43 results on '"Alexander Schulze"'
Search Results
2. Multi-material additive manufacturing based on µ-dispenser technology for tailored polymer micro-optics
- Author
-
Fabian Kranert, Alexander Schulze Finkenbrink, Moritz Hinkelmann, Jörg Neumann, and Dietmar Kracht
- Published
- 2023
3. Extending the Structural (s)-SAFT-γ Mie Equation of State to Primary Alcohols
- Author
-
Fariborz Shaahmadi, Andries Burger, Wendy Maphefo Sekgota Nemphagane, Alexander Schulze-Hulbe, and Jamie Cripwell
- Subjects
General Chemical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2022
4. Laser-plasma proton acceleration with a combined gas-foil target
- Author
-
Thomas Kluge, Eyal Kroupp, Richard Pausch, Lieselotte Obst-Huebl, Stefan Assenbaum, Daniel A. Levy, Karl Zeil, Victor Malka, Alexander Schulze-Makuch, Martin Rehwald, Constantin Bernert, Igor Andriyash, Ulrich Schramm, Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Laboratoire d'optique appliquée (LOA), and École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Physics ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Proton ,TNSA ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Plasma ,self focusing ,Laser ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Acceleration ,law ,laser plasma ,PIConGPU ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,FOIL method ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
Laser-plasma proton acceleration was investigated in the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) regime using a novel gas-foil target. The target is designed for reaching higher laser intensity at the foil plane owing to relativistic self-focusing and self compression of the pulse in the gas layer. Numerical 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were used to study pulse propagation in the gas, showing a nearly seven-fold increase in peak intensity. In the experiment, maximum proton energies showed high dependence on the energy transmission of the laser through the gas and a lesser dependence on the size and shape of the pulse. At high gas densities, laser energy depletion and pulse distortion suppressed proton energies. At low densities, self-focusing was observed and comparable or higher proton energies were measured with the gas., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Towards improved health service quality in Tanzania: contribution of a supportive supervision approach to increased quality of primary healthcare
- Author
-
Christopher J. Charles, Dominick Mboya, Christopher Mshana, Iddy Mayumana, Constanze Pfeiffer, Christian Lengeler, Tracy R. Glass, Sabine Renggli, Flora Kessy, Alexander Schulze, and Ann Aerts
- Subjects
Male ,Quality management ,Tanzania ,Health informatics ,Health administration ,Electronic tool ,Supportive supervision ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health facility ,Universal Health Insurance ,Universal health coverage ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,media_common ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Nursing research ,Middle Aged ,Quality Improvement ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,Health Personnel ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nursing ,Humans ,Quality (business) ,Aged ,Quality Indicators, Health Care ,Quality of Health Care ,Primary Health Care ,Health management system ,business.industry ,Public health ,Infant, Newborn ,Quality of care ,Infant ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Quality improvement approach ,Health Facilities ,Rural Health Services ,business - Abstract
Background Universal Health Coverage only leads to the desired health outcomes if quality of health services is ensured. In Tanzania, quality has been a major concern for many years, including the problem of ineffective and inadequate routine supportive supervision of healthcare providers by council health management teams. To address this, we developed and assessed an approach to improve quality of primary healthcare through enhanced routine supportive supervision. Methods Mixed methods were used, combining trends of quantitative quality of care measurements with qualitative data mainly collected through in-depth interviews. The former allowed for identification of drivers of quality improvements and the latter investigated the perceived contribution of the new supportive supervision approach to these improvements. Results The results showed that the new approach managed to address quality issues that could be solved either solely by the healthcare provider, or in collaboration with the council. The new approach was able to improve and maintain crucial primary healthcare quality standards across different health facility level and owner categories in various contexts. Conclusion Together with other findings reported in companion papers, we could show that the new supportive supervision approach not only served to assess quality of primary healthcare, but also to improve and maintain crucial primary healthcare quality standards. The new approach therefore presents a powerful tool to support, guide and drive quality improvement measures within council. It can thus be considered a suitable option to make routine supportive supervision more effective and adequate.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Zusammenhang von beruflicher Pendelmobilität mit Stresserleben und Gesundheit
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Heiko Rüger
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Political science ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine - Abstract
Das zirkulare raumliche Mobilitatsverhalten von Erwerbstatigen, wie tagliches Berufspendeln oder Auswartsubernachtungen bei Geschaftsreisen, gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Zusammenhange zwischen verschiedenen Formen zirkularer berufsbezogener Mobilitat mit der subjektiven Gesundheit und dem Stresserleben und geht dabei der Frage nach, ob sich die Effekte nach den soziodemografischen Merkmalen Alter, Geschlecht und Elternschaft unterscheiden. Datengrundlage ist die erste Welle der Studie „Job Mobilities and Family Lives in Europe“, eine reprasentative Querschnitterhebung von 2007 unter Personen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahre in sechs europaischen Landern (n = 2831). Die untersuchten Mobilitatsformen sind tagliches Fernpendeln (mindestens 60 min einfache Fahrzeit zur Arbeitsstatte), Vari-Mobilitat (mindestens 60 berufsbezogene Auswartsubernachtungen in den vergangenen 12 Monaten) sowie Multimobilitat (Kombination aus mindestens zwei Mobilitatsformen). Berechnet wurden semi-logarithmierte Regressionsmodelle. Die Ergebnisse differenzieren bekannte Befunde weiter. So zeigen sich negative Gesundheitseffekte des Fernpendelns sowie erhohtes Stresserleben bei Multimobilitat lediglich bei Frauen. Fur Fernpendeln und Vari-Mobilitat lassen sich erhohte Beanspruchungen insbesondere bei Personen mit Kindern nachweisen, wohingegen das Fernpendeln sowohl fur jungere als auch fur altere Erwerbstatige mit nachteiligen Effekten verbunden ist. Das raumliche Mobilitatsverhalten von Erwerbstatigen sollte verstarkt Gegenstand von Masnahmen der Pravention und der Gesundheitsforderung darstellen.
- Published
- 2015
7. The Physical, Chemical and Physiological Limits of Life
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze-Makuch, Joop M. Houtkooper, and Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Subjects
Planetary body ,Operations research ,Mars ,Paleontology ,adaptation ,Hypothesis ,Biology ,extreme environments ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Astrobiology ,Liquid hydrocarbons ,Physiological Adaptations ,13. Climate action ,Space and Planetary Science ,Form and function ,Extraterrestrial life ,Physical chemical ,physiology ,Extreme environment ,lcsh:Q ,Titan ,lcsh:Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Life on Earth displays an incredible diversity in form and function, which allows it to survive not only physical extremes, but also periods of time when it is exposed to non-habitable conditions. Extreme physiological adaptations to bridge non-habitable conditions include various dormant states, such as spores or tuns. Here, we advance the hypothesis that if the environmental conditions are different on some other planetary body, a deviating biochemistry would evolve with types of adaptations that would manifest themselves with different physical and chemical limits of life. In this paper, we discuss two specific examples: putative life on a Mars-type planet with a hydrogen peroxide-water solvent and putative life on a Titan-type planetary body with liquid hydrocarbons as a solvent. Both examples would have the result of extending the habitable envelope of life in the universe.
- Published
- 2015
8. Der Beitrag des sozialen und demographischen Strukturwandels zur Armutsentwicklung in Deutschland
- Author
-
Volker Dreier and Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology - Abstract
Im Zuge des sozialen und demographischen Wandels ist der Bevolkerungsanteil von Personen mit vergleichsweise geringen Armutsrisiken (z. B. von Hochqualifizierten, Kinderlosen und Personen mittleren Alters) erheblich angewachsen. Dennoch ist die aggregierte Armutsquote im Zeitverlauf nicht gesunken. Um dieses Phanomen aufzuklaren, analysiert die Arbeit den Beitrag des Wandels von Alters-, Bildungs- und Haushaltsstruktur zur Armutsentwicklung in Deutschland zwischen 1992 und 2008. Hierzu werden individuelle Armutsrisiken nach Lebensalter, Bildungsniveau und Kinderzahl fur jedes Kalenderjahr im Betrachtungszeitraum geschatzt und auf Basis der Bevolkerungsstruktur des Jahres 1992 aggregiert. Damit wird es moglich, die Armutsentwicklung unter konstanten Bevolkerungsbedingungen, also strukturbereinigt, fur den Zeitverlauf nachzuvollziehen und mit der tatsachlichen Entwicklung zu vergleichen. Grundlage der Analysen sind die Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch die Zunahme der individuellen Armutsrisiken heute, strukturbereinigt, etwa ein Drittel mehr Menschen arm waren (16,6 %), als dies aktuell tatsachlich der Fall ist (12,0 %). Der strukturelle Bevolkerungswandel, hin zu sozialen Gruppen mit relativ geringen Armutsrisiken, hat damit einen Anstieg der Armutsbetroffenheit um mehr als vier Prozentpunkte verhindert. Die in den letzten Jahren zumeist stagnierende oder „nur“ leicht gestiegene Armutsquote ist damit zum grosen Teil die positive Folge der soziodemographischen Umschichtung der Gesellschaft.
- Published
- 2015
9. Bellagio Declaration on high-quality health systems: from a quality moment to a quality movement
- Author
-
Malebona Precious Matsoso, Catherine Arsenault, Mary-Ann Etiebet, Anna D. Gage, Gagan Thapa, Margaret E Kruk, Sebastián García-Saisó, Alexander Schulze, Peter M Hansen, Batool Al-Wahdani, Ian Forde, Walid Ammar, Muhammad Pate, Sanam Roder-DeWan, Blerta Maliqi, Ernest Konadu Asiedu, Stefan Peterson, Annegret Al-Janabi, Yasuhisa Shiozaki, Frederico C. Guanais, Dana Hovig, Manoj Jhalani, Kate Somers, and Kadar Marikar
- Subjects
Movement (music) ,030503 health policy & services ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Declaration ,General Medicine ,Public administration ,Moment (mathematics) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Quality (business) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Business ,0305 other medical science ,Healthcare system ,media_common - Published
- 2018
10. Bildungserfolg von Kindern in Abhängigkeit von der Stellung in der Geschwisterreihe
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Peter Preisendörfer
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology - Abstract
Am Beispiel der erreichten Schulnoten und der elterlichen Bildungsaspirationen wird der Einfluss der Stellung in der Geschwisterreihe auf die Bildungschancen und den Bildungserfolg von Grundschulkindern untersucht. Dabei wird speziell auch gepruft, ob der genannte Einfluss schichtspezifisch variiert, d. h. vom sozio-okonomischen Status des Elternhauses moderiert wird. Als theoretische Basis dienen Konzepte zur Rivalitat der Geschwister um bildungsrelevante familiare Ressourcen (resource dilution model), Annahmen zum intellektuellen Klima in der Familie (confluence model) und Hypothesen zur Pragung der Personlichkeit durch Geschwister (family niche model). Auserdem werden Statuserhaltungsmotive der Eltern zur Erklarung von Reihenfolgeeffekten herangezogen. Die Analysen basieren auf einer Erhebung bei 1369 Grundschulerinnen und Grundschuler der vierten Klasse in der Stadt Wiesbaden. Es zeigt sich, dass das Vorhandensein alterer Geschwister die gewahlten Bildungsindikatoren (Schulnoten, elterliche Bildungsaspiration) negativ beeinflusst. In Ubereinstimmung mit bekannten Befunden sinken die schulischen Leistungen (Noten), auch bei Kontrolle anderer relevanter Einflussfaktoren, in der Geburtenreihenfolge ab. Zusatzlich bestehen Effekte der Stellung in der Geschwisterreihe auf die Bildungsaspiration der Eltern. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der zentrale Befund des Artikels: Wenn altere Geschwister die Statusvererbung in intergenerationaler Perspektive bereits gewahrleisten, dann verringert dies in Familien mit hohem sozialem Status die Bildungsaspiration der Eltern fur jungere Geschwister (Wegfall des Statuserhaltungsmotivs). In Familien mit niedrigem sozialem Status hingegen steigen die Bildungsaspirationen der Eltern fur jungere Geschwister, wenn altere bereits hohere Bildungswege erreicht haben (Lernen am Modell).
- Published
- 2013
11. Elementary school pupils’ educational opportunities: the contribution of class and school contexts at the transition to secondary schools
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze, Felix Wolter, and Rainer Unger
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Political science ,medicine - Abstract
Haben zusatzlich zu den vielfach bestatigten individuellen Herkunftseffekten auch Merkmale des Klassen- und Schulkontextes einen Einfluss auf die Bildungschancen von Grundschulern? Hierzu untersucht der Beitrag den Einfluss des Leistungs- und Statusniveaus sowie des Migrantenanteils der Kontexte auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, erstens eine Gymnasialempfehlung zu erhalten und zweitens einen Ubergang auf das Gymnasium zu realisieren. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die von Boudon (1974) getroffene Unterscheidung zwischen primaren und sekundaren Effekten, die um eine kontextuelle Perspektive und diesbezugliche Eltern- und Lehrerentscheidungen erweitert wird. Als Datengrundlage dient eine als Vollerhebung angelegte Befragung aller Schuler der vierten Klassen an Wiesbadener Grundschulen im Schuljahr 2006/07; die Modellierung der Kontexteffekte erfolgt in logistischen Mehrebenenmodellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Zugehorigkeit zu einem Schul- und Klassenkontext zusammen etwa 10 Prozent der Gesamtvarianz des Bildungserfolges erklaren. Dabei haben die untersuchten Kontexteffekte vor allem einen leistungsfremden Einfluss auf die individuellen Bildungschancen (sekundare Kontexteffekte). Unter Kontrolle von Individualmerkmalen beeinflusst vor allem das soziale Statusniveau der Schulen die Bildungschancen der Grundschuler. Im Hinblick auf die realisierten Gymnasialubergange ist aber auch das durchschnittliche Leistungsniveau der Schulen von Bedeutung. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien zeigt sich unter Kontrolle der sozialstrukturellen Zusammensetzung der Kontexte kein Effekt des Migrantenanteils. Wahrend bei der abhangigen Variable Bildungsempfehlung sowohl Klassen- als auch Schulkontexteffekte auftreten, ist beim Bildungsubergang nur die Schulebene von Bedeutung.
- Published
- 2009
12. Modification of the N-terminal sulfonyl residue in 3-amidinophenylalanine-based matriptase inhibitors
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze, Andrea Schweinitz, Martin Korsonewski, Peter Steinmetzer, Daniel Dönnecke, Claudia Neuwirth, Sebastian Martin Saupe, and Torsten Steinmetzer
- Subjects
Serine Proteinase Inhibitors ,Stereochemistry ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Amidines ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Biochemistry ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Residue (chemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Thrombin ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Moiety ,Matriptase ,Molecular Biology ,Serine protease ,Sulfonyl ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,biology ,Chemistry ,Aryl ,Serine Endopeptidases ,Organic Chemistry ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Selectivity ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Replacement of the N-terminal beta-alanyl-amide moiety in previously identified matriptase inhibitors by non-charged aryl groups caused a slightly decreased potency and partially reduced selectivity, especially towards thrombin. However, some of these analogues are still potent matriptase inhibitors with K(i)-values10nM. In contrast, improved activity was observed for newly designed tribasic analogues, especially for compound 21, which inhibits matriptase with an K(i)-value of 80pM.
- Published
- 2009
13. Newton's method for optimal temperature-tracking of glass cooling processes
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and René Pinnau
- Subjects
Partial differential equation ,Applied Mathematics ,Computation ,Mathematical analysis ,General Engineering ,Boundary (topology) ,Optimal control ,Computer Science Applications ,Nonlinear system ,symbols.namesake ,Lagrange multiplier ,Heat transfer ,symbols ,Newton's method ,Mathematics - Abstract
We study Newton's method for the open-loop optimal temperature-tracking problem in glass manufacturing. This results in an optimal boundary control problem for a nonlinear system of partial differential equations. Since at high temperatures heat transfer due to radiation plays a dominant role, we employ the diffusive SP 1 -approximation for the computation of the temperature profile. The optimization algorithm relies on the introduction of the adjoint states, which significantly reduces numerical costs. We present numerical results underlining the feasibility of our approach.
- Published
- 2007
14. Geld oder Leben?
- Author
-
Ute Mons, Alexander Schulze, and Rainer Unger
- Abstract
Soziookonomische Determinanten der Gesundheit und Sterblichkeit sind in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten in Deutschland verstarkt in den Fokus der Sozialforschung geruckt und als wesentlicher Aspekt sozialer Ungleichheit von der Politik aufgegriff en worden. Beispielsweise wird die gesundheitliche Situation ausgewahlter benachteiligter Bevolkerungsgruppen seit 2001 regelmasig in den Armuts- und Reichtumsberichten der Bundesregierung thematisiert.
- Published
- 2015
15. Radiation, Frequency Averaging and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
- Author
-
René Pinnau and Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Radiation frequency ,Computer science ,Thermal radiation ,Proper orthogonal decomposition ,A priori and a posteriori ,Algorithm ,Reliability (statistics) ,Curse of dimensionality - Abstract
We study proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for frequency averaging in radiative heat transfer. Especially, we employ the method of snapshots to devise an automated a posteriori algorithm, which helps to reduce significantly the dimensionality for further simulations. The reliability of the surrogate models is tested and we present several numerical results underlining the feasibility of our approach. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
- Published
- 2006
16. 'Rauchfrei 2004' – Bedingungsfaktoren eines erfolgreichen Rauchstopps
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Ute Mons
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Political science ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine - Abstract
Im Jahr 2004 nahmen an der Nichtraucherkampagne „Rauchfrei“, die Raucher fur 1 Monat zum Rauchverzicht bewegen will, 90.184 jugendliche und erwachsene Raucher teil. Ein Jahr nach Ende der Kampagne wurde an einer Zufallsstichprobe von 1716 erwachsenen Teilnehmern eine telefonische Nachbefragung durchgefuhrt, die 1011 realisierte Interviews lieferte. Erfolgsindikator ist die kontinuierliche 12-Monats-Abstinenz. Mittels logistischer Regressionen werden die Determinanten des Abstinenzerfolgs identifiziert. Die kontinuierliche 12-Monats-Abstinenz in der realisierten Stichprobe betragt 32,4% und bezogen auf die originale Stichprobe 19,1%. Altere, hoher Gebildete und Verheiratete haben eine grosere Wahrscheinlichkeit einer erfolgreichen Abstinenz. Die Zahl der bisherigen Raucherjahre und die Zahl fruherer erfolgloser Entwohnungsversuche reduzieren die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit. Raucher mit hohem Konsum sind erfolgreicher als Raucher mit niedrigem Konsum. Eine massenmediale Kampagne wie „Rauchfrei“ kann dazu beitragen, die Motivation zum Rauchstopp zu erhohen und kann betrachtliche Langzeiterfolge bei der Rauchabstinenz der Teilnehmer bewirken.
- Published
- 2006
17. Sind Wettbewerbe zur Tabakentwöhnung von Jugendlichen geeignet?
- Author
-
Martina Pötschke-Langer, Sigrid M. Mohnen, Alexander Schulze, Sven Schneider, and Saskia Tönges
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine ,General Medicine ,business - Abstract
Das Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum fuhrte gemeinsam mit der Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung und mit Unterstutzung der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Jahr 2004 eine bevolkerungsbezogene Tabakentwohnungskampagne mit dem Titel „Rauchfrei 2004“ durch. Mittels massenmedialer Kommunikation sollten moglichst viele Raucher motiviert werden, mindestens 4 Wochen nicht zu rauchen, um im Idealfall eine vollige Aufgabe des Tabakkonsums zu erreichen. Diese Praventionskampagne stand explizit auch jugendlichen Rauchern offen. Im Rahmen eines 1-Jahres-Follow-up wurden aus der Gesamtheit aller 4 358 jugendlichen Teilnehmer eine 1/3-Zufallsstichprobe gezogen und der Rauchstatus zum Ende des Wettbewerbs sowie 1 Jahr spater nach internationalen Standards evaluiert. 42% der jugendlichen Teilnehmer nannten monetare, 33% gesundheitsbezogene Grunde als Hauptmotiv fur die Wettbewerbsteilnahme. 61% der befragten Jugendlichen gaben an, zum Wettbewerbsende, also insgesamt mindestens 4 Wochen abstinent gewesen zu sein. 1 Jahr spater waren 19% aller jugendlichen Teilnehmer angabegemas Nichtraucher. 12% waren nach eigenem Bekunden 12 Monate seit Wettbewerbsbeginn kontinuierlich abstinent. Diese Publikation stellt die erste wissenschaftliche Evaluation jugendlicher Teilnehmer an einer wettbewerbsbasierten Tabakentwohnungskampagne dar. Auch wenn methodische Einschrankungen zu beachten sind, lassen sich unter Anwendung international ublicher WHO-Auswertungsrichtlinien Abstinenzraten berechnen, die deutlich uber dem sakularen Trend liegen. So scheint der hier vorgestellte Praventionsansatz ahnlich effektiv wie alternative, aber meist kostenintensivere Interventionsprogramme—und dies bei hoherer Kosteneffizienz.
- Published
- 2006
18. The evolution of educational inequalities in smoking: a changing relationship and a cross-over effect among German birth cohorts of 1921-70
- Author
-
Ute Mons and Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Inequality ,Cross-sectional study ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Cohort Studies ,German ,Germany ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Humans ,Age of Onset ,Socioeconomic status ,Aged ,media_common ,business.industry ,Public health ,Addiction ,Smoking ,Middle Aged ,language.human_language ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,language ,Educational Status ,Female ,Age of onset ,business ,Cohort study ,Demography - Abstract
Aims To investigate the evolution of the relationship between education and smoking behaviour (ever-smoking and age of initiation) among German birth cohorts of 1921–70. Participants A total of 5297 respondents to the German Federal Health Survey of 1998 were divided into 10-year sex–birth–education cohorts. Measurements Self-reported smoking histories (ever-smoking and the age of starting smoking). Findings There was an inversion of the educational gradient around the birth cohorts of 1931–40 for men and 1941–50 for women. For men, the educational cross-over in smoking was due to a stronger decrease of the ever-smoking prevalence of the highly educated compared to the least educated. In women it was due to a stronger increase in ever-smoking prevalence among the least educated compared to the highly educated. This educational cross-over effect was also be detected for the average age of starting smoking, and involved the same cohorts. Additionally, in the youngest birth cohorts the differences between the least and highest educated of each gender were greater than the differences between the genders. Conclusions The educational differences in smoking prevalence are stable in men but in women they are widening. Hence, socio-economic inequalities in health due to smoking will rise in women in the next decades, while they will stabilize in men.
- Published
- 2006
19. Warnhinweise auf Zigarettenschachteln
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Martina Pötschke-Langer
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Political science ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine - Abstract
Die Einfuhrung von Warnhinweisen fuhrt zu einer direkten und kontinuierlichen Verbreitung der neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu den gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen des Rauchens. In Kombination mit anderen anerkannt wirksamen Masnahmen der Tabakkontrollpolitik werden dadurch ein geringerer Konsum und erhohte Ausstiegsraten von Rauchern angeregt. Die Wirksamkeit von Warnhinweisen hangt von deren Inhalt, Gestaltung und Grose ab. So sind grose Warnhinweise kleineren deutlich uberlegen. Gleiches gilt fur Warnhinweise, die auf der Vorderseite der Zigarettenschachtel angebracht sind. Warnhinweise, die bildliche Darstellungen verwenden, sind insgesamt wesentlich wirkungsvoller als lediglich textgestutzte. Die Kombination beider Darstellungsformen, bild- und textgestutzt, ist besonders wirksam. Der Aufdruck von Telefonnummern zur Tabakentwohnung kann in Kombination mit den auf jeder Schachtel befindlichen Warnhinweisen die Reichweite und Effektivitat der Tabakentwohnung durch telefonische Beratungsangebote deutlich erhohen. Fur Deutschland ist die Einfuhrung der neuen bildgestutzten Warnhinweise mit dem Aufdruck der Hotlinenummer der Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung unter jedes Bild empfehlenswert.
- Published
- 2005
20. Real-time approximation of convincing spider behaviour
- Author
-
Felix Herbst and Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Spider ,Computer science ,Statistical physics - Published
- 2014
21. Synthesis of Natural Product Precursors by Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation with Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase from Acinetobacter
- Author
-
Ulrich Schwarz-Linek, Andreas Krödel, Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig, Sebastian Rissom, Vladimir I. Tishkov, Alexander Schulze, Marina Vogel, and Udo Kragl
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Natural product ,biology ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Acinetobacter ,biology.organism_classification ,Catalysis ,Kinetic resolution ,Baeyer–Villiger oxidation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrolysis ,Enzyme ,Cyclohexanone monooxygenase ,biology.protein ,Organic chemistry - Published
- 2001
22. Child mortality patterns in rural Tanzania: an observational study on the impact of malaria control interventions
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze, Hassan Mshinda, Christian Lengeler, Sandra Alba, Rose Nathan, and KIT: Biomedical Research
- Subjects
Male ,Rural Population ,Mosquito Control ,Epidemiology ,rainfall ,Psychological intervention ,Nutritional Status ,Tanzania ,child mortality ,Health Services Accessibility ,Food Supply ,symbols.namesake ,Antimalarials ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,Humans ,Poisson regression ,Insecticide-Treated Bednets ,Mortality ,Child ,malaria control interventions ,Surveillance, monitoring, evaluation ,Food security ,biology ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,food security ,mortality impact ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Malaria ,Child mortality ,Neonatal Health ,Socioeconomic Factors ,symbols ,Observational study ,Female ,Seasons ,Rural area ,business - Abstract
Background Between 1997 and 2009, a number of key malaria control interventions were implemented in the Kilombero and Ulanga Districts in south central Tanzania to increase insecticide-treated nets (ITN) coverage and improve access to effective malaria treatment. In this study we estimated the contribution of these interventions to observed decreases in child mortality. Methods The local Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) provided monthly estimates of child mortality rates (age 1 to 5 years) expressed as cases per 1000 person-years (c/1000py) between 1997 and 2009. We conducted a time series analysis of child mortality rates and explored the contribution of rainfall and household food security. We used Poisson regression with linear and segmented effects to explore the impact of malaria control interventions on mortality. Results Child mortality rates decreased by 42.5% from 14.6 c/1000py in 1997 to 8.4 c/1000py in 2009. Analyses revealed the complexity of child mortality patterns and a strong association with rainfall and food security. All malaria control interventions were associated with decreases in child mortality, accounting for the effect of rainfall and food security. Conclusions Reaching the fourth Millenium Development Goal will require the contribution of many health interventions, as well as more general improvements in socio-environmental and nutritional conditions. Distinguishing between the effects of these multiple factors is difficult and represents a major challenge in assessing the effect of routine interventions. However, this study suggests that credible estimates can be obtained when high-quality data on the most important factors are available over a sufficiently long time period.
- Published
- 2013
23. Smoke-free Class Competition: A reply to the initiators of the program
- Author
-
Martina Pötschke-Langer, Alexander Schulze, Lutz Edler, and Ute Mons
- Subjects
Smoke ,Competition (economics) ,Class (computer programming) ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine ,Advertising ,business - Published
- 2006
24. Editorial on the special issue 'Private Life Choices, Employment and Health'
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Rainer Unger
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Population ,Social change ,Life expectancy ,Healthy Life Years ,Context (language use) ,Life chances ,Sociology ,education ,Social class ,Retirement age ,Demography - Abstract
The health conditions of the German population have been subject to signifi cant changes in the past. Within the last forty years, for example, the life expectancy at birth of both men and women reported by the German Federal Statistical Offi ce rose by more than eight years. In recent years, chances of survival in the middle and old ages were responsible for the increase in life expectancy. In this respect – and to an extent never seen before – it is nowadays possible to spend one’s lifetime actively within the family and productively on the labour market. However, in times of a shrinking population, changes of the conditions on the labour market and new arrangements of private life choices, this positive development also presents us with new challenges. Thus, the improved health conditions have been accompanied by numerous social changes, which might counteract the benefi ts (e.g. longer working lifetime, erosion of traditional family structures). Moreover, up until today not all population groups can benefi t equally from the health progress (health inequalities). Therefore, this special issue has its focus on recent developments in the context of the topics private life choices, employment and health and will discuss their interdependencies (family and employment) regarding the development of health inequalities. The fi rst two articles both deal with issues regarding the relationship between employment and health with a particular focus on the aspect of social change. In their article “Can We Really (All) Work Longer? Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy According to Social Stratum in Germany”, Rainer Schulze and Alexander Unger ask the question whether healthy life years have increased along with the increase in life expectancy and whether all population groups (i.e. three different income groups and three different educational backgrounds) equally benefi t from this positive development. As a basis for their empirical analyses, they used the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), as its long observation period allows analyses spanning almost three decades. Thus, after a comparison of the years 1989, 1999 and 2009, the authors were able to show that healthy life years have increased in both men and women. However, although all social classes benefi t from this gain in healthy life years, the study also showed that regarding healthy life expectancy, social differences have increased over this period of time. This means that health inequalities between different social classes are rising. With these results of life chances that turn out to be so unequally distributed when looking at social class, the initial idea of a longer working life time for all cannot be followed through. The results rather suggest a more fl exible handling of the standard retirement age.
- Published
- 2013
25. Can We Really (All) Work Longer? Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy According to Social Stratum in Germany
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Rainer Unger
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,Healthy life expectancy ,Political science ,Population ,medicine ,Federal republic of germany ,Class membership ,education ,Age limit ,Equal opportunity ,Demography - Abstract
Against the background of raising the retirement age to 67 years and the associated lengthening of working lifetimes in higher age groups, this article examines the question of the extent to which this political objective is covered by the health assets of the population. Here, we will first trace trends in “healthy” life expectancy among the total population for different points in time 1989, 1999 and 2009 on the basis of the data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and analyse these against the background of social strata indicators such as income and educational levels. Among others, one significant result is the fact that social differences have a far greater effect on healthy life expectancy than on general life expectancy and that these differences increase further over the course of time. This effect can be found particularly in men. One mandatory uniform working lifetime for all persons would however not do justice to these findings of socially highly unequally distributed life opportunities. Instead, the findings support a flexible arrangement of retirement age limits.
- Published
- 2013
26. Kontextuelle Perspektiven ungleicher Bildungschancen – eine Einführung
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Rolf Becker
- Abstract
Im einleitenden Kapitel werden Bildungskontexte – bildungsrelevante materielle, institutionelle und kulturelle Umwelten oder Situationen – als strukturelle Voraussetzungen und Ursachen ungleicher Bildungschancen beschrieben. Fur die Bildungsforschung ist die Analyse von Bildungskontexten besonders relevant, weil Individuen in ihren Erwartungen, Bewertungen und Handeln in Bezug auf Bildung – insbesondere in ihren Bildungszielen, Bildungserfolgen und Bildungschancen – durch diese Kontexte gepragt werden (konnen). Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Familien und Bildungssystem (insbesondere die Schule) die grosten Kontexteffekte fur die individuellen Bildungserfolge und Bildungschancen haben. Aus einer Lebensverlaufs- und Mehrebenenperspektive wird angenommen, dass die Wirkungen der den Familien und Schulen ubergeordneten Kontexte auf die Bildungserfolge und Bildungschancen je nach Alter, Bildungsstufe und Bildungsinstitution in unterschiedlicher Art und Weise variieren. Insgesamt wird davon ausgegangen, dass soziale Kontexte sowohl strukturelle Voraussetzungen als auch Ursachen fur sozial ungleiche Bildungserfolge und fur soziale Ungleichheit von Bildungschancen darstellen. Schlieslich wird die These vertreten, dass die bildungsrelevanten Kontexte in systematischer Weise in der (mechanismenbasierten) Theorie- und Modellbildung und empirischen Analyse (im Langsschnitt) berucksichtigt werden sollten, um die Entstehung und Reproduktion von Bildungsungleichheiten zu verstehen.
- Published
- 2013
27. Bildungskontexte
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Rolf Becker
- Abstract
Gemas dem meritokratischen Prinzip sollte alleine die Leistung eines Schulers, gemessen u.a. durch Schulnoten oder Bildungsempfehlungen, dessen Bildungschancen bestimmen. Jedoch weist die empirische Bildungsforschung darauf hin, dass das deutsche Bildungssystem diesem Anspruch bei weitem und bis heute nicht gerecht wird. So belegen zahlreiche Studien ausgepragte Ungleichheiten der Bildungschancen nach sozialer und ethnischer Herkunft sowie nach Geschlecht und Region. Dabei gehen die angesprochenen empirischen Analysen (und die jeweils zugrunde liegenden theoretischen Konzepte) jedoch implizit haufig davon aus, dass alleine individuelle Determinanten und Ressourcen des Elternhauses fur die festgestellten Bildungsungleichheiten ursachlich sind und es somit fur die Bildungschancen vernachlassigbar ist, in welchen Bildungskontexten – wie etwa Schule, Schulklasse, Wohngegend, Region oder soziales Netzwerk – sich eine Schulerin oder ein Schuler befindet. Neuere Untersuchungen auf Basis von Mehrebenen- und Langsschnittanalysen zeigen allerdings, dass neben dem Wandel gesellschaftlicher Kontexte und der Expansion von Bildungsgelegenheiten auch die Bedingungen in den Schulen, Klassen und Regionen sowie die Lehrkrafte und die Zusammensetzung des Freundeskreises der Schulerinnen und Schuler einen erheblichen Einfluss auf den individuellen Bildungserfolg haben.
- Published
- 2013
28. Abstracts – Autorinnen und Autoren
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze and Rolf Becker
- Abstract
Anhand einzelner Zusammenfassungen bietet das Kapitel „Abstracts“ einen Uberblick uber den Inhalt der einzelnen Beitrage und enthalt Kurzinformationen zu den jeweiligen Autoren.
- Published
- 2013
29. Adherence to Tuberculosis Therapy among Patients Receiving Home-Based Directly Observed Treatment: Evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania
- Author
-
Fred Lwilla, Frank van Leth, Nyagosya Range, Saidi Egwaga, Abdallah Mkopi, Eveline Geubbels, Alexander Schulze, Other departments, Global Health, and Infectious diseases
- Subjects
Male ,Bacterial Diseases ,Non-Clinical Medicine ,Cross-sectional study ,Epidemiology ,Antitubercular Agents ,lcsh:Medicine ,Self Administration ,Global Health ,Tanzania ,Young adult ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Middle Aged ,Treatment Outcome ,Infectious Diseases ,Medicine ,Female ,Public Health ,Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health ,Cohort study ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Adolescent ,Medication Adherence ,Mycobacterium ,Young Adult ,Pharmacotherapy ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Directly Observed Therapy ,Treatment Guidelines ,Health Care Policy ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis ,Tropical Diseases (Non-Neglected) ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Treatment ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Patient Compliance ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
Background: Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is the leading contributor to the selection of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and subsequent treatment failure. Tanzania introduced a TB Patient Centred Treatment (PCT) approach which gives new TB patients the choice between home-based treatment supervised by a treatment supporter of their own choice, and health facility-based treatment observed by a medical professional. The aim of this study was to assess the extent and determinants of adherence to anti-TB therapy in patients opting for home-based treatment under the novel PCT approach. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the primary outcome was the percentage of patients adherent to TB therapy as detected by the presence of isoniazid in urine (IsoScreen assay). The primary analysis followed a non-inferiority approach in which adherence could not be lower than 75%. Logistic regression was used to examine the influence of potentially predictive factors. Results: A total of 651 new TB patients were included. Of these, 645 (99.1%) provided urine for testing and 617 patients (95.7%; 90% CI 94.3-96.9) showed a positive result. This result was statistically non-inferior to the postulated adherence level of 75% (p
- Published
- 2012
30. Boosting Web Communication with WebSockets
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Boosting (machine learning) ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Artificial intelligence ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,business ,computer - Published
- 2011
31. Socio-cultural factors explaining timely and appropriate use of health facilities for degedege in south-eastern Tanzania
- Author
-
Manuel W Hetzel, Christopher Mshana, Hassan Mshinda, Ahmed Makemba, Christian Lengeler, Mitchell G. Weiss, Angel Dillip, Iddy Mayumana, D Gosoniu, Constanze Pfeiffer, Flora Kessy, Alexander Schulze, and Brigit Obrist
- Subjects
Male ,Gerontology ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Fever ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Culture ,Explanatory model ,Tanzania ,Seizures, Febrile ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Antimalarials ,Health facility ,Health care ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Family ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Community Health Services ,Medicine, African Traditional ,biology ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Infant ,Patient Acceptance of Health Care ,biology.organism_classification ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Policy analysis ,Child, Preschool ,Health Care Surveys ,Family medicine ,Community health ,Community Health ,Female ,Parasitology ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background Convulsions is one of the key signs of severe malaria among children under five years of age, potentially leading to serious complications or death. Several studies of care-seeking behaviour have revealed that local illness concepts linked to convulsions (referred to as degedege in Tanzanian Kiswahili) called for traditional treatment practices while modern treatment was preferred for common fevers. However, recent studies found that even children with convulsions were first brought to health facilities. This study integrated ethnographic and public health approaches in order to investigate this seemingly contradictory evidence. Carefully drawn random samples were used to maximize the representativity of the results. Methods The study used a cultural epidemiology approach and applied a locally adapted version of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC), which ensures a comprehensive investigation of disease perception and treatment patterns. The tool was applied in three studies; i) the 2004 random sample cross-sectional community fever survey (N = 80), ii) the 2004–2006 longitudinal degedege study (N = 129), and iii) the 2005 cohort study on fever during the main farming season (N = 29). Results 71.1% of all convulsion cases were brought to a health facility in time, i.e. within 24 hours after onset of first symptoms. This compares very favourably with a figure of 45.6% for mild fever cases in children. The patterns of distress associated with less timely health facility use and receipt of anti-malarials among children with degedege were generalized symptoms, rather than the typical symptoms of convulsions. Traditional and moral causes were associated with less timely health facility use and receipt of anti-malarials. However, the high rate of appropriate action indicates that these ideas were not so influential any more as in the past. Reasons given by caretakers who administered anti-malarials to children without attending a health facility were either that facilities were out of stock, that they lacked money to pay for treatment, or that facilities did not provide diagnosis. Conclusion The findings from this sample from a highly malaria-endemic area give support to the more recent studies showing that children with convulsions are more likely to use health facilities than traditional practices. This study has identified health system and livelihood factors, rather than local understandings of symptoms and causes relating to degedege as limiting health-seeking behaviours. Improvements on the supply side and the demand side are necessary to ensure people's timely and appropriate treatment: Quality of care at health facilities needs to be improved by making diagnosis and provider compliance with treatment guidelines more accurate and therapies including drugs more available and affordable to communities. Treatment seeking needs to be facilitated by strengthening livelihoods including economic capabilities.
- Published
- 2009
32. Incorporation of neutral C-terminal residues in 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitors
- Author
-
Alexander Ludwig, Peter Steinmetzer, Joscha Kotthaus, Alexander Schulze, Bernd Clement, Silvia Wein, Andrea Schweinitz, Daniel Dönnecke, and Torsten Steinmetzer
- Subjects
Serine Proteinase Inhibitors ,Stereochemistry ,Phenylalanine ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Amidines ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Administration, Oral ,Biochemistry ,Amidine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Matriptase ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Serine protease ,Sulfonyl ,Sulfonamides ,biology ,Organic Chemistry ,Serine Endopeptidases ,Thrombin ,Protease inhibitor (biology) ,Sulfonamide ,Rats ,chemistry ,Factor Xa ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,medicine.drug ,Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors ,Factor Xa Inhibitors - Abstract
A novel series of matriptase inhibitors based on previously identified tribasic 3-amidinophenylalanine derivatives was prepared. The C-terminal basic group was replaced by neutral residues to reduce the hydrophilicity of the inhibitors. The most potent compound 22 inhibits matriptase with a K(i) value of 0.43 nM, but lacks selectivity towards factor Xa. By combination with neutral N-terminal sulfonyl residues several potent thrombin inhibitors were identified, which had reduced matriptase affinity.
- Published
- 2009
33. Sozioökonomische Konsequenzen der Fertilität
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Political science - Published
- 2009
34. Resümee und Handlungsempfehlungen
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze
- Published
- 2009
35. Sozioökonomische Konsequenzen der Geburt von Kindern
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze
- Published
- 2009
36. Bildungsexpansion und Lebenserwartung
- Author
-
Rainer Unger, Alexander Schulze, and Thomas Klein
- Abstract
Im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts war in Deutschland, wie in den meisten anderen modernen Gesellschaften, ein deutlicher Anstieg der durchschnittlichen Lebenserwartung zu verzeichnen. Innerhalb der letzten vierzig Jahre stieg beispielsweise die vom Statistischen Bundesamt ausgewiesene Lebenserwartung bei Geburt in Deutschland (West) sowohl fur Manner als auch fur Frauen um mehr als 8 Jahre an (Statistisches Bundesamt 2004). Wahrend der Anstieg der Lebenserwartung zu Beginn des Jahrhunderts vor allem auf einen starken Ruckgang der Sauglingssterblichkeit zuruckzufuhren war, sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend bessere Uberlebenschancen im mittleren und hohen Alter fur die Zunahme der Lebenserwartung mitverantwortlich. In geringerem Umfang als die Lebenserwartung bei Geburt nahm damit auch die verbleibende Restlebenserwartung von Erwachsenen und betagten Menschen zu. So stieg beispielsweise die amtlich ermittelte Restlebenserwartung eines 65-jahrigen Mannes im Zeitraum von 1960 bis 2000 um mehr als 3 Jahre an, die einer 65-jahrigen Frau im gleichen Zeitraum um fast 5 Jahre (Statistisches Bundesamt 2004).
- Published
- 2008
37. Malaria risk and access to prevention and treatment in the paddies of the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
- Author
-
Iddy Mayumana, Manuel W Hetzel, Brigit Obrist, Christopher Mshana, Sandra Alba, Mariette Fankhauser, Hassan Mshinda, Christian Lengeler, Rose Nathan, Ahmed Makemba, and Alexander Schulze
- Subjects
Adult ,Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Adolescent ,Endemic Diseases ,Fever ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Population ,Developing country ,Tanzania ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Health facility ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Socioeconomics ,education ,Diagnosis & treatment ,Family Characteristics ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Infant ,Patient Acceptance of Health Care ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Agriculture ,Child, Preschool ,Multivariate Analysis ,Community health ,Parasitology ,Community Health ,business - Abstract
Background The Kilombero Valley is a highly malaria-endemic agricultural area in south-eastern Tanzania. Seasonal flooding of the valley is favourable to malaria transmission. During the farming season, many households move to distant field sites (shamba in Swahili) in the fertile river floodplain for the cultivation of rice. In the shamba, people live for several months in temporary shelters, far from the nearest health services. This study assessed the impact of seasonal movements to remote fields on malaria risk and treatment-seeking behaviour. Methods A longitudinal study followed approximately 100 randomly selected farming households over six months. Every household was visited monthly and whereabouts of household members, activities in the fields, fever cases and treatment seeking for recent fever episodes were recorded. Results Fever incidence rates were lower in the shamba compared to the villages and moving to the shamba did not increase the risk of having a fever episode. Children aged 1–4 years, who usually spend a considerable amount of time in the shamba with their caretakers, were more likely to have a fever than adults (odds ratio = 4.47, 95% confidence interval 2.35–8.51). Protection with mosquito nets in the fields was extremely good (98% usage) but home-stocking of antimalarials was uncommon. Despite the long distances to health services, 55.8% (37.9–72.8) of the fever episodes were treated at a health facility, while home-management was less common (37%, 17.4–50.5). Conclusion Living in the shamba does not appear to result in a higher fever-risk. Mosquito nets usage and treatment of fever in health facilities reflect awareness of malaria. Inability to obtain drugs in the fields may contribute to less irrational use of drugs but may pose an additional burden on poor farming households. A comprehensive approach is needed to improve access to treatment while at the same time assuring rational use of medicines and protecting fragile livelihoods.
- Published
- 2008
38. Bildungschancen an Grundschulen in prekärem Umfeld Lernumweltmerkmale der Schule und deren Bedeutung
- Author
-
Rainer Unger and Alexander Schulze
- Abstract
Eine zunehmende Zahl nationaler und internationaler Arbeiten weist darauf hin, dass sich das schulische Umfeld ebenso auf die Bildungschancen der Schuler auswirkt, wie die bekannten individuellen Leistungs- und Herkunftsmerkmale der Schuler (vgl. Tiedemann/Billmann-Mahecha 2007; Kristen 2002; Lee/Bryk 1989). Dabei zeigt sich, dass vor allem das soziookonomische Gefuge der Schulerschaft in den Schulen als bedeutsame Voraussetzung fur den individuellen Bildungserfolg anzusehen ist (Stanat 2006; Hanushek et al. 2003; Ma/Klinger 2000; Caldas/Bankston 1997). So erreichen z. B. Schuler unabhangig von ihren individuellen Merkmalen an Grundschulen mit einem niedrigen durchschnittlichen Statusniveau der Schulerschaft seltener (im Vergleich zur Hauptschule) hoherwertige weiterfuhrende Schulformen (Schulze et al. 2008b). Insbesondere fur Schuler an Grundschulen mit einem besonders hohen Anteil von Kindern aus sozial schwachen Familien ist das Erreichen chancenreicherer Bildungswege erschwert (Stanat 2006) und gerade schwache Schuler erbringen unter solchen Bedingungen tendenziell noch schlechtere Leistungen (Dills 2005).
- Published
- 2008
39. Malaria treatment in the retail sector: knowledge and practices of drug sellers in rural Tanzania
- Author
-
Angel Dillip, Christopher Mshana, Hassan Mshinda, Brigit Obrist, Ahmed Makemba, Alexander Schulze, Manuel W Hetzel, Christian Lengeler, and June J Msechu
- Subjects
Adult ,Economic growth ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Pharmacy ,Tanzania ,Antimalarials ,Health facility ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,parasitic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,Quality (business) ,education ,Child ,Diagnosis & treatment ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,Pharmacies ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Process Assessment, Health Care ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Commerce ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Malaria ,Logistic Models ,Linear Models ,Educational Status ,Rural Health Services ,Biostatistics ,business ,Case Management ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Throughout Africa, the private retail sector has been recognised as an important source of antimalarial treatment, complementing formal health services. However, the quality of advice and treatment at private outlets is a widespread concern, especially with the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). As a result, ACTs are often deployed exclusively through public health facilities, potentially leading to poorer access among parts of the population. This research aimed at assessing the performance of the retail sector in rural Tanzania. Such information is urgently required to improve and broaden delivery channels for life-saving drugs. Methods During a comprehensive shop census in the districts of Kilombero and Ulanga, Tanzania, we interviewed 489 shopkeepers about their knowledge of malaria and malaria treatment. A complementary mystery shoppers study was conducted in 118 retail outlets in order to assess the vendors' drug selling practices. Both studies included drug stores as well as general shops. Results Shopkeepers in drug stores were able to name more malaria symptoms and were more knowledgeable about malaria treatment than their peers in general shops. In drug stores, 52% mentioned the correct child-dosage of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) compared to only 3% in general shops. In drug stores, mystery shoppers were more likely to receive an appropriate treatment (OR = 9.6), but at an approximately seven times higher price. Overall, adults were more often sold an antimalarial than children (OR = 11.3). On the other hand, general shopkeepers were often ready to refer especially children to a higher level if they felt unable to manage the case. Conclusion The quality of malaria case-management in the retail sector is not satisfactory. Drug stores should be supported and empowered to provide correct malaria-treatment with drugs they are allowed to dispense. At the same time, the role of general shops as first contact points for malaria patients needs to be re-considered. Interventions to improve availability of ACTs in the retail sector are urgently required within the given legal framework.
- Published
- 2007
40. Primäre Tabakprävention bei Jugendlichen. Zum Verhältnis und zur Wirksamkeit struktureller und schulischer Präventionsmaßnahmen
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze
- Abstract
Deutsche Kinder und Jugendliche nehmen im internationalen Vergleich nach wie vor einen vorderen Platz beim Zigarettenrauchen ein (Langness et al. 2005). Seit den 1990er Jahren befinden sich die Anteile rauchender Jugendlicher in Deutschland konstant auf hohem Niveau (BZgA, 2004; Maziak et al. 2003; Griesbach/ Currie, 2000). So bezeichneten sich im Jahr 1993 etwa 20 Prozent der 12- bis 17- Jahrigen und in den Jahren 1997 und 2001 jeweils 28 Prozent dieser Altersgruppe als gelegentliche oder regelmasige Raucher. Erstmalig im Jahr 2004 hat sich in Westdeutschland ein leichter Ruckgang ergeben, was zu einem Absinken des Raucheranteils bei den 12- bis 17-Jahrigen auf 23 Prozent fuhrte (BZgA, 2004). Dieser Abwartstrend setzte sich 2005 weiter fort und fuhrte zu einem Raucheranteil von nunmehr 20 Prozent. Damit ist mittlerweile wieder das Ausgangsniveau der fruhen 1990er Jahre erreicht (BZgA, 2005).
- Published
- 2007
41. Lack of sustainable prevention effect of the 'Smoke-Free Class Competition' on German pupils
- Author
-
Lutz Edler, Martina Pötschke-Langer, Alexander Schulze, and Ute Mons
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Smoking prevention ,Smoking Prevention ,Health Promotion ,Competition (economics) ,German ,Germany ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,medicine ,Humans ,School based intervention ,Child ,Health Education ,School Health Services ,Smoke ,Class (computer programming) ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,language.human_language ,Adolescent Behavior ,language ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
This study examines the effectiveness of the school-based campaign "Smoke-Free Class Competition" as a means of preventing young non-smokers from taking up smoking.Based on two measurements of the Heidelberg Children's Panel Study (1998 and 2000), a longitudinal sample of 1704 pupils was examined: 948 in the intervention group and 756 in the control group. In order to evaluate the effects of the intervention, we compared the smoking behavior in the intervention and the control group at two points in time, shortly before, and 18 months after the intervention, on an individual case basis.(1) Stabilization of never-smoking rates: the proportion of pupils remaining a never-smoker at the follow-up is 62.1% in the intervention group and 61.5% in the control group (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.83-1.24); (2) Lowering of relapse rates among ex-smokers: the proportion of former smokers who had not started smoking again in the follow-up is 45.1% in the intervention group and 41.4% in the control group (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.77-1.49).The "Smoke-Free Class Competition" did not prevent smoking among adolescents and does not appear to be an effective substitute to the complete ban of tobacco advertising, the abolition of vending machines and the creation of smoke-free environments in German schools.
- Published
- 2005
42. Different Ways to Lardolure Precursors: Application of Enzymatic Methods
- Author
-
Andreas Krödel, Alexander Schulze, and Marina Vogel
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Enzyme ,Ketone ,chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Diastereomer ,Lardoglyphus konoi ,Esterase ,Lactone ,Alkyl ,Kinetic resolution - Abstract
Seven-membered lactones which possess alkyl or substituted alkyl groups in different positions are interesting pheromone precursors.[1] Such a compound is (-)-lardolure (1), the aggregation pheromone of the acarid mite, Lardoglyphus konoi,[2] which was prepared in a thirteen-step synthesis starting from the racemic lactone 2 by Mori et al.[3] The resolution of the hydroxycarboxylic acids (+)-5 and (–)-5 via the diastereomeric precursors 4a and 4b was the key reaction of this synthesis (scheme 1). The enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the ketone 6 (scheme 2) and the kinetic resolution of the racemic lactone 2 with an esterase (scheme 3) could be alternative ways for a shorter synthesis of the hydroxyacids (+)-5 and (–)-5, respectively.
- Published
- 2000
43. Erratum to 'Smoke-free class competition: A reply to the initiators of the program' [Prev. Med. 43 (2006) 151–153]
- Author
-
Alexander Schulze, Martina Pötschke-Langer, Lutz Edler, and Ute Mons
- Subjects
Competition (economics) ,Smoke ,Class (computer programming) ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine ,Advertising ,business - Published
- 2007
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.