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The concept of Cyber Physical System (CPS) is widely used in different industries across the globe. In fact, it is the holistic approach towards dealing with cyber space and physical environments that do have inter-dependencies. In the existing systems, there was a separate approach for security of the two worlds (cyber and physical). However, it does not provide necessary security when security is employed independently. The research in this paper identifies the need for integrated security for CPS. Besides it throws light into different security challenges associated with CPS and the countermeasures that existed based on machine learning and deep learning techniques that come under Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data science. From the review of literature, it is understood that data science perspective is suitable for protecting CPS with required adaptive strategy. This paper provides several useful insights related to security analysis of CPS using machine learning. It paves way for further investigation and realize a comprehensive security framework to protect CPS from internal and external cyber-attacks.

Recent research has demonstrated the adaptiveness of variability in emotion regulation (ER) by showing that variability between and, when controlled for depression, within ER strategies as assessed via the standard deviation was associated with less negative affect. We first replicated associations with negative affect by using the relative standard deviation, which is less confounded with the mean. Second, following research on affect dynamics, we extended this line of research by examining five additional ER dynamic measures covering ER instability, inertia, predictability, differentiation, and diversity. Reanalyzing data from five ambulatory assessment data sets (N = 717), we found that (a) the eight ER dynamic measures loaded on five factors that explained unique variance, (b) most ER dynamic measures had good reliabilities, and (c) between-strategy mean endorsement was positively, whereas between-strategy variability and ER predictability were negatively associated with negative affect. These results suggest that the variable but predictable use of emotion regulation strategies in daily life is beneficial for individuals' affective well-being in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article studies the pinning synchronization problem with edge-based decentralized adaptive schemes under link attacks. The link attacks considered here are a class of malicious attacks to break links between neighboring nodes in complex networks. In such an insecure network environment, two kinds of edge-based decentralized adaptive update strategies (synchronous and asynchronous) on coupling strengths and gains are designed to realize the security synchronization of complex networks. Moreover, by virtue of the edge pinning technique, the corresponding secure synchronization problem is considered under the case where only a small fraction of coupling strengths and gains is updated. These designed adaptive strategies do not require any global information, and therefore, the obtained results in this article are developed in a fully decentralized framework. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the availability of the achieved theoretical outcomes.

Effective constraint handling techniques are of great significance for evolutionary algorithms dealing with constrained optimization problems. To date, many constraint handling techniques, such as penalty function, superiority of feasible solutions, and -constraint, have been designed. However, different constraint handling techniques are usually suited to different problems, even the most appropriate technique changes along with the stages of the optimization process. Motivated by this phenomenon, we propose a voting-mechanism based ensemble framework, named VMCH, to integrate multiple constraint handling techniques for solving various constrained optimization problems. In this framework, each constraint handling technique acts as a voter, all voters vote for each pair of solutions, and the solution in each pair with the highest weighted votes is considered better. In addition, an adaptive strategy is developed to adjust the voter weights according to their historical voting performance. To investigate the performance of VMCH in improving existing algorithms, the proposed VMCH is embedded into the three best algorithms in the competition on constrained single objective real-parameter optimization at CEC 2018, namely MAgES, iLSHADE, and IUDE, to form three new algorithm versions, i.e., MAgES-VMCH, iLSHADE-VMCH, and IUDE-VMCH. They are compared with seven state-of-the-art peer algorithms. Extensive experiments are conducted on 57 real-world constrained optimization problems. The ranking results show that the new algorithm version MAgES-VMCH takes first place among the ten comparison algorithms. Moreover, all the new VMCH-enhanced versions of the three best algorithms are superior to their original versions. Therefore, the proposed VMCH framework can achieve competitive performance in solving constrained optimization problems.

We examine adaptive strategies adopted by vehicles for route selection en-route in transportation networks. By studying a model of two-dimensional cellular automata, we model vehicles characterized by a parameter called path-greediness, which corresponds to the tendency for them to travel to their destinations via the shortest path. The path-greediness of each individual vehicle is updated based on the local traffic conditions, to either keep the vehicle travels via a shorter path in an un-congested region or to explore longer diverted paths in a congested region. We found that the optimal number of steps to trigger an update of path-greediness is dependent on the density of vehicles, and the magnitude of path-greediness increment affects the macroscopic traffic conditions of the system. To better coordinate vehicles in denser networks, the update on the tendency for vehicles to travel via the shorter paths should be gradual and less frequent.

This paper aims to evaluate the ways in which various actors perceive risk and dispute its acceptability in the case of the «Navidad» mining project in the province of Chubut. The conflict will be considered in a context of three decades of environmental conflicts in the province, being framed in a broader debate between notions of progress and development and sustainability expectations. At first, the perceptions around mining will be estimated and analyzed according to the provincial State and the Assemblies for the “No a la Mina”. Following, the concept of acceptability of risk will be considered with the aim of analyzing the willingness of the actors to accept or avoid the risks in question, understanding that culture and social structure strongly affect the categorization of tolerable or intolerable risks. The ways of disputing acceptability by some actors will be understood as adaptive strategies, being the case of the Assemblies in their effort to resignify the acceptable risks, disputing the place occupied by the environment regarding the ideals of progress and development, and demanding the redefinition of the plateau as a sacrifice zone

In this paper, without dividing the fractional-order complex-valued coupled neural networks (FCVCNNs) into two real-valued systems, the problem of synchronization is investigated for FCVCNNs with time-varying coupling strength. To achieve synchronization, by updating coupling strength, two feasible adaptive protocols are designed, 1) a fractional-order adaptive strategy depending on global information; 2) a fractional-order adaptive law relying on the local information based on the connected dominating set theory. Additionally, instead of making the weighted average technique or the solution of the isolated node equation as synchronization reference value, direct error method is adopted to realize synchronization, which offers a flexible way in analysis of FCVCNNs. At last, a numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the validity of theoretical results.

This paper studies the security cluster synchronization of complex networks under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, an adaptive strategy is designed to update coupling weights and gains for ensuring cluster synchronization, even if the control channels of complex networks suffer from DoS attacks. This security strategy is developed in a distributed framework, in which only local information is utilized instead of any global information, such as network topology and the number of nodes. Then, the security cluster synchronization analysis against DoS attacks is extended to the case where only partial coupling weights on edges are updated. By constructing the suitable Lyapunov functions with exponential terms, the corresponding security cluster synchronization conditions are presented, and the DoS attack duration ratio that system can tolerate is also obtained. At last, a network composed of Chuas circuits is employed to validate the efficiency of the derived methods.

This study compares the problem-focused emotion regulation strategies used by 200 female survivors of intimate partner violence (age: M = 40.16, SD = 11.27, 18 – 66 years) to cope with violence throughout various stages of change (SOC). It examines the relationship between problem-focused coping strategies and positive and negative affect, and the impact of these variables on the different SOC. Results suggest that victims differ and are flexible in the use of strategies throughout the various SOC. During the initial stages, victims tend to use passive/maladaptive behaviors that hamper change, while in the later stages they use more active/adaptive strategies to leave the abusive relationship.

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been employed to solve numerous real-world problems because of its strong optimization ability and easy implementation. However, PSO still has some shortcomings in solving complicated optimization problems, such as premature convergence and poor balance between global exploration and local exploitation. A novel hybrid particle swarm optimization using adaptive strategy (ASPSO) is developed to address associated difficulties. The contribution of ASPSO is threefold: (1) a chaotic map and an adaptive position updating strategy to balance exploration behavior and exploitation nature in the search progress; (2) elite and dimensional learning strategies to enhance the diversity of the population effectively; (3) a competitive substitution mechanism to improve the accuracy of solutions. Based on various functions from CEC 2017, the numerical experiment results demonstrate that ASPSO is significantly better than the other 16 optimization algorithms. Furthermore, we apply ASPSO to a typical industrial problem, the optimization of melt spinning progress, where the results indicate that ASPSO performs better than other algorithms.

Banks have two primary strategies for adapting to a regulation change in the era of big data which can be characterized as natural disposability and managerial disposability. Natural disposability implies a negative strategy by which a bank attempts to decreases its vector of inputs to decrease undesirable outputs. In contrast, managerial disposability indicates a positive strategy by which a bank considers a regulation change as an opportunity and adapt the regulation change by utilizing big data technology. The operational process of a bank can be decomposed into a productivity stage and a profitability stage. Furthermore, the operation costs, a shared resource, can be used to characterize natural disposability and managerial disposability. Based on natural disposability and managerial disposability, this paper proposes two network models to estimate the efficiencies of banks. To test their practical implications, the proposed models were applied to examine the efficiencies of Chinese commercial banks in the period 2014−2018. Our key findings are as follows. (1) There exist great disparities in the inefficiencies between two adaptive strategies. The inefficiencies are primarily driven by the profitability stage under natural disposability, whereas the inefficiencies are equally attributed to both stages under managerial disposability. (2) The efficiency differences among different types of banks are insignificant under natural disposability but are significant under managerial disposability. (3) Joint-stock commercial banks are more oveall efficient than state-owned commercial banks, city commercial banks and rural commercial banks, while state-owned commercial banks show worst practice for overall efficiency and profitability stage efficiency.

Introduction. The problem of overcoming professional stress is an important part of both individual and corporate responsibility. The founders of the theory of stress assessment and its overcoming R. Lazarus and S. Folkman consider overcoming as an interacting process between the individual and his environment, as an effort made by the individual to harmonize the requirements of the environment with the support of homeostasis. Thus, the use of adaptive strategies to overcome professional stress is aimed at increasing resources, personal adaptive potential, which leads to the improvement of the subjective state of the individual and professional and life well-being. Purpose. Highlight the results of the analysis of scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists who consider the main strategies for overcoming occupational stress. Methods. Theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, generalization of the received information and its systematization). Originality. Overcoming strategies are a set of measures and efforts, cognitive or behavioral, aimed at finding a solution to the problem and calming the emotional reaction, which in some cases can be excessive and cause anxiety. Overcoming strategies are the subject of many scientific papers, which have developed various proposals for the most acceptable way to classify them in terms of functions and efficiency. As a result of scientific research, it has been established that each person has his or her own constructive and destructive strategies for overcoming stress, based on life experience, physiological, psychological and social resources. The main types of coping strategies are identified: assessment-oriented, problem-oriented, emotion-oriented. Some scholars question the possibility of categorization because different coping strategies are not independent of each other. All stress management strategies have been found to be helpful. Conclusions. It is established that occupational stress is a stressful condition that occurs in professionals under the influence of external and internal stesogenic factors, conditions and features of professional activity and is manifested by changes in cognitive, social, emotional, motivational, behavioral and professional spheres of personality. It is an imbalance between the requirements of conditions and features of professional activity and abilities, individual psychological characteristics, subjective attitude to stressors and skills of a specialist to choose an individual constructive or destructive coping strategy to overcome it. The three most common coping strategies have been identified: assessment, problem, and emotion. Evaluation-oriented strategies modify thought processes. Problem-oriented strategies are aimed at overcoming the causes or problems that caused stress. Emotionally-oriented strategies relate to self-regulation of the emotional-volitional sphere. It is determined that coping strategies can be constructive (adaptive) or destructive (maladaptive). Constructive coping strategies successfully reduce stress levels and provide positive feedback. Destructive strategies for coping with stress can be successful in managing or reducing stress, but the result is dysfunctional and unproductive. It was found that social support - emotional, informational, spiritual, sociable, material - plays a significant role in strategies for overcoming professional stress. Prospects for further research are to justify, develop and test a psycho-correction program for a specific contingent of specialists. Key words: occupational stress; psychological strategies; overcoming; specialists.

This study examined the vulnerability and responses of smallholder farmers to climate change effects in Semiarid Areas of Bahi and Kongwa Districts. A total of 366 household heads were involved in this study. The study employed questionnaire, interviews and documentary review as data collection techniques. Archival data for temperature, rainfall and crop yields were collected for trend analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. Simple linear trend analysis and Mann Kendall were used to establish trends. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers in the study area have noted reduced rainfall, increased temperature and reduced production as indicators of climate change. Results from archival data indicate insignificant decline of rainfall, significant increase of temperature and insignificant decline of crop yields at 5% significance level. As a response to these changes, smallholder farmers reported to use improved crop varieties, change planting dates, use intercropping, out-migrating and change land use practices. Several challenges were reported to hinder effective adaptation including inadequate capital, limited soft loans, limited weather information and deficient extension services. It is concluded that the climate is changing in the study area calling for strengthening farmers’ adaptive capacity. Keywords: Adaptive strategies, climate change effects, challenges, semiarid area, Tanzania.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for the survival and reproduction of all living organisms. Its inorganic form (Pi) is taken up by the roots to support plant growth and development, and its availability directly determines agricultural productivity. The primary source of P replenishment in agriculture is chemical phosphate (Pi) fertilizers. While application of Pi-fertilizers to croplands ensures high yield agriculture, its intensive use leads to several environmental implications, including loss of soil fertility and pollution of water bodies with runoff fertilizer. Global non-renewable P-reserves are finite and would last for only a few hundred years. Therefore, a holistic approach is needed to combine Pi-use efficient germplasm with the targeted fertilization, agronomically superior fertilizer formulations for better P-management. The latest technologies to reclaim Pi from alternative sources need to be explored. In the present review, we first outline the challenges and environmental consequences of Pi-intensive fertilization, followed by plants' response and adaptive strategies to Pi starvation. Next, we discuss the role of microbes and Pi-nanofertilizer to plant Pi nutrition. Finally, a few cutting-edge technologies and innovative solutions available for reclaiming Pi from waste are argued.

International audience; The eutrophication of aquatic systems resulting from human activities frequently leads to phytoplankton blooms, which decrease water transparency and therefore limit light availability for aquatic plants. However, several submerged macrophytes are able to grow despite the light competition pressure exerted by phytoplankton. Photosynthetic performance and plant morphology may be key traits allowing plant species to tolerate phytoplankton-induced light limitation in eutrophic systems. The aim of this study was to explore how morphological and photosynthetic traits allow submerged macrophytes to withstand the stress induced by decreased light in eutrophic systems. Morphological and photosynthetic traits were measured in 7 species of submerged macrophytes collected from mesotrophic to hypertrophic shallow lakes (Dombes, Ain, France). Then, we determined whether these traits were related to species occurrence in lakes according to depth and water turbidity. This study highlighted 2 strategies potentially resulting in a trade-off between morphological and photosynthetic traits. The first strategy was tolerance to reduced light and was characterized by a higher investment in leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency (initial slope of photosynthetic activity measured at low light intensities), allowing plants to use low amounts of light energy. The second strategy was to avoid the regions of reduced light and was characterized by a greater investment in vertical growth and maximum photosynthesis at high light intensities. The morphological and physiological traits favoured in turbid lakes corresponded to the avoidance strategy with a low compensation point, allowing plants to grow to the photic zone to reach the water areas where light is at a maximum. Small species exhibiting a light stress tolerance strategy may be maintained in turbid lakes subjected to disturbances, offering a window of opportunity for successful recruitment and reproduction.

Pastoral people in rangelands worldwide are experiencing uncertainty due to a combination of climatic, economic, and political stressors. Our study seeks to create a full view of the drivers, impacts, and adaptations to change for livestock herders in rural Mongolia, making use of herder traditional knowledge and select instrumental data. Interview respondents described undesirable trends in livestock herds, pasture, wildlife, and their livelihoods in three sites in northern, central, and eastern Mongolia from 1995 to 2015, including decreased lake levels. There was more agreement for precipitation trends than for temperature. We developed a systems model based on herder descriptions of the sequence and prominence of interacting drivers of change. Finally, we describe measures herders are taking to adapt to these changes, such as more frequent livestock movement. We present a transdisciplinary view of social-ecological change and applications for more regionally focused governance in an era of climate uncertainty.

With the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices proliferating, the traffic volume of IoT-based attacks has shown a gradually increasing trend. The IoT botnet attack, which aims to commit real, efficient, and profitable cybercrimes , has become one of the most severe IoT threats. Applying traditional techniques to IoT is difficult due to its particular characteristics, such as resource-constrained devices, massive volumes of data, and real-time requirements. In this paper, we explore an adaptive online learning strategy for real-time IoT botnet attack detection. Furthermore, we operate the proposed adaptive strategy in conjunction with online ensemble learning . To evaluate the proposed strategy, we use real IoT traffic data, including benign traffic data and botnet traffic data infected by Mirai. In real-time IoT botnet attack detection, our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive online learning strategy achieves remarkable performance.

Tropical and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBFs) and needle-leaved forests (ENFs) in China exhibit complex leaf shedding strategies in responses to soil water availability, vapor pressure deficits (VPDs) and sunlight availability. However, the seasonal variations and triggers of litterfall differ significantly in tropical/subtropical forests, and there are still many uncertainties. Herein, we aim to explore the distinct climatic factors of seasonal litterfall in a climate–phenology correlation framework. We collected seasonal litterfall data from 85 sites across tropical/subtropical China and used linear correlation coefficients between sunlight and rainfall to partition synchronous/asynchronous climates. Additional phase analysis and structural equation model analysis were conducted to model the climatic triggers of tropical phenology. Results indicated two types of tropical litterfall phenology under two types of climates. In synchronous climates, where seasonal sunlight and rainfall are positively correlated, the litterfall peak of the unimodal phenology and the first litterfall peak of the bimodal phenology both happen at the end of dry season. The second litterfall peak of the bimodal phenology occurs at the end of rainy season due to water stress. In asynchronous climates, where seasonal sunlight and rainfall are negatively correlated, VPD shows consistent seasonal variations with incoming sunlight. The leaf senescence is accelerated at the end of dry season by higher VPD; while soil water deficit is in anti-phase with sunlight and mainly controls the second litterfall peak of the bimodal phenology in EBF. Our findings provide an important reference for modeling tropical phenology in Earth system models.

Fifteen populations of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (milkweed) were collected from ecologically different regions of Punjab to evaluate anatomical traits that contribute to the ecological ...

The article gives the history of the noble Croatian family of Perušić, following the life and career of its main male representatives across three generations, from its emergence in sources in the mid-15th century up until its extinction in the male line in 1603. All three men – Gaspar (Gašpar) the Elder, Gaspar the Younger, and Matthew (Mate) – had primarily military careers, leading cavalry units and fighting either the Turks or other Christian nobles in civil wars which burdened Croatia, Slavonia, Hungary, and Transylvania from the late 15th to the early 17th century. Gaspar the Elder was the vice-ban of Croatia-Dalmatia and is a relatively well-known figure in Croatian historiography, while the lives of his son and grandson are thoroughly researched for the first time in this article. Gaspar the Younger, initially a supporter of the Habsburgs, was fighting the Ottomans in Croatia until 1532, with significant success, and was later engaged in civil strife in Slavonia, changing the sides he supported several times. He finally opted for King John Zápolya around 1538 and migrated to Zápolya’s realm, settling finally in Transylvania, where he gained many estates and served several de jure and de facto rulers, including another fellow Croat – the bishop of Oradea, George Martinuzzi (Juraj Utišenović Martinušević). His son Matthew, the last male member of this line of the Perušić family, spent his lifetime as a military commander for various Transylvanian rulers, almost always joining the winning side in the conflict and gaining the house in the informal capital – Alba Iulia. He died in a battle in 1603, survived by his sisters’ (Catherine’s and Anna’s) descendants., U članku se prikazuje povijest plemenite hrvatske obitelji Perušić kroz pregled života i karijere njezinih vodećih muških predstavnika u tri generacije, počev od prve pojave u izvorima sredinom 15. stoljeća pa sve do izumiranja muške linije u Transilvaniji 1603. godine. Sva trojica čelnika obitelji – Gašpar Stariji, Gašpar Mlađi i Mate – bili su mahom karijerni vojnici koji su vodili konjaničke i pješačke postrojbe, boreći se dijelom protiv Osmanlija, a dijelom protiv drugih kršćanskih plemića u građanskim ratovima koji su se odvijali u Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji, Ugarskoj i Transilvaniji od konca 15. do početka 17. stoljeća. Gašpar Stariji bio je hrvatsko-dalmatinski banovac u vrijeme banova Matije Gereba, Ladislava Egervarskog, Ivana Bota i Emerika Derenčina, a vjerojatno i neku godinu nakon Krbavske bitke. Obnašao je također i druge dužnosti – porkulaba i kaštelana u Rmnju, kaštelana u Bjelaju, Ostrovici Bužanskoj i Perušiću te bužanskog župana i ujedno vojskovođe. Nakon Krbavske bitke nastojao je organizirati obranu, a čini se da je pred kraj života prenio svoju djelatnost u okolicu Zadra, možda upravo u Perušić Benkovački. Umro je u Zadru 1507. Njegov stariji sin Gašpar Mlađi kretao se isprva u krugu knezova Kurjakovića Krbavskih i izvorno je bio pristaša Habsburgovaca. Borio se s Osmanlijama u Hrvatskoj barem od 1525. do 1532. godine, sa značajnim uspjehom, premda je 1525. bio nakratko zarobljen u Bagu (današnjem Karlobagu). Od 1529. je bio uvučen u građanski rat u Slavoniji, više puta mijenjajući stranu koju je podupirao (Ferdinand Habsburški, zagrebački biskup Šimun Erdődy, Ludovico Gritti, Ivan Zapolja). Dugo je uživao povjerenje Nikole Jurišića i u svim je sukobima predvodio konjicu. Konačno se opredijelio za kralja Ivana Zapolju oko 1538. i trajno odselio na istok. Do 1550. je boravio u sjevernom Banatu (točnije u Cenadu), a kasnije je prešao u Transilvaniju/Sedmogradsku, gdje je stekao brojna imanja (uglavnom u Bihorskoj županiji), služeći nekolicinu de jure i de facto vladara Zapoljinih teritorija, uključujući još jednog istaknutog Hrvata – velikovaradinskog biskupa Jurja Utišenovića Martinuševića. Sudjelovao je u ubojstvu Franje Bebeka u Erdeljskom Biogradu (Alba Iulia) 1558. godine, po naredbi kraljice Izabele. Smatra se da je bio oženjen kćerkom Bartaka Utišenovića, a zna se da je imao barem troje djece – kćeri Katarinu i Anu te sina Matu (možda iz više brakova). Katarina je bila udana za Stjepana Tamásija, a zatim za Stjepana iz znamenite transilvanijske obitelji Losonczi Bánffy, a Ana za Ivana iz obitelji Harinnai Farkas (postoji mogućnost da se kasnije preudala). Gašparov sin Mate, posljednji muški član ove grane obitelji Perušića, proveo je svoj život u vojnoj službi različitih transilvanijskih vladara (predstavnika obitelji Báthory, vlaškog gospodara Mihaja Hrabrog, Mojsija Székelya i dr.), gotovo uvijek se pridružujući pobjedničkoj strani u čestim sukobima. Postao je kapetan transilvanijskoga dvorskog pješaštva 1599. godine, a zbog zasluga mu je dodijeljena kuća u sjedištu Transilvanijske kneževine, Erdeljskom Biogradu. Tijekom vremena je, pored starih obiteljskih, stekao i nove posjede u sekeljskom sjedištu (szék) Odorhei/Udvarhely te u županijama Dăbâca/Doboka, Cluj/Kolozs i Alba/Fehér. Brak sa Sofijom Thorny zaključio je prije 1598. godine, ali nije ostavio potomstvo. Poginuo je u bitci blizu Brașova 1603. godine, boreći se na strani Mojsija Székelya (koji je također poginuo) protiv vlaškog vladara Radua Șerbana. Nadživjeli su ga potomci njegovih sestara Katarine i Ane.

Due to continual server replacement, datacenter-scale clusters are developing toward heterogeneous hardware designs. Meanwhile, datacenters are frequently used by a variety of users for a variety of purposes. Due to multi-tenant interferences, it frequently exhibits high performance heterogeneity. When contrasted to in-house dedicated clusters, deploying MapReduce on such heterogeneous clusters poses major hurdles in attaining adequate application performance. Heterogeneity can cause significant performance degradation in job execution, despite current optimizations on task scheduling and load balancing, because most MapReduce implementations were developed for homogeneous contexts. To make scheduling decisions, the majority of extant adaptive strategies assume a priori knowledge of particular job characteristics. However, without spending a significant cost, such information is not readily available. The suggested framework Adaptive Control Self-tuning provides a significant improvement over existing methods at moderate to high system utilizations, according to the evaluation results.

There is no denying that the global climate becomes warmer in the past several decades. And extreme events induce a decline in agricultural production. This paper aims to examine the effects of far...

In automatic negotiation, intelligent agents try to reach the best deal possible on behalf of their owners. In previous studies, opponent modeling of a negotiator agent has been used to tune the final bid out of a group of bids chosen by the agent’s strategy. In this research, a time-based bidding strategy has been introduced, which uses the opponent model to concede more adaptively to the opponents, thereby achieving an improved utility, social welfare, and fairness for the agent. By modeling the preference profile of the opponent during the negotiation session, this strategy sets its concession factor proportional to the model. Experiments show that in comparison to state-of-the-art agents, this agent makes better agreements in terms of individual utility and social welfare in small and medium-sized domains and can, in some cases, increase the performance up to 10%. The proposed agent successfully gets the deal up to 37% closer to best social bids in terms of distance to the Pareto frontier and the Nash point. An implementation based on the proposed strategy was used in an agent called AgreeableAgent, which participated in the international ANAC 2018 and won first place in individual utility rankings.

Maintenance of armaments and military equipment, implementation of a set of measures to maintain armaments and military equipment in working order are related to the need to solve the problem of ensuring the specified indicators of their efficiency, especially samples with long service life. Given the current state of the domestic armaments and military equipment park, it is important to study the experience of NATO member states in implementing adaptive maintenance and repair strategies, including maintenance and repair strategies. The aim of the article is to analyze the current state of use of adaptive strategies for maintenance and repair of weapons and military equipment in the world's leading countries with further substantiation based on its recommendations for their practical implementation during the organization of their operation in the Air Force of Ukraine. According to the results of research, a positive impact of the application of maintenance and repair strategy, including by solving the problem of minimizing the cost of operation of weapons and military equipment. As a result, substantiated and proposed the necessary conditions for the application of the strategy of their maintenance and repair, which are in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine in technical condition, the implementation of which as an alternative to the use of service life (resource) of relevant samples control of the limit condition or the need for maintenance and repair of the product, which are accepted as a result of continuous (periodic) control of the parameters that determine the technical condition.

This review article assesses evidences published in the past two years on the links among slow-onset events, food security and poverty as well as the strategies focused on reducing specific problems, those implemented in the countries of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. It is here, where slow-onset events related to Climate Change pose significant challenges intricately linked to poverty and food security; mainly as a result of a great economic and social dependence, strongly conditioned by environmental factors. In this study, the authors include the main adaptive strategies they found in the literature reviewed: water improvement as a primary adaptive strategy for agriculture, apart from the ones that use geographic information systems technologies for monitoring vulnerable areas, diversification of cultures, adoption of agroecological practices, reduction of the gender gap in land governance, and implementation of educational strategies.

Assisted migration, the human-mediated movement of species and populations, is one adaptive strategy to climate change. Plant phenology affects the survival and distribution of species under local conditions, and its potential modifications need to be explored in the context of assisted migration. We conducted identical experiments in January and April (experiment I and II) and monitored the timing of bud break in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) under cooling and longer photoperiod to simulate a northward migration. The bud break in experiment II started 55 days earlier than experiment I. In experiment I, a longer photoperiod was more effective than warming in advancing bud break. Compared with experiment II, cooling and long photoperiod had stronger effect in experiment I. Our results demonstrated the significant effect of chilling and confirmed that photoperiod outweighs temperature in initiating bud break when the chilling requirement is unfulfilled. These findings suggest that the future mild winters in the southern range of sugar maple may reduce chilling accumulation and result in the delayed bud break. Sugar maples migrating northward could benefit from longer day lengths, which could partly counteract the delayed effects of colder springs in northern regions, thus ensuring a sufficient growth period.

The EU plant health legislation enforces the implementation of intensive surveillance programs for quarantine pests. After an outbreak, surveys are implemented to delimit the extent of the infested zone and to manage disease control. Surveillance in agricultural and natural environments can be enhanced by increasing the survey efforts. Budget constraints often limit inspection and sampling intensities, thus making it necessary to adapt and optimize surveillance strategies. A sequential adaptive delimiting survey involving a three-phase and a two-phase design with increasing spatial resolution was developed and implemented for the Xylella fastidiosa demarcated area in Alicante, Spain. Inspection and sampling intensities were optimized using simulation-based methods. Sampling intensity thresholds were evaluated by quantifying their effect on the estimation of X. fastidiosa incidence. This strategy made it possible to sequence inspection and sampling taking into account increasing spatial resolutions, and to adapt the inspection and sampling intensities according to the information obtained in the previous, coarser, spatial resolution. The proposed strategy was able to efficiently delimit the extent of Xylella fastidiosa, while improving on the efficiency and maintaining the efficacy of the official survey campaign. From a methodological perspective, our approach provides new insights into alternative delimiting designs and new reference sampling intensity values

This paper investigates the synchronization problems for the multiplex networks with both inter-layer and intra-layer couplings subject to the stochastic perturbations. In particular, the topologies of all layers are not the same, so the model can represent a class of multiplex networks. To synchronize the multiplex networks onto the trajectory of a virtual leader, a pinning adaptive protocol is proposed and some pinning criteria are derived for guaranteeing complete synchronization. Furthermore, when the results are extended to the systems with time delays, the pinning adaptive strategy is still proved to be effective. Finally, a two-layer network and a three-layer network are selected for numerical simulations to illustrate the theoretical results.

This paper focuses on investigates the leader-follower consensus problem for linear multi-agent systems (MASs). In order to reduce the frequency of system network communication, this paper first designs three kinds of triggering mechanisms, for the leader, the edges composed of the leader and informed followers, and the edges composed of uninformed followers, respectively. All agents in the MASs do not transmit information until the corresponding triggering mechanisms are satisfied, thus avoiding continuous communication and saving system resources. Then, two kinds of fully distributed edge-event-triggered adaptive protocols are designed to solve the leader-follower problem. The first state feedback control protocol is applicable to scenarios where all states of MASs are available. The second output feedback control protocol does not depend on the availability of the states of MASs. Moreover, under the designed triggering mechanisms and fully distributed edge-event-triggered adaptive consensus strategies, the MASs do not exhibit the Zeno behavior. Finally, two practical simulations are introduced to verify all the theoretical results obtained in this paper. Furthermore, in order to further demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methods, a comparative experiment is performed.

Isolation, organisational pressures, and role-related distress, can result in teachers, particularly early career teachers (ECTs), experiencing greater risk of burnout. For many ECTs, a lack of practical strategies for dealing with these conditions contributes to this. Using self-study methodology, this research unpacks why ECTs experience burnout, identifies adaptive strategies that experienced teachers use, and discusses the applicability of these practices for ECTs. Conversations between an ECT and three experienced teachers provided alternate lenses to apply reflective unpacking of adaptive strategies. The findings illustrate how the risk of burnout for ECTs is increased by challenging student behaviour, isolation, a lack of collegiality and engagement with professional networks, and being overloaded with responsibilities. The findings also suggest that being overworked is less of a contributing factor to burnout than feeling disconnected from one’s school, peers, and community. Adaptive strategies for alleviating the effects of burnout were explored and recommendations for practice presented.

Banana production is the mainstay industry for majority of small holder farmers living in the mountain regions of Kenya. These regions are affected by climate-related impacts at all levels of the value chain. This paper therefore discusses climate trends, related impacts, and adaptations in banana value chain in Mt. Kenya region for the period between 1980 and 2017. The study locations were purposively selected from Mt. Kenya region to include both Imenti South and Mukurweini sub-counties. A sample of 381 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Triangulation research design was used to guide the study by integrating both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection and analysis. Historical document analysis was used to examine climatic data (temperature and rainfall) from the Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi. Results showed that rainfall and temperature have changed during the study period. Temperature trends in Mukurweini showed R2 = 0.3314 while in Imenti South R2 =0.3441 with an overall annual increase in temperature in Mukurweini by 0.02°C while in Imenti South we registered an increase by 0.016°C for the study period. Mukurweini sub-county rainfall trend line had R2 =-0.1064 while Imenti South sub-county had R2 =-0.1014. Adverse effects of climate variability on banana value chain included low yields in both Mukurweini (79.2%) and Imenti South (60.2%) sub-counties. Farmers in the study area preferred irrigation (57.2%) followed by crop diversification (13.9%) as adaptive strategies to climate variability.

A nonlinear fractional differential equation with Caputo fractional derivative is considered. The problem is discretized by an upwind finite difference scheme for which a posteriori error analysis ...

Objectives This study compares lower limb diaphyseal robusticity between Native Alaskan hunter-gatherers to reconstruct patterns of mobility and engagement with terrain. Materials and methods Ancestral remains included in this study date between 600 and 1800 C.E. and were divided into three regions: Coastal Bay, Far North Coastal, and Inland/Riverine. Cross-sectional properties were determined at femoral and tibial midshafts and standardized by powers of body mass and bone length. Results Consistently elaevated areas and second moments of area were found in ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal, while the Coastal Bay remains had reduced diaphyseal robusticity. Individuals from the Inland/Riverine region were intermediate in robusticity for male femora, but similar to the Coastal Bay group for females. Sexual dimorphism was greatest in the Inland/Riverine ancestral remains and comparable between Coastal Bay and Far North Coastal regions. Conclusions Ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal region have the greatest diaphyseal robusticity in response to intensive hunting and travel over rugged terrain. Reduced sexual dimorphism in the Far North Coastal region suggest female participation in hunting activities. Intermediate diaphyseal robusticity among Inland/Riverine males and increased sexual dimorphism reflects diverse patterns of mobility in relation to the hunting cycle between males and females. Reduced diaphyseal robusticity and sexual dimorphism among the Coastal Bay group is associated with sedentary villages established around net fishing in regions with low relief. Such findings argue against technocentric views of sedentism in hunter-gatherer lifeways and generally reflect diverse adaptive strategies and interaction with local terrain among Indigenous Late Holocene hunter-gatherers of Alaska.

The application and optimization of control systems with multiple magneto-rheological dampers integrated into a civil engineering structure is a challenging task. The performance of the control system is strongly linked with the location and arrangement of control devices, and the optimal placement of control devices is inherently linked with the performance objective of the control algorithm. Therefore, for semi-active control devices, the placement algorithm should be well rooted within the control algorithm, for effective structural control. This article proposes response-based adaptive control strategies embedded with the device location optimization algorithm. The acceleration and inter-story drift responses of the structure are considered as the performance objective for two separate control strategies. The flexibility of this approach lies in the fact that the design algorithm for control and location of magneto-rheological dampers can be engineered based on the performance criteria of the system. This study involves numerical simulation of an actual five-story framed structure. The simulation results indicated that the seismic performance of the structure is strongly linked with the number, placement of the magneto-rheological damper, and the performance objective of the control strategy used. Also, the configuration and corresponding control provided by the response-based adaptive strategies performed better than the configuration predicted by the benchmark genetic algorithm using the H2/LQG controller.

The publication is devoted to the theoretical study of the psychological features of coping behavior of servicemen of the Assault Troops in the process of adaptation to military service. The article analyzes the concept of "coping" from different approaches and directions. Coping processes are considered as: ego-processes aimed at productive adaptation of the individual to difficult situations; as a dynamic process determined by the subjectivity of the situation, the stage of development of the conflict, the collision of the subject with the outside world; within the resource approach, as the main tool that controls and organizes the distribution of other resources. A number of adaptive coping strategies of behavior and basic styles of coping behavior are singled out: problem-oriented coping (aimed at solving problems); emotionally-oriented coping (focused on the regulation of emotions); avoidance-oriented coping. The stages of realization of the main directions of the measures complex on overcoming of negative psychological states which include: professional psychological selection are investigated; social and psychological support of servicemen; monitoring the development of personal qualities of servicemen during subsequent contracts. Skillful application of adaptive strategies of coping behavior of servicemen, depending on the situations of service and combat activities, will facilitate the process of adaptation to the conditions of military service in the Assault Troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Aiming at the problem of spacecraft terminal intercept game with incomplete-information, the multiple mode adaptive intercept strategy is proposed. In the game, both sides try their effort to pursuit or evade with minimal cost. Associated to the saddle point equilibrium, the spacecraft game strategy pair with the complete-information assumption is derived through differential game theory. Whereas, the scenario where the interceptor cannot obtain the target information is formulated as the incomplete-information game. Assume that the target information belongs to a finite set and is fixed throughout the game. A multiple mode adaptive identification scheme, with a bank of filters matching different target information modes in parallel, is proposed to identify the unknown information and derive the estimation-dependent strategy. In addition, the probability-weighted adaptive strategy is derived through the multiple mode adaptive control approach, and the estimation is input into a controller that matches the specific mode. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategies is demonstrated by numerical simulations.

The water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) is an ancient angiosperm that belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. As a rooted floating-leaf plant, water lilies are generally cultivated in fresh water, therefore, little is known about their survival strategies under salt stress. Long-term salt stress causes morphological changes, such as the rapid regeneration of floating leaves and a significant decrease in leaf number and surface area. We demonstrate that salt stress induces toxicity soon after treatment, but plants can adapt by regenerating floating leaves that are photosynthetically active. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ion binding was one of the most-enriched GO terms in leaf-petiole systems under salt stress. Sodium-transporter-related genes were downregulated, whereas K+ transporter genes were both up- and downregulated. These results suggest that restricting intracellular Na+ importing while maintaining balanced K+ homeostasis is an adaptive strategy for tolerating long-term salt stress. ICP-MS analysis identified the petioles and leaves as Na-hyperaccumulators, with a maximum content of over 80 g kg−1 DW under salt stress. Mapping of the Na-hyperaccumulation trait onto the phylogenetic relationships revealed that water lily plants might have a long evolutionary history from ancient marine plants, or may have undergone historical ecological events from salt to fresh water. Ammonium transporter genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated, whereas NO3−-related transporters were upregulated in both the leaves and petioles, suggesting a selective bias toward NO3− uptake under salt stress. The morphological changes we observed may be due to the reduced expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction. In conclusion, the floating leaves and submerged petioles of the water lily use a series of adaptive strategies to survive salt stress. These include the absorption and transport of ions and nutrients from the surrounding environments, and the ability to hyperaccumulate Na+. These adaptations may serve as the physiological basis for salt tolerance in water lily plants.

PurposeDrawing on the upper echelons theory and resource-based view, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how SMEs' decision-makers can develop cultural intelligence to improve firms' adaptive capability and performance in foreign markets. The study addresses this need by using social cognitive theory as an appropriate tool to measure cultural intelligence development.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 244 Italian SMEs, data were collected through an online survey and analyzed with structural equation modeling techniques.FindingsThe results show that decision-makers of resource-constrained SMEs can rely on modeled behaviors to inform their decisions when dealing with diverse cultural contexts. The findings also reveal that the development of cultural intelligence can foster adaptive strategies and support SMEs in achieving superior performance outcomes in international markets.Research limitations/implicationsOther variables can be taken into account to expand the model and recognize new determinants able to affect the link between the constructs. Other learning theories could provide additional interpretations of cultural intelligence development.Practical implicationsSocial cognitive processes nurture cultural intelligence in helping SMEs' owner-managers become more flexible and adaptive in responding to the requests of local settings. When facing the uncertainties of foreign markets, decision-makers can effectively make inferences from the observation of successful modeled behaviors. This helps owner-managers better coordinate, recombine and allocate resources to address the needs of diverse cultural markets.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates that social cognitive theory is a relevant tool to measure cultural intelligence development in small business settings.

Climate-induced floods are increasing in Africa. The need to evolve framework for adaptation to climate change impact (CCI) among flood-prone fish farmers necessitated this study. Based on availability, 60 farming active flood-experienced fish farmers were purposively selected from flood-prone (Gulu and Kibuku) regions in climate hotspot Uganda. These were assessed for CCI adaptation tendencies in their socioeconomics and farming operation/techniques (FOI) indices, CCI awareness, CCI adaptation strategies, and perceived required interventions (RIs) using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive and multivariate regression tools. Respondents were mostly male, adults, educated, Christian, married, medium-sized family, social group members, 1–5 years’ experience, medium-sized farms, and government trained. Income was 1.0–6.0 million Ugx/year. In FOI, semi-intensive culture system, use of rainwater plus groundwater, small-sized (R = 0.802, R2 = 0.64, P

Climate projections indicate the Great Plains will experience higher mean temperatures and greater interannual precipitation variability in the future.Greater precipitation variability will challenge the economic viability of rangeland beef cattle production by further disrupting forage supply and animal demand.Beef producers are uncertain of future climate impacts, indicating assistance with adaptive strategies is needed.Private-state-national partnerships may help sustain rangelands and economically viable beef cattle production with increasing climate variability.

Permafrost presents extensively on the land surface and it is degrading under the combined influences of warming climate and human activities. The degrading permafrost will post profound impacts in hydrology, ecology, engineered infrastructures, and socioeconomic development. In order to better adapt to these changing permafrost environments, we need to better understand permafrost degradation and its impacts, as well as to timely develop predicting capabilities and adaptive strategies and mitigative measures. However, due to the remoteness of permafrost regions, low density of population and observational networks, and paucity of measured data, our understanding on degrading permafrost and its various impacts is still limited. This Special Issue of Degrading Permafrost and Its Impacts, as a proceed of the forthcoming 12 th International Conference on Permafrost, collects seven papers on permafrost environments and engineering in a timely manner, in order to reflect the latest progress in this chosen topic. This Special Issue on Degrading Permafrost aims at facilitating the studies on the adaptive and sustainable development of the permafrost environment and human society under a warming climate.

While Chinese people are technically guaranteed a place to live through the hukou system, homelessness is still an issue in China. Our paper aims to explore the home-making strategies of homeless p...

Climate change is having a significant influence on global fish production as well as on small-scale fishers’ livelihoods, nutrition, and food security. We compared two climate-sensitive small-scale fisheries (SSFs) – an Inuit community in the Canadian Arctic and the Coastal-Vedda in Sri Lanka – to broaden our understanding of how fisheries-dependent Indigenous communities respond and adapt to climate change impacts. We used three steps to achieve this comparative study. To do this, we developed a resilience-based conceptual framework to empirically assess adaptations in two SSF communities, based on a literature review. Using the proposed framework and collecting qualitative field data over three years (2016–2019) to investigate how different remote SSFs experience and respond to climate change, we assessed Inuit and Coastal-Vedda case studies. The framework provided the structure for data analysis and conceptual guidance for two empirical assessments and the comparative analysis. Finally, we carried out the comparative analysis across the case studies using content analysis, identifying adaptive strategies, sources of resilience, and characteristics of successful adaptation. Additionally, we used discourse analysis to develop sources of resilience and characteristics of successful adaptation. Two key adaptive strategies emerged in common across the two communities – diversification and adaptive co-management. Eight sources of resilience that underpin adaptive capacity: i) use of diverse kinds of knowledge; ii) practice of different ways of learning; iii) use of community-based institutions; iv) efforts to improve human agency; v) unique worldviews; vi) specific cultural attributes that keep up with adaptation; vii) effective social networks; and viii) a high level of flexibility. Definitive characteristics that need to promote successful community adaptation: continuous learning through knowledge co-production; capacity-building to improve human agency; a place-specific nature (rootedness); collective action and partnerships through community-based institutions; and flexibility.

Relocation is an adaptive strategy applied to prevent the threats of climate-related hazards. Thus, understanding the determinants of rural households’ adaptation decisions is crucial when informin...

The global and seemingly unstoppable spread of invasive alien plants emerges as one of the main topics of current science. This is due to the multiple repercussions of invasive plants on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, plus huge consequences on human existence. In freshwaters, lots of invaders are extremely competitive by virtue of their idiosyncratic reproductive and adaptive strategies. As “inland islands”, freshwaters seem particularly prone to changes when invaded, such as reorganisation of food webs and biotic interactions. Together, these events are self-reinforcing, implying hardly reversible hysteric phenomena. The intention of this paper is to point out: invasion pathways, driving factors, invasion mechanisms, and noticeable effects mediated by plant invaders in freshwaters through an extensive knowledge review. The growing evidence suggests the dawn of a new epochal phase: a globally alien-dominated “bio-historical horizon”, tentatively called “Exocene”, where invaders play predominant roles that drive freshwaters functioning and successional unexpected stages. In the context of invasion science, Exocene reinforces the need for an ecosystem-based perspective to properly understand the implications of plant invaders in freshwaters. Seven challenging issues emerge to be addressed to better outline the global paths of biodiversity and functioning between biomes when faced with biological invasion.

Climate change is an emerging issue particularly in agricultural research as it is observed that the climate change has unfavorably distressed the agricultural production in different regions in India. Therefore, the present study has empirically examined the relationship between climate change and agricultural production in the selected districts of Odisha, India using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model over the period 1993 to 2019. The study found that the climate variables have adversely affected the crops production in the districts of Odisha. In order to minimize the impact of climate change on crops production in the state, there must have implementation of various policies and adaptive strategies by the government and farmers.