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Redundant duplication among putative Nordic spring barley material held at 12 gene banks worldwide was studied using 35 microsatellite primer pairs covering the entire barley genome. These microsatellite markers revealed an average of 7.1 alleles per locus, and a range of 1 to 17 different alleles per locus. Similarity of accession name was initially used to partition the 174 repatriated accessions into 36 potential duplicate groups, and one group containing 36 apparently unique or unrelated accessions. This partitioning was efficient to produce a distribution of mainly small average genetic distances within potential duplicate groups compared to distances from the group of unique accessions. However, comparisons within potential duplicate groups still contained large genetic distances of the same size as distances between unique accessions indicating classification errors. A bootstrap approach based on re-sampling of both microsatellite markers and alleles within marker loci was used to test for homogeneity within potential duplicate groups. The test was used in each group for sequential elimination of accessions with a significantly large average genetic distance to identify a homogeneous group. Such genetically homogeneous groups of two or more accessions were identified in 22 among the 36 potential duplicate groups studied. Results from the genetic analysis of some potential duplicate groups supported previous conclusions based on passport data through inclusion of the historically most-original accession in the genetically homogeneous group. In other potential duplicate groups the apparently most-original accession according to passport data was not included in the homogeneous set of accessions, indicating that this most-original accession does not have duplicate accessions in the group. During the present study the largest average genetic distance accepted in any homogeneous group was smaller than the smallest distance declared significant in any group, with a threshold average genetic distance of approximately 0.14. The results are discussed with respect to the identification of duplicate accessions within potential duplicate groups, as well as the elimination of genetic off types in such groups. Furthermore, large barley gene bank collections may be screened for potential duplicates with genetic distances below the suggested threshold of 0.14.

In a prospective consecutive investigation radiologic tests for lateral and anterior instability in acute ankle distortion were found to be reliable indications of lateral ligament ruptures. Arthrography of the ankle joint was used as reference. Absence of instability, however, gives little information as to the ligamental status. The size of this group constitutes a clinical problem. Better results are achieved by combining lateral and anterior instability tests. If only one test is used, the anterior instability test should be preferred. The results of the two tests bare no relation to the degree of ligament ruptures found at operation.

During the 11-month period 1 October 1977 to 31 August 1978 a total of 44 patients with acute supination trauma of the ankle were examined. The clinical findings were compared with the results of arthrography. This revealed that direct and indirect tenderness of the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament respectively, combined with a greater than or equal to 4 cm swelling anteriorly and over the lateral malleolus, indicated a ligament injury with great likelihood. If some of the diagnostic signs are absent, most emphasis should be laid on the swelling over the lateral malleolus and on the direct and indirect tenderness of the calcaneofibular ligament. The talar-tilt test and examination for the drawer sign were of limited diagnostic value.

The material comprises 444 patients, aged 12-50 years, with acute sprain of the ankle, seen over an 11-month period (1.10. 1977 to 31.8. 1978). Clinical examination showed no rupture of the ligaments in 53. Arthrography in the remaining patients revealed rupture of the lateral ligaments in 209 (in two-thirds of the anterior talofibular ligament and in one-third of the anterior talofibular as well as calcaneofibular ligament). Conservative treatment with a below-knee plaster cast for 5 weeks was employed in 107 patients, while 102 were treated surgically by suture of the ruptured ligament(s) and subsequently wore a below-knee plaster cast for 5 weeks. The follow-up 1 year after the accident was attended by 63 per cent of the patients. Good results were found in 76 per cent of those treated by plaster cast only and in 81 per cent of those treated by surgery. The difference is not statistically significant.