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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231153190 for Semiempirical model for the estimation of site amplification in Northern South America by Vicente Mercado, Cesar A Pajaro, Carlos A Arteta, Fernando J Díaz, Julián Montejo, Mónica Arcila and Norman A Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173445 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses I: Damping and VS randomization by Renmin Pretell, Norman A Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231153190 for Semiempirical model for the estimation of site amplification in Northern South America by Vicente Mercado, Cesar A Pajaro, Carlos A Arteta, Fernando J Díaz, Julián Montejo, Mónica Arcila and Norman A Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930231173443 for A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors by Renmin Pretell, Norman A. Abrahamson and Katerina Ziotopoulou in Earthquake Spectra

Repository with the published Ground Motion Models for Northern South America developed byUniversidad del Norteand theColombian Geological Survey (SGC), with the advisoring of professorNorman Abrahamsonfrom UC Berkeley. The GMMsare availabelat the GitHub repository GMMs_Northern-South-America in a form of a Python code and an excel spreadseet.

One-dimensional site response analyses (1D SRAs) with shear-wave velocity (VS) randomization are commonly performed to estimate median site-specific amplification factors (AFs) under the implicit assumption that this approach yields a realistic response. In this work, an investigation is conducted to determine the appropriate amount of VS randomization (σlnVs) needed to capture a median response that accounts for 2D VS spatial variability effects. Results from 2D SRAs and 1D SRAs with VS randomization show that the median 2D seismic responses are generally higher than 1D responses at the site’s fundamental frequency, and that higher VS variability has a mild impact on the median 2D seismic response amplitude at the fundamental frequency, whereas it significantly reduces the median 1D response. Findings indicate that the 84th percentile AFs based on 1D SRAs conducted with VS randomization using σlnVs = 0.25, approximate well with the more realistic median 2D SRA-based AFs around the fundamental frequency, while the 70th to 60th percentiles might be more appropriate at higher frequencies. The benefit of using percentiles of the 1D SRA-based AFs higher than the median is shown for different site conditions and supported by comparisons against empirical data from four downhole sites.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930221112688 for Comparisons of the NGA-Subduction ground motion models by Nick Gregor, Kofi Addo, Norman A Abrahamson, Linda Al Atik, Gail M Atkinson, David M Boore, Yousef Bozorgnia, Kenneth W Campbell, Brian S-J Chiou, Zeynep Gülerce, Behzad Hassani, Tadahiro Kishida, Nico Kuehn, Silvia Mazzoni, Saburoh Midorikawa, Grace A Parker, Hongjun Si, Jonathan P Stewart and Robert R Youngs in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930221081150 for Sensitivity of the conditional period selection in the structural response using the CMS as target spectrum by Carlos A Arteta, Andr��s Torregroza, Daniel Gaspar and Norman Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-eqs-10.1177_87552930221081150 for Sensitivity of the conditional period selection in the structural response using the CMS as target spectrum by Carlos A Arteta, Andr��s Torregroza, Daniel Gaspar and Norman Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930221081150 for Sensitivity of the conditional period selection in the structural response using the CMS as target spectrum by Carlos A Arteta, Andr��s Torregroza, Daniel Gaspar and Norman Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-eqs-10.1177_87552930221081150 for Sensitivity of the conditional period selection in the structural response using the CMS as target spectrum by Carlos A Arteta, Andr��s Torregroza, Daniel Gaspar and Norman Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Ground-motion simulations generated from physics-based wave propagation models are gaining increasing interest in the engineering community for their potential to inform the performance-based design and assessment of infrastructure residing in active seismic areas. A key prerequisite before the ground-motion simulations can be used with confidence for application in engineering domains is their comprehensive and rigorous investigation and validation. This article provides a four-step methodology and acceptance criteria to assess the reliability of simulated ground motions of not historical events, which includes (1) the selection of a population of real records consistent with the simulated scenarios, (2) the comparison of the distribution of Intensity Measures (IMs) from the simulated records, real records, and Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), (3) the comparison of the distribution of simple proxies for building response, and (4) the comparison of the distribution of Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) for a realistic model of a structure. Specific focus is laid on near-field ground motions (

Supplemental material, Supplementary_appendix for Ground motion prediction equation for Taiwan subduction zone earthquakes by Van-Bang Phung, Chin Hsiung Loh, Shu Hsien Chao and Norman A Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Material for Ground motion prediction equation for Taiwan subduction zone earthquakes by Van-Bang Phung, Chin Hsiung Loh, Shu Hsien Chao and Norman A Abrahamson in Earthquake Spectra

Supplemental material, e_supplement for Isolating the effect of ground-motion duration on structural damage and collapse of steel frame buildings by Esra Zengin, Norman A Abrahamson and Sashi Kunnath in Earthquake Spectra

We report on high-performance computing (HPC) fully deterministic simulation of ground motions for a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0 scenario earthquake on the Hayward fault resolved to 5 Hz using the SW4 finite-difference code. We computed motions obeying physics-based 3D wave propagation at a regional scale with an Mw 7.0 kinematic rupture model generated following Graves and Pitarka (2016). Both plane-layered (1D) and 3D Earth models were considered, with 3D subsurface material properties and topography interpolated from a model of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The resulting ground-motion intensities cover a broader frequency range than typically considered in regional-scale simulations, including higher frequencies relevant for engineering analysis of structures. Median intensities for sites across the domain are within the reported between-event uncertainties (τ) of ground-motion models (GMMs) across spectral periods 0.2-10 s (frequencies 0.1-5 Hz). The within-event standard deviation ϕ of ground-motion intensity measurement residuals range 0.2-0.5 natural log units with values consistently larger for the 3D model. Source-normalized ratios of intensities (3D/ 1D) reveal patterns of path and site effects that are correlated with known geologic structure. These results demonstrate that earthquake simulations with fully deterministic wave propagation in 3D Earth models on HPC platforms produce broadband ground motions with median and within-event aleatory variability consistent with empirical models. Systematic intensity variations for the 3D model caused by path and site effects suggest that these epistemic effects can be estimated and removed to reduce variation in site-specific hazard estimates. This study motivates future work to evaluate the validity of the USGS 3D model and investigate the development of path and site corrections by running more scenarios.

The seismic source characterization (SSC) team identified active crustal, stable continental, volcanic and subduction zone (interface and intraplate) sources in the study region which included British Columbia, western Alberta, parts of the Yukon and northwestern USA. The objective of the ground motion characterization (GMC) team was to use the SSHAC Level 3 guidelines to evaluate ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) and develop associated logic trees for computing site specific seismic ground motions (horizontal and vertical) resulting from earthquakes generated by the identified sources. Additionally the computed ground motions, which were based on a reference ground condition with a Vs30 (average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m) = 760 m/s, were to be subsequently adjusted for the site-specific hard rock conditions at the various dam sites. Associated with each of the recommended GMPEs, the GMC team also included a tradiational aleatory sigma model and a single-station sigma model for use in the PSHA study. For sources in the active crustal region (ACR), the 2008 NGA GMPEs were evaluated and four of the five models were recommended for inclusion in the logic tree. The GMC team evaluated several GMPEs for stable continental regions and selected a set of four models comprising a finite fault stochastic, single corner variable stress drop point source, hybrid empirical and a reference empirical model. Three of the four SCR models were based on a reference Vs30 of 2800 m/s and adjustment factors were developed to scale the computed ground motion to the reference Vs30 of760 m/s. The existing subduction zone GMPEs were found to yield significantly different results and a new model was developed. This new model was based on the datasets used in previous published models with a significant addition of global subduction zone earthquake data from Japan and Taiwan. This new model is applicable for both shallow interface and deeper intraslab events and contains a non-linear site response model defined as a function of Vs30 and a PGA value for Vs30=1100 m/s. Following the development of the subduction model, two large interface earthquakes (2010 Maule Chile M8.8 and 2011 Tohoku Japan M9.0) occurred. Based on an analysis of residuals of the data from these two earthquakes, an adjustment to the magnitude scaling of the subduction GMPE was made for better consistency with the empirical data. Due to a general lack of GMPEs for volcanic regions, ground motion models for active crustal sources were used in lieu inspite of the differences between the two tectonic regimes. This paper is a summary of the SSHAC Level 3 process used to evaluate and develop ground motion models that captured the center, body and range of the informed technical community.

This paper summarizes validation methodologies focused on enabling ground motion simulations to be used with confidence in engineering applications such as seismic hazard analysis and dynamic analysis of structural and geotechnical models. Numerical simulation of ground motion from large earthquakes, utilizing models of earthquake rupture and wave propagation, is an area of active research in the earth science community. Refinement and validation of these models requires collaboration between ground motion modelers and engineering users, and testing/rating methodologies for simulated ground motions to be used with confidence in engineering applications. This paper provides an introduction to this field and overview of current research activities being coordinated by the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC). These activities are related both to advancing the science and computational infrastructure needed to produce ground motion simulations, as well as to engineering validation procedures. Current research areas and anticipated future achievements are also discussed.

The NGA-West2 project recently published a flatfile with over 21,000 records from over 4,000 sites (http://peer.berkeley.edu/ngawest2). In the coming years, this dataset will be used in Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology as one of the richest and most rigorously documented global crustal datasets. It has been used to update the existing NGA ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and will most probably be used soon in the formulation of new models. GMPEs predict ground motion using variables to model aspects of the source, path and site effects. For most current GMPEs, the main site response predictor variable is the time-averaged shear-wave velocity over the upper 30 meters of the site profile (Vs30), often coupled with an index of the depth to bedrock. Though these factors describe ground motion at low frequencies well, it has been shown recently that they are inadequate in the high frequency range, where site attenuation may in some cases constitute the dominant factor; such are the cases of hard rock, and when high-frequency rock motion is paramount to the design of critical facilities. The parameter typically used to account for high-frequency attenuation is κ, the S-wave spectral decay parameter introduced by Anderson and Hough (1984) and Hough et al. (1988). κ comprises a distance-dependent and a site-specific (zero-distance) component. The latter, termed κ0, is used today in the adjustment of GMPEs, e.g. from rock to hard rock conditions, and in the simulation of ground motion. In the coming years, κ0 is expected to be the next predictor variable to be added to new GMPEs. In this paper we present a project that undertakes to enrich the NGA-West2 flatfile with estimates of κ0 for all stations on rock and stiff soil (with Vs30>500 m/s), along with their respective uncertainty. In order to estimate κ0 at each rock site of NGA-West 2, we collect all available records from rock sites out to distances of 50 km. We implement a semiautomatic process to pick S-wave windows and compute Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS). We then estimate κ0 in two ways: 1. Following the definition of Anderson and Hough (1984), where we measure the high-frequency decay of the FAS to compute κ and then correct for distance effects to derive κ0 at each site. 2. Following the broadband approach of Silva et al. (1996), where we invert the entire frequency range of the FAS, corrected for site amplification, to derive a full Q(f) model, stress drop and κ0. Having readily available κ0 values means we can evaluate the dependence of the residuals for current NGA-West2 GMPE predictions vs. κ0. We show examples of how κ0 may be implemented to update existing GMPEs so that they may better capture the high frequency site response. In future, this procedure will be repeated under a similar project for the NGA-East dataset to evaluate κ scaling in stable continental regions.