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Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.

The objective of this study was to verify the direct and indirect correlation between morphometric measures, ratios, body weight and yield in two lambari species Astyanax lacustris and Astyanax fasciatus and whether the discriminant analysis is capable of separating and allocating the species. We used 102 lambari yellow tail and 60 lambari red tail. The fish were weighed and submitted to the evaluation of the morphometric measurements. The direct and indirect effects were evaluated by the method of track analysis, considering weight at slaughter, weight of body parts and body yields as dependent variables and measures and morphometric ratios as explanatory variables. Astyanax lacustris presented higher height and body width, carcass yield and trunk, while A. fasciatus presented higher head yield and viscera weight. The discriminant analysis was able to classify 79.5% of the two species. Track analysis demonstrated that the morphometric measurements can be used for estimation of body and body components’ weight in A. lacustris and A. fasciatus. However, regarding the corporal yield; the morphometric measures were insufficient to explain the yield variations of the species.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between morphometric variables and carcass characteristics in Pirapitinga. We used a thousand specimens of Pirapitinga with an average weight of 1,200 g, which were stunned, slaughtered, weighed, measured, and processed for morphometric and processing yield analysis, to obtain weights, carcass and fillet yields. Initially, the linearity of the variables was verified. Pearson's simple and partial correlation tests were performed between all metrics. Track analysis was performed considering the weights and yields of carcass and filet as dependent variables and the others as independent variables. Ridge regression models were used to eliminate the effects of multicollinearity among the independent variables. Observations showed that the simple correlations between body weights and yields were superior to the partial ones in terms of magnitude. The length and circumference of the specimens were the measures most linearly associated with weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight. As for carcass yield and fillet yield, linear correlation coefficients were low and not significant when associated with body weights. With the path analysis, we could observe significant positive correlations between the morphometric measurements for weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight. The standard length, body circumference and body circumference/body height ratio are the most correlated. The latter are the most important variables in the evaluation of body weights in Pirapitinga fish. They can serve as criteria for indirect selection in searching for fish with better carcass characteristics. As for fillet and carcass yields, the morphometric variables have not shown to be efficient for indirect selection.

A produção de tilápias encontra-se dentre as atividades da piscicultura que mais crescem mundialmente. A alimentação encontra-se entre os principais fatores que impactam no custo de produção representando cerca de 70 a 80% em sistemas de criação intensivos, sendo a proteína o nutriente mais caro da dieta. Com isso, a aplicação de fontes alternativas que diminuam os custos de produção de ração torna-se relevantes para a cadeia produtiva de peixes. Os grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis, com sigla em inglês DDGS (Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles), são coprodutos obtidos pelo processo fermentativo do etanol e podem ser empregados em dietas de animais. Seu uso na alimentação de tilápias começou a ser explorado como uma fonte alternativa para substituição do farelo de soja ou farinha de peixe na ração, baseado nisso objetivou-se com essa revisão de literatura fazer uma abordagem do uso do DDGS em dietas para tilápias sob o ponto de vista do desempenho produtivo, respostas imunológicas e morfologia intestinal.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle-East Asia Minor 1 is a major pest of agricultural production systems. It is controlled by synthetic insecticides. Essential oils are promising eco-friendly alternatives. This study developed and characterized nanoparticles loaded with essential oils of Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. (Rutaceae) leaves and evaluated their potential for B. tabaci management. The essential oil exhibited an average yield of 0.02% (w w

This study aimed to assess physical and physiological seed quality attributes and seed vigor in different hybrids presenting different corn stunt complex severity levels, molicutes and Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV). This was performed through a multivariate approach, in order to select high vigor seeds and more disease-tolerant hybrids, as well as identify the main vigor variables. Seeds from three corn hybrids (H1, H2 and H3) obtained from seed production fields were assessed, each presenting three levels of corn stunt complex ear severity (healthy, medium and high). Seed quality was assessed using physical and physiological quality attributes. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance and, when significant, assessed through factor analysis, Scott–Knott test (p

The development of activities related to aquaculture has considerably increased the relevance of studies on parasites and other pathogens of aquatic organisms, especially those with potential for cultivation and commercialization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility and occurrence of monogenetic infections in Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Piaractus brachypomus and their hybrids. The animals were cultivated for 10 months in a closed recirculation system. After this period they were slaughtered and necropsies performed with total removal of the gills. These were fresh analyzed and positive for monogenetics were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The monogenetics present in the gills of each fish were quantified and submitted to the preparation of slides to identify the genera. For identification, sclerotized structures were observed, such as hooks, anchors, haptor bars and copulatory complex; important in identifying the genera and species of this group. Based on the quantification, parasitism intensity and parasite occurrence were established. No fish collected showed clinical signs of parasitic infections. During the parasitological analysis of the gills two genera of monogenetics Anacanthorus sp. and Mymarothecium sp. For Anacanthorus sp. Piaractus mesopotamicus species, pirapicu hybrids and post F1 animals were the most resistant animals. For Mymarothecium sp. pacu species and all hybrids showed resistance

A inclusão da análise sensorial auxilia na percepção para aceitação no consumo dos alimentos, alguns fatores são identificados com variados métodos, como no presente estudo objetivou-se a avaliação das propriedades sensoriais e reológicas dos requeijões cremosos obtidos a partir de massas coaguladas por ácido acético, cítrico e lático. Para análise sensorial adotou-se duas etapas, a primeira por levantamento de 32 termos descritivos dos atributos: aparência, aroma, textura e sabor, aplicando o método Check-All-That-Apply (CATA), na segunda etapa realizada os testes de aceitação para os atributos, determinada pela escala hedônica estruturada de sete pontos e intenção de compra escala de cinco pontos. As metodologias aplicadas possibilitaram a identificação dos atributos mais relevantes das propriedades sensoriais dos requeijões cremosos. Para os dados estatístico das análises sensoriais utilizou-se teste Q de Cochran determinado pelo p-Valor a 5% de significância e análise de correspondência, realizado pelo programa computacional R (R Core Team versão 3.6.3). Foram identificados valores dos requeijões cremosos que forneceram os resultados de 21 atributos.

This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing different levels of digestible energy (DE). The fish were housed in 15 fiberglass tanks (500 L) in a recirculating system at an average temperature of 27.5 °C. The treatments consisted of five diets with increasing levels of DE (3,200; 3,400; 3,600; 3,800; and 4,000 kcal/kg). The levels of DE did not significantly influence the final weight or the hepatosomatic, gonadosomatic, and visceral fat indices. The absolute fecundity was influenced by the treatments, for which the highest values were observed from the 3,600 kcal/kg DE level and upward. The proximate composition of the fish also had a significant effect on the variables crude protein, ether extract, and ash; the fish fed diets with higher levels of DE exhibited the lowest body protein content, while the accumulation of ether extract exhibited the opposite response. A level of 3,600 kcal/kg of digestible energy should be used in diets with 380 g/kg crude protein and a starch/lipid ratio of 1.33 for female Nile tilapia.

O sexo feminino tem uma busca maior por doces, isso pode ser afetado por diversos fatores, nesse seguimento de pesquisa o presente trabalho objetivou levantar e comparar atributos sensoriais de brigadeiros gourmet produzidos com leite condensado de leite desnatado e integral entre provadores do sexo masculino e feminino. Para a formulação dos brigadeiros gourmet utilizou-se: leite condensado de leite desnatado e integral e cacau em pó, sendo assim os brigadeiros gourmet foram elaborados através do auxílio do forno micro-ondas, onde o processo de cocção que ocorre por meio de ondas eletromagnéticas durou 5 minutos. Na primeira análise sensorial foram levantados atributos (método de rede) baseados na análise descritiva quantitativa da (CATA Check-All-That-Apply) e teve como objetivo levantar atributos dentre os perfis sensoriais de aparência, aroma, sabor e textura, seguido pela segunda análise sensorial, sendo a continuação a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa, em que foi dada uma ficha com os atributos mais comentados pelos provadores. Os dados das análises sensoriais foram computados pelo programa computacional R utilizando os testes de Q de Cochran e análise de correspondência. Para o teste Q de Cochran foi estipulado o p-Valor a 5% de significância, que forneceu os resultados de apenas quatro atributos significativos e o gráfico da análise de correspondência que permitiu a visão sobre o sexo masculino se destoar mais que o sexo feminino. Dessa forma, apenas quatro atributos apresentaram diferença, sendo estes aparência (mole), aroma (ácido), sabor (ácido) e textura (duro) e quando se compara os brigadeiros gourmet de leite integral consumido por provadores de ambos os sexos e brigadeiro gourmet de leite desnatado consumido por provadores de ambos os sexos, verificou-se que há dispersão maior dos homens com maior variabilidade na percepção dos atributos.

This work was carried out to predict the combining abilities, both general and specific, for performance traits and bodily yields of Serrasalmidae. Ninety‐six 30‐day‐old juveniles were purchased from two commercial fish farms, 12 of each of the following eight genetic groups: pacu, pirapitinga, tambaqui, tambacu, tambatinga, patinga, paqui and piraqui. Six fish from each genetic group were grown in 500‐L fibreglass tanks (two tanks per genetic group) until they were 495 days old. At the end of the growth period fish were weighed, subjected to morphometric analysis and processed to obtain their bodily yields. Two nuclear markers and one mitochondrial marker were used to confirm the identity of the animals. Combining abilities were obtained using the method proposed by Griffing in 1956 (Australian Journal of Biological Science, 4, 463–493) adapted to a mixed models analysis, environmental effects were estimated by the empirical best linear unbiased estimator method and genetic effects (general and specific combining abilities) were estimated with the empirical best linear unbiased predictor. Predictions of the combining abilities of advanced hybrids were obtained by the mixed models mixture method with normal distributions. Tambaqui showed higher general and specific combining abilities than the other groups for most of the variables, making it the most important genetic group. General combining ability makes a greater contribution to phenotypic variance than specific combining ability for most variables, indicating a predominance of genes with an additive effect in the control of evaluated traits.

Knowledge of thermoregulatory responses in taurine cattle contribute to identification of animals most adapted to heat and productive when raised under Brazilian climate. The objectives were to verify the morphological and physiological responses related to adaptation to heat of taurine breeds raised under in Brazilian meteorological conditions in different seasons of the year and day periods, and to detect differences within and between breeds to know breed is most adapted. Measurements were made of 74 young bulls (n = 31 Angus; n = 43 Simmental) for the morphological traits: hair length (HL), number of hairs (NH), and coat thickness (CT); and for the physiological traits: respiratory rate (RR) and hair coat surface temperature (ST). The temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. The data were subjected to analyses of variance, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The THI (74) indicates thermal comfort. In the winter, the HL and CT higher than in the spring season (P 0.0001) in both breeds. Angus exhibited higher HL and CT (P 0.0001). Within each breed, the animals differed from one another for HL (P 0.0005). In the spring, CT was similar between the breeds, differing only in the winter season. Angus had higher values (P 0.0005) of RR and lower values (P 0.0001) of ST. Both breeds had higher (P 0.0001) RR and ST in the afternoon. PCA showed that NH and HL better explained variation in adaptation. In general, the breeds have similar morphological responses in the hottest months, but have different physiological responses; Simmental proves to be more physiologically resistant. The afternoon was more stressful than the morning, even though the animals were in a thermal comfort zone. Measuring traits related to hair coat is sufficient for effective evaluation of adaptation, and the season affects the morphological and physiological traits of taurine cattle raised.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize the fish consumption profile in the town of Lavras, Minas Gerais. A descriptive-quantitative study was conducted. A structured questionnaire elaborated using previously formulated questions and answers was used for data collection. The questionnaire was applied between March and May 2014 to the household reference person. A total of 402 households were sampled. The data were analyzed by analysis of the distribution of frequencies using the SPSS program. The results showed that fish meat occupied fourth place in the preference of household consumption in the town of Lavras, after beef, poultry and pork meat. It was also observed that fish is usually purchased as fillet and is consumed occasionally in the households. The price is an important factor for the choice of meat. Most respondents prefer to consume fried fish. The species most appreciated by consumers in the town of Lavras is Dourado. Most respondents usually buy less than 2.0 kg/household/year.

A ciência sobre a composição bromatológica do pescado no cenário mercadológico se torna imprescindível, uma vez que o consumidor está atento cada vez mais com o produto de melhor qualidade nutricional e com seu processamento, que irá determinar a qualidade do produto, os rendimentos e cortes comerciais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição bromatológica e os rendimentos corporais de Brycon orthotaenia estocados em tanques-rede sob diferentes densidades. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando 5.280 juvenis, os quais foram distribuídos em 16 tanques-rede de 4m³ em quatro densidades de estocagem (45, 70, 95, 120 juvenis/m³) e quatro repetições. Durante o período experimental os peixes foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente com ração comercial de 40% de proteína bruta. Ao final do experimento foi realizada a despesca total dos tanques-rede, sendo os peixes insensibilizados por meio da secção da medula. Em seguida, 10% dos peixes de cada tanque-rede foram pesados e dessecados para obtenção dos rendimentos corporais, e moídos para o estudo da composição bromatológica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Lilliefors para verificação da normalidade. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão linear, optando-se pela equação de melhor ajuste aos dados. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para o rendimento corporal e composição bromatológica. Avaliando os resultados, pode-se concluir que a densidade de estocagem de Brycon orthotaenia até 120 peixes/m³, não representou efeitos negativos sobre o rendimento corporal e composição bromatológica dos peixes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de doses específicas do composto 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), após a colheita, nos aspectos fisiológicos e na qualidade físico-química de maçãs Eva durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos com diferentes doses de 1-MCP (0, 10, 50, 100 e 500mg L-1), os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria 0,5°C (±0,5) por até 135 dias. O armazenamento refrigerado juntamente com a aplicação de 1-MCP resultou em uma menor produção de etileno, principalmente nos frutos tratados com as doses de 10, 50 e 100mg L-1. O grupo controle perdeu 45% de sua firmeza, enquanto os grupos tratados perderam, em média, 27% de sua firmeza. O parâmetro C de cor identificou frutos com cor mais intensa aos 135 dias de armazenamento e o ângulo Hue mostrou que, quando tratados com as doses de 10 e 50mg L-1, os frutos apresentaram-se mais amarelados, evidenciando melhor ação do 1-MCP em baixas concentrações. Frutos que não foram submetidos aos tratamentos apresentaram maior relação sólidos solúveis e acidez, demonstrando assim maior atividade metabólica. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of specific doses of the compound 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), after harvest, on the physiological and physicochemical quality of apples Eva during refrigerated storage. After applying thetreatment with different doses of 1-MCP (0, 10, 50, 100 and 500mg L-1), fruit were stored in cold 0.5°C (±0.5) for up to 135 days. The cold storage with the application of 1-MCP resulted in a lower production of ethylene in fruits treated with doses of 10, 50 and 100mg L-1. The control group lost 45% of its firmness, while the treated groups lost on average 27% of their firmness the parameter C fruit color identified with a more intense color to the 135 days of storage and Hue angle showed that when treated with doses of 10 and 50mg L-1, fruit showed more yellow, evidenced best action of 1-MCP at low concentrations. Fruit that have not undergone the treatments showed a higher ratio of soluble solids and acidity, thus demonstrating increased metabolic activity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a densidade de estocagem de matrinxã (Brycon orthotaenia) em tanques-rede, considerando o desempenho produtivo. Foram utilizados 5.280 juvenis de Brycon orthotaenia com peso inicial de 115,2g±5,7, os quais foram distribuídos em 16 tanques-rede de 4³m nas densidades de 45, 70, 95 e 120 peixes m-3 em quatro repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração comercial de 40% de proteína bruta durante o período experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e à regressão linear para estimativa do melhor ajuste a 5% de probabilidade. Os parâmetros produtivos como sobrevivência, peso inicial, peso final, conversão alimentar e taxa de crescimento específico não foram influenciados pela densidade de estocagem, assim como os parâmetros de qualidade da água. Entretanto, para a variável biomassa final, ganho de biomassa e consumo de ração total, o efeito foi significativo e estas apresentaram relação linear positiva com a densidade de estocagem. Avaliando os resultados, pode-se concluir que a densidade de estocagem de matrinxã (Brycon orthotaenia) até 120 peixes m-3 é a que proporciona maior produtividade e não representa efeitos negativos sobre o desempenho dos peixes. The objective of this study was to determine the stocking density of matrinxã (Brycon orthotaenia) in cages, considering the productive performance. Juvenile Brycon orthotaenia (n = 5280) were distributed in 16 cages of 4m³ at densities of 45, 70, 95 and 120 fish m-3. The fish were fed with commercial feed with 40% crude protein during all experimental period. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and linear regression to estimate the best fit using 5% probability. The production parameters such as survival, initial weight, final weight, feed conversion and specific growth rate were not influenced by stocking density, as well as the parameters of water quality. However, final biomass, biomass gain and feed intake showed a positive linear relationship with stocking density. Evaluating these results, it was concluded that the stocking density of matrinxã (Brycon orthotaenia) up to 120 fish m-3 represent the best productive performance.

This study had the objective of evaluating the performance of Nile tilapia, in initial growth phase, with the supplementation of fucoidan, extracted from brown algae, at 30 days of rearing. The experiment was conducted for a period of 30 days. We used 216 Nile tilapia fingerlings distributed in to twelve 60 liter tanks, in a completely randomized design, totalizing four treatments and tree replicates. The fingerlings were supplemented with powdered sulfated polysaccharide extract at the levels of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. During the experimental period, two samplings were performed (initial and final) to measure zootechnical performance, muscle histology and blood plasma chromatography. The data were submitted to analysis of variance at a level of significance of 5%. The performance variables muscle fiber diameter frequency and fucose plasmatic concentration were not significant among the treatments (P>0.05). It was possible to identify fucose in the blood plasma of the animals, proving its efficiency in breaking the α-(1-3) bonds of the polysaccharide, thus absorbing this component. The histological analysis showed that there was a higher percentage of hypertrophic growth of the muscle fibers, given that, in all treatments, the diameter class >50 μm prevailed (P

Trinta e cinco machos de tilápia com peso médio de 205 g foram mantidos em caixas de 250 litros para avaliar o metabolismo lipídico de tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). O experimento foi conduzido durante 30 dias, entre os meses de outubro e novembro de 2006. Foram avaliadas cinco dietas, cada uma contendo óleo de oliva, óleo de milho, óleo de soja, óleo de linhaça ou óleo de peixe. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. Avaliaram-se a composição química, o perfil lipídico muscular e a atividade hepática de glicose-6-P desidrogenase (G6PD) e enzima málica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (5%). Não houve diferenças significativas para os teores de umidade e cinzas, porém, foram observadas alterações nos teores de lipídios e proteína nos peixes alimentados com as rações contendo óleo de oliva, milho ou soja. O fornecimento de dietas ricas em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados aumentou a composição desses ácidos graxos nos peixes. A atividade da G6PD foi superior à da enzima málica e foi mais alta nos animais alimentados com rações contendo óleos de oliva, milho ou soja, o que evidencia maior deposição lipídica muscular nesses peixes.

The study was carried out with the objective of verifying which measures and morphometric ratios are more directly related to the body yield of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in two weight classes. Data were analyzed from 257 specimens of tilapia divided into two weight classes: p1 = 400 to 599 g and p2 = 600 to 900 g. The morphometric measurements standard length (SL), head length (HL), body height (BH) and body width (BW), and the ratios of these measures (HL / SL, BH / SL, BW / SL, HL / BH, BW / BH, BW / HL) were evaluated. The following body yields were calculated: carcass (RCAR), fillet (RFILE) and head (RCAB). The data were initially submitted to the "stepwise" procedure to eliminate problems of multicollinearity among the morphometric variables, then the correlations between the dependent variables (body yield) and the independent variables (measured and morphometric relationships) were calculated. Later, these correlations were divided into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, and the direct and indirect contributions of each variable measured in percentage terms. The morphometric ratio BW/HL, for both weight classes, was the variable most highly correlated and with the highest direct effect on RFILE and RCAB, showing to be the most important morphometric variable studied for tilapia carcass trait determination.

Developing a rearing technology requires the determination of the optimum stocking density. This study aimed to determine the best stocking density for Brycon orthotaenia juveniles grown in net cages, during the rearing phase. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, in Felixlândia, Minas Gerais State, in the Tres Marias Reservoir. 9,000 fingerlings were distributed into 12 net cages, 2 m 3 each, according to a completely randomized design with three replications and four different stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 fish m -3 ). Random samples were taken from each net cage, at the onset of the experiment and at 60 rearing days, to assess production parameters, specific growth rate and uniformity. We verified a positive linear relationship (p 0.05) for growth parameters, uniformity and final weight. It can be concluded that the density of 300 fish m -3 is the most suitable, because it provides higher net revenue