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Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin with various clinical manifestations. This review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of tinea versicolor.A search was conducted in July 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "tinea versicolor" OR "pityriasis versicolor". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies and reviews published within the past 10 years.Tinea versicolor is caused bySelection of antifungal agents depends on several factors, including efficacy, safety, local availability, ease of administration, likelihood of compliance and potential drug interactions of the antifungal agent.

Many syndromes are associated with exaggerated inflammation. Children with hyperinflammatory syndromes often present with vague and non-specific symptoms that pose diagnostic and management challenges. The recent literature seems biased towards referring these syndromes only to the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that is associated with COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated narrative review on the pathophysiology, manifestations and management approaches for common hyperinflammatory syndromes.An extensive PubMed search of all publications in the English literature was performed with Clinical Queries for various hyperinflammatory syndromes and conditions using the undermentioned Medical Subject Headings: "hyperinflammation", "hyperinflammatory syndromes", "sepsis syndrome", "severe inflammatory response syndrome" and "acute respiratory distress syndrome". Categories were limited to reviews and clinical trials for the age range from birth to 18 years.The criteria, presentation and management of these hyperinflammatory syndromes are described. Hyperinflammatory syndromes refer to a basket of inflammatory syndromes often associated with multisystem involvement and aberrant cytokine release and should be differentiated from autoinflammatory, autoimmune and hyperimmune syndromes. The major subtypes of hyperinflammatory syndromes, including macrophage activation syndrome, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, cytokine release syndrome and cytokine storm syndrome, are described. MIS-C associated with SARS-CoV-2 represents the latest addition. It must be understood that the syndrome is not exclusive to COVID-19 but could be caused by various viral infections. Early recognition, prompt and proactive treatment can reduce potential complications and improve outcomes and survival rates in paediatric patients. Anti-inflammatory medications for the management of these syndromes are described.The incidence of these hyperinflammatory conditions is generally low in comparison to other disease conditions. Except for paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome/MIS-C, the mortality is high and the hospital stay is prolonged in affected patients. Acute and critical care physicians must be aware of these conditions and their initial management. Corticosteroids are often used in the initial phrase but various disease-specific drugs and biologics are needed in subsequent management and expert management of these often-difficult conditions is crucial.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spares no nation or city, and the virus is responsible for the escalating incidence and mortality all around the world. Objective: This article reviews the impact of “Long Covid” on Children. Methods: A PubMed search was conducted in December 2021 in Clinical Queries using the key terms "COVID-19" OR “long COVID”. The search was restricted to children and adolescent aged < 18 years, and English literature. Results: Many large-scale studies have provided strong scientific evidence as to the detrimental and irreversible sequelae of COVID-19 on the health, psychology, and development of affected children. Many insights to the management of this disease can be obtained from comparing the management of influenza disease. COVID-19 is generally a mild respiratory disease in children. Several syndromes such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID toe are coined but are probably not specific to SARS-CoV-2. “Long COVID” or the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or the prolonged isolation and containment strategies on education and psychosocial influences on children associated with the pandemic, are significant. Conclusions: Healthcare providers must be aware of the potential effects of quarantine on children's mental health. More importantly, health care provides must appreciate the importance of the decisions and actions made by governments, non-governmental organizations, the community, schools, and parents in reducing the possible effects of this situation. Multifaceted age-specific and developmentally appropriate strategies must be adopted by health care authorities to lessen the negative impact of quarantine on the psychological wellbeing of children.

Early recognition of xeroderma pigmentosum is important to minimize the complications arising from the harmful effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This narrative review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of xeroderma pigmentosum.A search was conducted in December 2021 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "xeroderma pigmentosum". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies and reviews published within the past 10 years. The information retrieved from the search was used in the compilation of this article.Xeroderma pigmentosum is a condition of abnormal DNA repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced and oxidative DNA damage, which leads to increased skin cancer susceptibility. Approximately 50% of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have increased photosensitivity and certain types of xeroderma pigmentosum are more prone to ocular disease and progressive neurodegeneration depending on the causative mutation. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with increased photosensitivity and characteristic cutaneous, ophthalmological and neurological findings. A definite diagnosis can be made by the identification of biallelic mutation in one of the causative genes. Strict and consistent sun avoidance and protection and early detection and treatment of premalignant and malignant skin lesions are the mainstays of management. Treatment options for actinic keratosis include cryotherapy, topical imiquimod, topical 5-fluorouracil, chemical peeling, excision, COAlthough currently there is no cure for xeroderma pigmentosum, increased awareness and early diagnosis of the condition, followed by rigorous sun avoidance and protection and optimal management, can dramatically improve the quality of life and life expectancy.

Pediculosis capitis is a common human parasitic infestation in childhood. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the management of pediculosis capitis.A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key terms "pediculosis capitis" OR "head lice" OR "head louse". The search strategy included clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and reviews published within the past 10 years. The search was restricted to articles published in English literature. The information retrieved from the search was used in the compilation of the present article.Topical permethrin and pyrethrin formulated with piperonyl butoxide are the pediculicides of choice in areas where resistance to these products is low. When resistance to these products is suspected based on local levels of resistance or when treatment with these products fails despite their correct use, and reinfestation does not seem to be responsible, other topical treatment options include malathion, benzyl alcohol, dimethicone, spinosad and ivermectin. Wet combing should be considered for children younger than 2 years. Oral ivermectin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole should be reserved for patients who do not respond to appropriate topical pediculicides.Many topical pediculicides are effective for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. The use of some of these pediculicides is limited for safety reasons, especially in children younger than 2 years. Resistance to pediculicides, especially those with a neurotoxic mode of action, is another concern which may limit the use of some of these pediculicides. New products should be evaluated for effectiveness and safety. Wet combing is time-consuming and should not be used as the sole intervention in the general population.

Schamberg disease, also known as Schamberg purpura or progressive pigmentary purpura, is characterized by orange-brown or reddish-brown macules/patches with overlaying purpuric spots simulating cayenne pepper”. We report a 54-year-old Chinese woman with Schamberg disease presenting with purpuric macules and patches of varying sizes on the ankles, legs, and knees. The lesions were nonblanchable and nonpalpable and asymptomatic. Close inspection of the lesions revealed pinpoint petechiae resembling grains of cayenne pepper superimposed on the reddishbrown macules/patches. To our knowledge, Schamberg disease has not been reported in the scientific literature in Chinese patients.

Up to 90% of patients with psoriasis develop onychodystrophy at some point during their lives. Nail involvement precedes the skin lesions in approximately 4% of patients. We herewith report a case of a 7-year-old boy with psoriatic onychodystrophy at the age of 6 years followed by the appearance of plaque psoriasis 6 months later. The psoriatic onychodystrophy was initially misdiagnosed as onychomycosis by his family physician and was treated as such. Psoriatic onychodystrophy can clinically mimic nychomycosis and differentiation of the two conditions can be difficult. We emphasize the need for potassium hydroxide examination and culture of nail scrapings/clippings to demonstrate fungal elements, should there be doubt in the diagnosis.