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Rx3 encodes a typical CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein and confers the resistance to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria race T1 causing bacterial spot in tomato. Bacterial spot caused by at least four species of Xanthomonas is an epidemic disease severely affecting tomato production worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars is an economical and effective approach to control the disease. An unimproved tomato breeding line Hawaii 7988 has been considered as the most reliable source for resistance to X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria race T1, and the Rx3 locus located at a 4.53-Mb region on chromosome 5 (SL4.0) is the major locus for resistance to race T1 in this line. In the current study, the Rx3 locus was firstly located to a 1.05-Mb region based on comparisons of marker polymorphisms between the susceptible line Ohio 88119 and resistant lines Hawaii 7998, Ohio 9834 and FG02-7530. Using recombinant inbred lines (F

Effective governance is crucial for developing various renewable energies, especially in their early stages. After the spectacular growth of onshore wind in the past decade, offshore wind is attracting an increasing amount of attention globally. As an archipelago and facing electricity shortage after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, Japan has been accelerating its pace of developing offshore wind. However, the Japanese government encounters the challenge of adapting its old institution to the new governance demand. This research analyzes the evolution of offshore wind policies and evaluates the progress of inter-ministerial collaboration in Japan. It is found that from the initial potential surveys to the final setting of offshore wind feed-in tariff, the relations between relevant agencies were more characterized by inter-ministerial competitions than collaborations. The deeply rooted traditional sectionalism continues to affect the development of offshore wind and may slow down the progress of energy transition in Japan.

To tackle transboundary air pollution in East Asia, international schemes for environmental cooperation have been introduced, including the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), Long‐Range Transboundary Pollution of China, Japan and Korea (LTP), and the North‐East Asian Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC). These programs, however, have not been successful in establishing robust regimes for effectively reducing transboundary air pollution in the region. This paper aims to examine the process of forming epistemic communities through these programs in East Asia. A bibliometric data on the scientific articles and reports produced were analyzed to examine the network structure of the scientific activities through EANET. The fragmentation of expert groups within EANET and among the major international schemes on air pollution in East Asia contributed to discouraging solid formation of an epistemic community covering air pollution comprehensively in the region. That makes it difficult to reach a consensus based on the current state of scientific knowledge on air pollution for providing effective advice and recommendations for the development of policies and regulations.

Background: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is very useful in diagnosing and treating upper gastrointestinal mucosal disorders, but too much foam and water in stomach decrease its diagnostic efficiency. Simethicone administration can help remove excessive foam. Aims: To determine the optimal simethicone administration strategies in a comparative randomized controlled clinical trial.Methods: Adult outpatients with indications for esophagogastroduodenoscopy were enrolled and randomly divided into Group 1 (simethicone solution intake 20-30 min before procedure, n=110), Group 2 (simethicone solution intake 31-60 min before procedure, n=92) and Group 3 (simethicone solution intake >60 min before procedure). Primary and secondary outcome were procedure time and the patients' satisfaction after the examination. All symptoms like abdominal pain, distension were recorded.Results: No statistically significant differences were found on the patients’ demographic and clinical features, and mean examination time (all P values >0.05). The distribution of patients with different endoscopic and pathological diagnosis was comparable among three groups, respectively (P=0.607; P=0.289). However, the proportion of patients with Gastric Cleanness Grade A was most in Group 2 (n=73, 79.3%), and patient proportion with Gastric Cleanness Grade C was most found in Group 1 (n=72, 65.5%), which was greatly different (P

Although defined in numerous and sometimes inconsistent ways in the literature, diversity climate can be described as employees’ shared perceptions of the extent to which their organization values diversity as reflected in the policies, practices, and procedures that the organization rewards, supports, and expects. Diversity climate studied at the individual level (individual perceptions of the impact of the work environment on the individual’s own well-being) is referred to as psychological climate. When it is conceived of and studied at the group or organization level (employees’ shared perceptions of their work environment aggregated to the unit level), it is referred to as group- or organizational-level climate. Two consistent criticisms raised in recent reviews continue to plague diversity climate research. These can most simply be stated as a lack of clarity about what diversity climate is and is not, and inconsistency in how diversity climate is measured and aligns (or does not) with how it has been conceptualized. Despite these criticisms, there is evidence that diversity climate can positively impact individuals’ (especially minority group members’) work-related attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment, satisfaction) and unit-level outcomes (e.g., performance). As a result, diversity climate is both practically relevant to organizations and conceptually meaningful to researchers.

Black carbon mitigation has received increasing attention for its potential contribution to both climate change mitigation and air pollution control. Although different bottom-up models concerned with unit mitigation costs of various technologies allow the assessment of alternative policies for optimized cost-effectiveness, the lack of adequate data often forced many reluctant explicit and implicit assumptions that deviate away from actual situations of rural residential energy consumption in developing countries, where most black carbon emissions occur. To gauge the theory-practice gap in black carbon mitigation – the unit cost differences that lie between what is estimated in the theory and what is practically achieved on the ground – this study conducted an extensive field survey and analysis of nine mitigation technologies in rural China, covering both northern and southern regions with different residential energy consumption patterns. With a special focus on two temporal characteristics of those technologies – lifetimes and annual utilization rates, this study quantitatively measured the unit cost gaps and explain the technical as well as sociopolitical mechanisms behind. Structural and behavioral barriers, which have affected the technologies’ performance, are discussed together with policy implications to narrow those gaps.

Behind the Chinese government’s ambition to increase its forest cover to 15 % by 2050 is the large-scale tree plantation that continues to threaten millions of hectares of grasslands in China’s arid and semiarid regions. Though the negative environmental impacts of this tree plantation in arid and semiarid regions have been identified by some studies, there has been little sign of policy change. In order to understand why, we must be aware of the political processes that have sustained China’s tree-centered conservation approach for the past decades, but these processes have been largely left unexamined in existing scholarly literature. This study examines these processes by identifying the interest groups involved in environmental conservation, and the ways they leverage scientific knowledge for specific political objectives. This study argues that improved scientific understanding of natural systems will be insufficient to bring about positive environmental changes unless institutional balance is adjusted correspondingly.

Previous studies on the science–policy interface concentrate mostly on institutional arrangements that facilitate the information exchange between scientists and policymakers, but few address the internal structure of the scientist community and its impact on policy-making. Considering that science emerges from academic competition, the examination of the power balance within the scientist community is crucial for understanding political outcomes in the science–policy interface. This study applies social network analysis to the scientist community of grassland management in China and demonstrates that the structure of the scientist community exerts a significant influence on the formation of environmental policies. The dominance of ecologists inside the community led to the prevalence of the overgrazing-causes-degradation narrative. Though anthropologists later questioned the narrative, their capacity to challenge the authority of ecologists was circumscribed by their small group size, weak intra-group connection, and limited political affiliation. This resulted in the persistence of biased policies that continue to blame local communities for environmental problems.

While male leaders are rewarded for expressing anger in the workplace, female leaders are punished through negative characterizations and employee-manager relationship outcomes. Research has demons...

In recent years, researchers have paid increasing attention to relationships across difference (RADs), or interpersonal relationships between coworkers who have different cultural identities (e.g.,...

Due to significant cost advantages, wind energy penetrated the energy mix of most large countries much faster than solar PV did until the recent decade. However, Japan has been almost one-sidedly leaning toward the more expensive solar PV. For using solar PV electricity, the Japanese consumers are also paying sizably higher tariffs than those in other countries, especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 that led to the sudden suspension of all nuclear power plants. Japan's energy transition towards renewables is accordingly largely single legged, rather than more balanced to take advantage of both wind turbines and solar PV. This article explains the puzzle on why renewable energy development in Japan has created such a wide distance from more economically optimal situations. We focus on the initiation, formation and impacts of the solar lobby that comprises bureaucracies, politicians, solar PV manufacturers, and independent power producers. Policy implications are drawn for Japan and other countries on the importance of controlling political lobby to achieve less costly energy transition.

To evaluate the differences in the therapeutic effects on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) at remission stage between acupuncture at acupoints and shallow needling therapy at the nearby points.Forty-two patients of RRMS were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 21 cases in each one. In the observation group, besides the basic treatment, acupuncture was applied according toIn the observation group, EDSS scores in 3-month and 6-month follow-up were reduced as compared with those before treatment (bothAcupuncture achieves the significant therapeutic effects on RRMS at the remission stage. This therapy relieves the symptoms of neural functional deficits, delays the time of occurrence and reduces the annual recurrent rate.

The increase in workforce diversity is a global phenomenon and puts extra pressure on organizations to manage employee diversity. This organizational challenge is reflected in the 2019 All-Academy theme, “Understanding the Inclusive Organization.” However, despite a strong body of research on employee experiences and diversity climate, diversity scholars have not been as prolific at providing practitioners robust evidence-based advice regarding organizational-level diversity efforts. This symposium has brought together researchers who are using various methodologies to examine organizational level, “above the line” elements of diversity management systems. Specifically, the first two papers in our symposium develop measurements of “above the line” diversity paradigms, which can help HR professionals identify their organizational expectations and values regarding diversity and inclusion. The third paper extends this work by qualitatively examining secondary data to show that organizations with more strategic focus on gender equality also have more robust diversity efforts throughout the organization. The next three papers examine various ways that managers can connect organizational level initiatives to employee experiences “below the line,” culminating in specific strategies for HR personnel. Taken together, these papers extend the research in diversity, human resource management and organizational behavior to provide a more comprehensive picture of the complete diversity management system across various levels of the organization.

Women working in STEM fields are aware of negative stereotypes about women’s lack of abilities in math and sciences. They are also working in an environment with an underrepresentation of female pr...