1. Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?
- Author
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Walter C. Willett, Nahla Hwalla, Paul W. Franks, Barrie Margetts, Chizuru Nishida, Jacob C. Seidell, Youfa Wang, Nancy Potischman, Pattanee Winichagoon, Isabelle Romieu, Michael F. Leitzmann, Stephen D. Hursting, Martin Wiseman, Hervé M. Blottière, Simón Barquera, Laure Dossus, Magdalena Stepien, Klaas R. Westerterp, Marc J. Gunter, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica [Mexique] (INSP), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Malmö University Hospital, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, American University of Beirut (UB), Department of Nutrition [Oslo], Institute of Basic Medical Sciences [Oslo], Faculty of Medicine [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Medicine [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Nutrition Policy and Scientific Advice (NPU), Department of Nutrition for Health and Development (NHD), World Health Organization, Office of the Associate Director, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, University of Amsterdam, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo [SUNY] (SUNY Buffalo), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Institute of Nutrition, University Salaya, World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), National Institute of Public Health = Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública [Cuernavaca, Mexique] (INSP), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism [Maastricht] (NUTRIM), Maastricht University [Maastricht], Romieu, Isabelle, RS: NUTRIM - HB/BW section B, RS: NUTRIM - R1 - Metabolic Syndrome, and RS: NUTRIM - R1 - Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular health
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Mediterranean diet ,Double burden ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Energy balance ,Weight Gain ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,2. Zero hunger ,Microbiota ,1. No poverty ,RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL ,3. Good health ,WEIGHT-GAIN ,MEDITERRANEAN DIET ,Oncology ,LIKELY IMPACT ,VISCERAL FAT ,Income ,CHILDHOOD OBESITY ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Colon ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Childhood obesity ,Beverages ,03 medical and health sciences ,Overnutrition ,Internal medicine ,Environmental health ,Humans ,ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS ,Obesity ,SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES ,Developing Countries ,Exercise ,Consumption (economics) ,Energy intake ,Energy expenditure ,Satiety ,Diet ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,Malnutrition ,Feeding Behavior ,medicine.disease ,BODY-MASS INDEX ,Endocrinology ,PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY ,business ,Energy Metabolism - Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to review the evidence of the association between energy balance and obesity. METHODS: In December 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France convened a Working Group of international experts to review the evidence regarding energy balance and obesity, with a focus on Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). RESULTS: The global epidemic of obesity and the double burden, in LMICs, of malnutrition (coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition) are both related to poor quality diet and unbalanced energy intake. Dietary patterns consistent with a traditional Mediterranean diet and other measures of diet quality can contribute to long-term weight control. Limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has a particularly important role in weight control. Genetic factors alone cannot explain the global epidemic of obesity. However, genetic, epigenetic factors and the microbiota could influence individual responses to diet and physical activity. CONCLUSION: Energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure is the main driver of weight gain. The quality of the diet may exert its effect on energy balance through complex hormonal and neurological pathways that influence satiety and possibly through other mechanisms. The food environment, marketing of unhealthy foods and urbanization, and reduction in sedentary behaviors and physical activity play important roles. Most of the evidence comes from High Income Countries and more research is needed in LMICs.
- Published
- 2016
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