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Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by eczema, cold abscesses, pneumonia, eosinophilia, and a very high serum IgE concentration. An association with celiac disease is rare. Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity are two manifestations of immune system dysfunction that can be associated with common pathophysiological links. We present the case of a 3-year-old child with psychomotor retardation and a history of recurrent infections who had generalized eczema, failure to thrive, and abdominal distension with hepatosplenomegaly. The patient improved after receiving a monthly intravenous immunoglobulin infusion and a gluten-free diet.

Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) pathogenesis is still unknown. However, among patients who have a genetic susceptibility, some viral infections appear to be triggers for AIH. We report a case of a child who developed type 2 autoimmune hepatitis as a result of HEPATITIS A Virus (HAV) infection. An 8-year-old female who was diagnosed with hepatitis A three years ago and was cured after three months. She developed jaundice and epistaxis a few years later. Complementary tests revealed polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, antinuclear and anti-LC1 antibodies, and hepatocyte necrotico-inflammatory lesions in a liver biopsy. The diagnosis of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis was kept. A remission was obtained under corticosteroid and azathioprine treatment. In cases of persistent HAV infection, AIH should be investigated so that therapy can start earlier. To prevent more serious complications, AIH patients should also receive the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and HAV vaccines.

WOS: 000350167200008, PubMed ID: 25703555, Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and a few related mycobacteria, is a devastating disease, killing more than a million individuals per year worldwide. However, its pathogenesis remains largely elusive, as only a small proportion of infected individuals develop clinical disease either during primary infection or during reactivation from latency or secondary infection. Subacute, hematogenous, and extrapulmonary disease tends to be more frequent in infants, children, and teenagers than in adults. Life-threatening primary TB of childhood can result from known acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies, although the vast majority of cases remain unexplained. We review here the conditions conferring a predisposition to childhood clinical diseases caused by mycobacteria, including not only M.tb but also weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria. Infections with weakly virulent mycobacteria are much rarer than TB, but the inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies underlying these infections are much better known. Their study has also provided genetic and immunological insights into childhood TB, as illustrated by the discovery of single-gene inborn errors of IFN- immunity underlying severe cases of TB. Novel findings are expected from ongoing and future human genetic studies of childhood TB in countries that combine a high proportion of consanguineous marriages, a high incidence of TB, and an excellent clinical care, such as Iran, Morocco, and Turkey., European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC) [ERC-2010-AdG-268777]; French National Research Agency (ANR)French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-10-IAHU-01, ANR-08-MIEN-014-02]; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Universite Paris DescartesInstitut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); St. Giles Foundation; Rockefeller University from the National Center for Research Resources [8ULTR000043]; National Center for Advancing Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institute of Health; Rockefeller University; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [U01AI088685, R01AI089970, R37AI095983], We thank all clinicians from many countries around the world for their help and contribution in the investigation of TB patients. Special thanks to A. Strickler and J. F. Emile for providing the pictures. We also thank all members of the Necker and Rockefeller branches of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases. This work was supported by grants from the European Research Council (ERC-2010-AdG-268777), the French National Research Agency (ANR) under "the Investments for the Future" grant number ANR-10-IAHU-01, ANR-08-MIEN-014-02, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Universite Paris Descartes, the St. Giles Foundation, the Rockefeller University grant number 8ULTR000043 from the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institute of Health, the Rockefeller University, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant number U01AI088685, R01AI089970, and R37AI095983. The authors have no financial or commercial conflict of interest to declare.

Jarcho Levin syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by malformations of the vertebrae at different levels of the spine and ribs. We present a case of Jarcho Levin Syndrome diagnosed prenatally and was associated with renal abnormalities. Bahrain Med Bull 2014; 36(2): 108-111

We present a case of ruptured rudimentary horn pregnancy where the diagnosis was missed by sonogram at 14 weeks gestation and presented as an acute abdomen and hypovolemic shock. She was managed through emergency lower midline laparotomy together with simultaneous resuscitation. Excision of the rudimentary horn and the right fallopian tube was done. The right ovary was conserved. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.

WOS: 000289458800016, PubMed ID: 21533230, Background and Objectives: In the last decade, autosomal recessive IL-12R beta 11 deficiency has been diagnosed in four children with severe tuberculosis from three unrelated families from Morocco, Spain, and Turkey, providing proof-of-principle that tuberculosis in otherwise healthy children may result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity. We aimed to estimate the fraction of children developing severe tuberculosis due to IL-12R beta 1 deficiency in areas endemic for tuberculosis and where parental consanguinity is common. Methods and Principal Findings: We searched for IL12RB1 mutations in a series of 50 children from Iran, Morocco, and Turkey. All children had established severe pulmonary and/or disseminated tuberculosis requiring hospitalization and were otherwise normally resistant to weakly virulent BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria. In one child from Iran and another from Morocco, homozygosity for loss-of-function IL12RB1 alleles was documented, resulting in complete IL-12R beta 1 deficiency. Despite the small sample studied, our findings suggest that IL-12R beta 1 deficiency is not a very rare cause of pediatric tuberculosis in these countries, where it should be considered in selected children with severe disease. Significance: This finding may have important medical implications, as recombinant IFN-gamma is an effective treatment for mycobacterial infections in IL-12R beta 1-deficient patients. It also provides additional support for the view that severe tuberculosis in childhood may result from a collection of single-gene inborn errors of immunity., Schlumberger Foundation; BNP-Paribas Foundation; Foundation for Medical Research (FRM)Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale; Institut Universitaire de France; French National Agency for Research (ANR)French National Research Agency (ANR); EUEuropean Union (EU) [HEALTH-F3-2008-200732]; Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationGates Foundation; St. Giles Foundation; Jeffrey Modell Foundation; Talecris Biotherapeutics; Rockefeller University Center for Clinical and Translational Science [5UL1RR024143]; Rockefeller University; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [1U01AI088685], The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported in part by grants from the Schlumberger Foundation, the BNP-Paribas Foundation, The Foundation for Medical Research (FRM), the "Institut Universitaire de France," the French National Agency for Research (ANR), the EU-grant HOMITB (HEALTH-F3-2008-200732), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the St. Giles Foundation, the Jeffrey Modell Foundation and Talecris Biotherapeutics, the Rockefeller University Center for Clinical and Translational Science grant number 5UL1RR024143, the Rockefeller University, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant number 1U01AI088685. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding received for this study.