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It is worth noting that 20 million children suffering from severe malnutrition are less than five years old, and 3.8 million of them are less than six months old. In Sudan the stunting rate was above 30 % that is classified by World Health Organization (WHO) as ‘high ‘. The Supplementary Suckling Technique may seem easy in theory, but find it difficult to apply, as the method must be well explained to the mother and supported to succeed in using it. A prospective hospital-based study was done between January1st to December31st, 2020 among randomly selected infants less than 6 months of age with SAM following breastfeeding failure. Infants’ anthropometric indices were daily measured and recorded. Supplementary suckling technique was used in the management with high or low protein-based milk formula as DF100 or F75. The outcome of these infants was recorded as cured, died, defaulter or in no recovery state. The male infants represented 22 (59.5%) of the total infants (37) with a male to female ratio of 1.47: 1. It was noticed that 18 (48.6%) of infants were in the age group 2-4 months, and 8 (21.6%) SAM infants in the age groups of > 4 and < 6 months while 11 (29.7%) SAM infants in the age groups of < 2 months. About 78.4% of SAM infants aged less or equal to 4 months. Improving breastfeeding practices effectively are needed. Severe acute malnutrition in infants less than 6 months can be managed successfully as inpatients with an adopted protocol. SAM infants less than 6 months of age with D F 100 and F 75 feeding using Supplementary Suckling Technique have shown improvement in their weight gain.

Background and aim: The effectiveness of any vaccine depends on maintaining it at recommended temperatures from manufacture to administration. Health workers in any health facility play an important and vital role in maintaining the cold chain and vaccine efficiency. Therefore, the aim of conducting this research was to evaluate the practice of health workers working in the Expanded Program on Immunization in Sa’adah, Yemen in the correct procedures to maintain the effectiveness of the vaccine and recording data. Method: This study was conducted on 60 health facility (H.F) in 11 districts in Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen during the period from 1 June to 30 July 2019. The focus was on the checklist used to assess the general practices of healthcare personnel participating in the immunization program. The location of the refrigerator, the arrangement of the vaccines, the presence of a thermometer, the handling of the syringes, the cleaning of the injection area, the direction of the pentavalent and measles vaccination needle, and the method of storing the vaccines during the sessions were evaluated. Data were entered and cleaned using Microsoft Excel 2019 and exported to SPSS version 26. Results: The findings show that, the ages of participants ranged from 23-55 years with Mean±SD (34.17±7.310) and 38 (63.3) were male. From a total of health facilities, 43 (91.5) had a good site of refrigerators, 45 (95.7) had a good distance from the wall, and 42 (89.4) had thermometers. There is no significant correlation between the socio-demographics of HCPs and score practice, the total practice scores for HCPs were (21.7%, and 78.3%) for right practice and right but not complete practice, respectively. Conclusion: Only a small percentage of healthcare providers have corrected practice, while a large number have shown correct but not perfect practice. Hence, regular supportive supervision, ongoing technical support, and on-the-job training are highly recommended to improve the healthcare provider's practice with regard to immunization. Peer Review History: Received: 2 January 2023; Revised: 11 February; Accepted: 6 March 2023, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, amalbgadley@pnu.edu.sa Similar Articles: UTILIZATION OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS OF KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA INVESTIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF IMPLEMENTING HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS FROM VIEWPOINT OF PERSONNEL OF MEHRIZ HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN 2017 DETERMINING THE IMPACT RATE OF TRIAGE TRAINING ON AWARENESS AND SKILL LEVEL OF PRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY PERSONNEL OF FASA CITY

Background: After achieving high vaccination coverage, vaccine failure may occur. The sufficient knowledge of the workers in the expanded program of immunization (EPI) is one of the factors that affect in preventing this failure. In Saada, Yemen, there is no information about the knowledge of workers in the EPI. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of those in charge of immunization in Sa’adah, Yemen. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess healthcare providers (HCPs) knowledge regarding EPI. It was conducted on 60 HCPs in 60 H.F of 11 districts in Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen during 1 June – 30 July 2019. Appropriate interviewing pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from HCPs working in EPI. It includes the following: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about; cold chain and the method and time of administration of the vaccine and shake test. Face to face interview used to collect information. Data entering and cleaning were done using Microsoft Excel 2019 and exported to SPSS version 26, p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Differences in samples means were evaluated by chi-square test. Results: Age is one of the determining factors for knowledge of cold chain management (FET=0.040*), and the total knowledge score for of HCPs was (26.7%, 65%, and 8.3%) for good, fair, and poor knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: Only twenty-six-point seven of HCPs had a good knowledge score. Constant technical support and on job training to improve the HCPs knowledge about immunization are extremely recommended. Peer Review History: Received: 20 December 2022; Revised: 5 February 2023; Accepted: 3 March, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com Dr. Olanrewaju Rita-Marie Awotona, Legacy University, Banjul , The Gambia, olanrewajuadegbola@gmail.com Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Similar Articles: TETANUS IMMUNIZATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN: COVERAGE RATE AND RATE OF PROTECTION AT TIME OF DELIVERY EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLIO VACCINE IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY

Background Globally 3.8 million of children under 6 month of age are severely wasted. In Yemen, around 20% of children under six months were affected by malnutrition during the armed conflict in the last 7 years. Supplementary suckling may reestablish exclusive breastfeeding in infant less than 6 months of age with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). This study aimed to determine the outcomes of employing supplementary suckling technique in treatment of uncomplicated SAM infants in a conflict-affected community. Methods A prospective hospital-based study was carried out between January to April 19th, 2020 among randomly selected infants less than 6 months of age with SAM following breastfeeding failure. Infants’ anthropometric indices were daily measured and recorded. Supplementary sulking technique was used in management with high or low protein milk-based formula supplement. Outcome was recorded as cured, died, defaulter or in nonrecovery state. Results In this study 108 infants were enrolled with a median (IQR) age of 4 (2.5-5) years and a male: female ratio of 1.4:1. After treatment, 80.6% recovered to cure, 12% defaulters, 6% died, and 2% did not respond to treatment Thirty-four infants (38.8%) gained weight with significantly increased median weight and median weight-for-age z score. The median (IQR) duration of treatment was 9 (7.5–14) days. The means of age and weight-for-length z score were correlated (r= -0.22, p = 0.025). Duration of treatment was a predictor of outcome (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.05–0.62, p

Background Globally 3.8 million of children under 6 month of age are severely wasted. In Yemen, around 20% of children under 6 months were affected by malnutrition during the armed conflict in the last 7 years. Supplementary suckling may reestablish exclusive breastfeeding in infant less than 6 months of age with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). This study aimed to determine the outcomes of employing supplementary suckling technique in treatment of uncomplicated SAM infants in a conflict-affected community. Methods A prospective hospital-based study was carried out between January to April 19th, 2020 among randomly selected infants less than 6 months of age with SAM following breastfeeding failure. Infants’ anthropometric indices were daily measured and recorded. Supplementary sulking technique was used in management with high or low protein milk-based formula supplement. Outcome was recorded as cured, died, defaulter or in nonrecovery state. Results In this study 108 infants were enrolled with a median (IQR) age of 4 (2.5-5) years and a male: female ratio of 1.4:1. After treatment, 80.6% recovered to cure, 12% defaulters, 6% died, and 2% did not respond to treatment Thirty-four infants (38.8%) gained weight with significantly increased median weight and median weight-for-age z score. The median (IQR) duration of treatment was 9 (7.5-14) days. The means of age and weight-for-length z score were correlated (r = − 0.22, p = 0.025). Duration of treatment was a predictor of outcome (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.05-0.62, p Conclusion Supplementary suckling technique for feeding infant with SAM aged less than 6 months had a positive impact on anthropometric indices with high cure rate. The younger the infant and the longer the duration of treatment, the better the outcome.

The field of dysmorphology has expanded dramatically as the number of recognizable patterns of malformation has more than tripled during the last 30 years. Major congenital anomalies are currently the leading cause of perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality worldwide, including Yemen. A basic method to investigate congenital anomalies is through medical review records at hospitals and child maternity services. A retrospective analytic study through review of medical records was conducted includeding 1920 patients in all major congenital anomalies with a male to female ratio of 2:1 within age range from 1 day to15 years at Al-Sadaqa and Al-Gamhouria Teaching Hospitals, Aden city, Yemen, during January 2000 to December 2007. Digestive system (DTS) 649 (33.8%) formed the commonest major congenital anomalies, followed by circulatory system (CVS) 416 (21.7%), central nervous system (CNS) 273 (14.2%), urogenital system (UGS) 202 (10.5%) and musculoskeletal system (MSK) 137 (7.1%). Generation of the available information will form the basis to reflect the magnitude of these birth defects, their pattern and any associated risk factors. These results will have important implications in planning appropriate preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative programs. Future plan would include the implementation of innovative health education strategies and standard screening with sophisticated diagnostic procedures.

Background: Globally 3.8 million of children < 6 month of age are severely wasted. In Yemen, 2.3 million children under the age of five suffer from acute malnutrition in 2021 and 20% of Children under six months were affected by malnutrition during the armed conflict. Supplementary suckling reestablishes exclusive breastfeeding in infant less than 6 months of age with SAM. This study aimed to determine the outcome of employing supplementary suckling technique in treatment of uncomplicated SAM infants in a conflict-affected community.Methods: A prospective hospital-based study was done between January to April 19th, 2020 among randomly selected infants less than 6 months of age with SAM following breastfeeding failure. Infants’ anthropometric indices were daily measured and recorded. Supplementary sulking technique was used in management with DF100 or F75. Outcome was recorded as cured, died, defaulter or in nonrecovery state.Results: infants in this study (n=108) had a median (IQR) age of 4.0 (2.5) and a male: female ratio of 1.4. The cure rate after feeding was 80.6%, defaulters were 13 (12%), 6 (5.6%) died and 2 (1.9%) infants did not respond to treatment. Thirty-four infants (38.8%) gained weight with significantly increased median weight and median weight-for-age z score. Median weight gain rate was 10.1 g/Kg/day. The median (IQR) duration of treatment was 9 (3.8) days. The means of age and weight-for-length z score were correlated (r= -0.22, p=0.025). Duration of treatment was a predictor of outcome (OR=1.71, 95% CI=0.05-0.62, pConclusion: Supplementary suckling technique for feeding infant with SAM aged less than 6 months had a positive impact on anthropometric indices with high cure rate. The younger the infant and the longer the duration of treatment, the better the outcome.Trial registration: Not Applicable

Objectives: Congenital uterine anomalies (CUAs) occur because of malformation of the female genital tract at any stage of the Müllerian duct development process. This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of CUAs and tubal blockage in infertile Omani women who underwent a hysterosalpingogram procedure as part of the evaluation of infertility. Methods: The radiographic reports of patients aged 19–48 years who underwent hysterosalpingogram as part of infertility evaluation during the 2013–2018 period, were collected and analyzed for the presence and the type of CUAs. Results: The records of N = 912 patients were evaluated, 44.3% of whom had been investigated for primary infertility and 55.7% for secondary infertility. Patients with primary infertility were significantly younger than those with secondary infertility. Of the 27 (3.0%) patients who were found to have CUAs, 19 had arcuate uterus. No correlation was found between the type of infertility and the CUAs. Conclusions: CUAs were prevalent in 3.0% of the cohort, most of whom were diagnosed with arcuate uterus.

Productivity enhancement of tight carbonate reservoirs (permeability 1-3 md) is critical to deliver the mandated production and to achieve the overall recovery. However, productivity improvement with conventional acid stimulation is very limited and short-lived. Tight reservoirs development with down spacing and higher number of infill wells can increase the oil recovery. Nevertheless, poor vertical communication (Kv/Kh < 0.5) within the layered reservoir is still a challenge for productivity enhancement and needs to be improved. First time successful installation of fishbone stimulation technology at ADNOC Onshore targeted establishing vertical communication between layers, in addition to maximizing the reservoir contact. Furthermore this advanced stimulation technology connects the natural fractures within the reservoir, bypasses near well bore damage and allows the thin sub layers to produce. This technology requires running standard lower completion tubing with Fishbone subs preloaded with 40ft needles, and stimulation with rig on site. This paper presents the case study of the fishbone stimulation technology implemented at one of the tight-layered carbonate reservoir. A new development well from ADNOC Onshore South East field was selected for implementation of this technology. The well completion consisting of 4 ½ liner with 40 fishbone subs was installed, each sub containing four needles at 90 degrees phasing capable of penetrating the reservoir up to 40 ft. While rig on site, acid job was conducted for creating jetting effect to penetrate the needles into the formation. Upon completion of jetting operation, fishbone basket run cleaned the unpenetrated needles present in the liner to establish the accessibility up to the total depth. Overall, application of this technology improved the well production rate to 1600 BOPD compared to 400 BOPD of production from nearby wells in the same PAD and reservoir. In addition the productivity of the candidate well improved by 2.5 times with respect to near-by wells in the same PAD. Currently, long-term sustainability testing preparation is in progress. This paper provides the details of candidate selection, completion design, technology limitations, operational challenges, post job testing and lessons learned during pilot implementation. In summary, successful application of this technology is a game changer for tight carbonate productivity enhancement that improves the overall recovery along with optimizing the drilling requirements. Currently, preparation for implementation of 10 pilots in one of the asset at ADNOC Onshore fields is in progress.

BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries.; METHODS: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).; FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100000. In 1990, there were 354064302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338174876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505).; INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Objectives: Structural steel can be broadly classified into hot rolled steel and cold formed steel (CFS). CFS manufactured from roll forming or press braking operation. The main advantage of CFS sections are thin wall and light weight. These thin wall leads to buckling of structural member. This paper aims to study the capacity of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthened CFS channel beams, buckling behaviour, deflection and cost studies on CFRP strengthening. Methods/Statistical analysis: In this study three different length of CFS channel sections are selected for testing in which beams are tested for bending. All the beams were tested in plain section and CFRP strengthened series in universal testing machine. Findings: Experimental results shows the enhancement in capacity of beam due to CFRP strengthening. The local and distortional buckling modes were observed as failure modes. Experimental results were compared with maximum load resistance calculated by AISI specification which are in good agreement. Cost studies were compared on replacing a new member with CFRP strengthened channel member. Improvements/Applications: CFRP strengthening is suitable for enhancement of capacity of beams and repair. This CFRP strengthening technique can applied to reinforced concrete members, hot rolled steel, in filled steel tubes and bridges etc.

Objective: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of SAM among hospitalized children at Al-Wahda teaching hospital in Aden, Yemen. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted on 622 hospitalized children (336 males and 286 females) below 6 years of age during 2012-2013. SAM was defined as a very low weight for height (below-3 Z scores of the median WHO growth standards). Results: SAM was diagnosed in 622 children with prevalence rate of 5.2% from total 11,941 admissions during 24 months period. A higher proportion of patients were marasmus 586 (94.2%) and only 36 (5.8%) were kwashiorkor. Marasmus was common in

In this study field, the objective was to identify the causes of low resistivity pay that was limited towards the southwest of the field. Restricting the focus only on diagenesis has not yielded conclusive explanations to delineate the affected area. Alternatively, investigating the influence of structural evolution (folding and tilting) on hydrocarbon charging mechanism and diagenesis has significantly contributed to a reasonable explanation. This, in turn, can potentially impact decisions related to reservoir characterization and field development planning. The field has adequate coverage of data from vertical (appraisal and observers) and horizontal wells (producers and injectors). The approach of structural flattening at different time intervals was applied in understanding the structural evolution of the field as part of regional tectonic history of the area. The delineation of areas in different paleo-positions has helped in grouping Wells into categories for thorough investigation. Detailed analyses of conventional and advanced logs, and core data were performed which included: petrographic analysis, pore throat and bound water evaluation, and assessment of resistivity log signatures in reference to the paleo-positions of the Wells. The structural evolution and corresponding hydrocarbon charging mechanisms (drainage and imbibition) have influenced the reservoir hydrocarbon saturation in the field from northeast to southwest. The northeast tilting was triggered by Zagros loading, combined with thermal uplift associated with Red Sea opening. This resulted in imbibition in the extreme northeast and second phase of primary drainage in the extreme southwest of the field. As a result, the area that was previously in water leg during early Tertiary provided more exposure to diagenetic processes which enhanced the total porosity (up to 5p.u.) with high bound water and low resistivity pay. The areal coverage within water leg has been well defined in this study by evaluating the positions of paleo structural closures and hydrocarbon charging mechanisms. This would be useful in capturing diagenetic overprint in properties modeling as well as defining appropriate rock types for better saturation height function and volumetric estimations in this area. Consequently, the field development strategy was to develop the central area, in the first phase, since it was less affected by fluids saturation variations caused by the structural evolution. The study has provided improvement in reservoir characterization techniques for well placement and enhanced field development planning. The methodology and approach used in this study are usually applied, to some extent, during exploration stages or basin modeling at regional scale with limited data availability and it is not utilized enough for Well placement and reserves estimations in the development stage. The approach applied here, with substantial data availability and integration, can potentially help in making decisions in the early development stage, allow successful field commissioning, and achieve initial production performance and target plateau.

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings: In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30–30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78–1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331–412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11–16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40–57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98–30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (−0·2% [–2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (−3·6% [–7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0–10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7–12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82–141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90–170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation: TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Cancer in children is increasingly recognized as a major and growing health problem in different developed and developing countries. In Yemen, it is still difficult to know the extent of cancer and its determinants among children. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude of childhood cancer in Aden and provide the preliminary baseline data by age and sex.Basic epidemiologic data was retrieved from all paediatric cancer15 years age registered in Aden Caner Registry (ACR), Yemen, from 1997 to 2006.The results showed a total of 483 childhood cancers15 years age comprising 12.7% of all registered malignancies with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The predominant age affected was 5-9 years in (38.3%) children. The most frequent cancer among Yemeni children was leukaemia 160 (33.1%) followed by lymphoma 152 (31.5%), CNS tumors 35 (7.2%) and bone tumours 25 (5.2%). An interesting and unusual finding was the frequency of acute myeloid leukaemia twice more common in female (66.7%) than male (33.3%). Lymphoma was the most common cancer in children5 years. An interesting comparison was the preponderance of non-Hodgkins's lymphoma over Hodgkin's disease (1.6:1) stronger in female (3:1) than male (1.25:1). Medulloblastoma was the most common CNS tumour followed by astrocytoma, an infrequent finding in childhood cancer. Osteosarcoma was the most frequent bone tumour (male:female ratio of 1.8:1). A female preponderance was noticed in chondrosarcoma that was not yet documented. The blastoma group was common in younger age group. Retinoblastoma and nephroblastoma predominated in female while neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma and soft tissue sarcomas in male.It is concluded that there is a lower frequency of childhood cancer in Aden when compared with developed countries. It may explained by the fact that a large number of childhood cancers remain undiagnosed due to limitations of diagnostic facilities or under registration. Central paediatric hospitals should be provided with essential diagnostic and therapeutic services that should be freely available to all children with cancer.

The characteristics that predicted to treatment outcome were determined separately for 157 adolescent drag abusers who received inpatient treatment and for 296 adolescent drag abusers who received outpatient treatment. The outcome criterion used was the degree of reduction in substance use/abuse. Of 33 predictor variables analyzed, twelve were found to predict to inpatient outcome, and fifteen were found to predict to outpatient outcome. Only two variables, school, and not considering substance use to be harmful to one's health were found to predict to worse outcome for both treatment settings. A number of the characteristics found prognostic for adolescents are different from those reported earlier for adult substance abusers. For example, greater substance use/abuse at follow-up had been reported to be predicted by greater severity of alcohol and drag use at admission, for both inpatient and outpatient adults; but for the adolescents in this study, this was found only for the outpatient.