriedades funcionais.

Tese de mestrado, Geologia (Estratigrafia, Sedimentologia e Paleontologia) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018 Submitted by Teresa Boa (tdboa@fc.ul.pt) on 2018-04-05T14:19:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfc124125_tm_Cátia_Morgado.pdf: 16934088 bytes, checksum: 2091aa97a84237adec080362bb2a8f5b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T14:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfc124125_tm_Cátia_Morgado.pdf: 16934088 bytes, checksum: 2091aa97a84237adec080362bb2a8f5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018

A assembleia de argilo-minerais da fração menor que 2 micra das camadas de folhelhos entre os grupos Guatá (Formação Rio Bonito e Palermo) e Itararé (indiviso) na área Gravataí – Morungava – Rolante (RS, Brasil) foi estudada usando-se análise por difração de raio-X. Foram selecionados o seguintes testemunhos de sondagem: 5CA-79-RS, 5CA-87-RS, 5CA-91-RS, 5CA-97-RS, 5CA-98-RS e 5CA-99-RS de maneira a cobrir uma maior gama de variação. Caulinita é o principal mineral neoformado dos carvões paludiais da Formação Rio Bonito, associado com ilita, camada mista de I-M (70-30), montmorilonita e clorita carreadas das terras altas adjacentes (sempre com alguma caulinita adicional). Picos de caulinita estão ausentes em amostras tomadas a um metro abaixo do contato com espessos sills de diabásio instrusivos nessa secção. Uma mistura mineral regularmente acamadada: clorita-caulinita (50-50) foi algumas vezes detectada nesse local. A percentagem de caulinita decresce rapidamente em direção ao Grupo Itararé (o qual tem a fácies varvítica completamente desprovida de caulinita) e para cima, um suave aumento em direção à Formação Palermo. A fácies folhelho-arenosa marinha do Palermo é rica em ilita e camada mista regular de ilita-montmorilonita.