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Abstract: To kill cancer cells, photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes a light-sensitive medication and light. Light-sensitive drugs are absorbed by cancerous cells. The cells are then illuminated with a specific light or laser by a specialist and oxygen that destroys cancer cells is released. The present study aims to discuss the roles, advancements, and limitations of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Photosensitizers and photosensitizing agents are used in photodynamic treatment to destroy cancer cells. Lasers or other light sources, such as LEDs, may provide illumination. There are reports of a novel nanoplatform for the treatment of HER2-overexpressed breast cancer, as well as other primary and metastatic cancers, using fluorescent electron microscopy PDT/photothermal therapy (PTT) dualtherapy. PDT has a significant benefit over conventional cancer therapies because it may cause fewer adverse effects. PDT-induced immunostimulatory cell death and the production of a robust local inflammatory response might lead to effective local anticancer therapy. PDT has a lower long-term morbidity and recovery time than surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a prevalent complaint among women nowadays. Primary dysmenorrhea is a painful disorder that occurs during the menstrual cycle. It is described as unpleasant menstrual cramps or period discomfort that occurs without the presence of any pelvic illness. Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of absence from school, work, and social activities. It has an impact on women's daily quality of life. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological treatments for women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: We looked up information on gynaecology in the Cochrane library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and other databases. We looked at multiple clinical trial databases from the year before as well as systematic reviews that had been done before. Result: As per qualitative assessment, non-pharmacological management for primary dysmenorrhea is extremely effective and wonderful for overall health. Primary dysmenorrhea can be treated with any of the approaches outlined in this study. Conclusion: The study revealed that non-pharmacological approaches, such as yoga, physical activity, heat treatment, massage therapy, water therapy, dietary supplements, acupressure, aromatherapy, massage therapy, and other non-invasive techniques, have a significant role in the management of dysmenorrhoea. It was observed that women who engage in regular physical activity do not experience severe dysmenorrhea. Additionally, it was discovered in this study that dietary nutrients like vitamin D and other nutraceuticals ameliorate the symptoms of dysmenorrhea.

Unsymmetrically disubstituted antiaromatic indenofluorene (IF), in comparison to aromatic pentacene counterpart with unsymmetrical disubstitution, was rare in the literature until our recent report on indeno[1,2-b]fluorene and indeno[2,1-a]fluorene. Described herein is a straightforward access to unsymmetrically disubstituted indeno[2,1-c]fluorenes bearing mesityl at one apical carbon and C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, and CCSii-Pr3 at the other apical carbon, including 4-methoxyphenyl/3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 push/pull substitution at the apical carbons with appreciable orbital density, and a previously unknown symmetrically C6F5-disubstituted [2,1-c]IF. The electronic properties of the unsymmetrical derivatives lie halfway in between the two symmetrical counterparts, while the 4-methoxyphenyl derivative showed the smallest HOMO–LUMO energy gap and near-infrared absorption with intramolecular charge transfer character. Single-crystal analyses showed 1D-columnar stacks for the unsymmetrical motif with the C6F5 units co-facially π-stacked with the IF core, whereas symmetrically C6F5-disubstituted [2,1-c]IF, with a low-lying LUMO, showed intermolecular π–π stacks between the IFs that resulted in good electron mobility (µ e = 8.66 × 10−3 cm2 · V−1 · s−1) under space charge limited current measurements. Importantly, balanced ambipolar charge-transport behaviour could be extracted for an IF series with symmetrical/unsymmetrical substitutions, in comparison to its π-contracted pentalene congener.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a backbone treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PC), is known to have a variety of metabolic side effects. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to quantify the metabolic risks of ADT.We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus in May of 2022 for studies investigating the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, and hypertension from ADT in PC patients using keywords. Only full-length studies with a control group of PC patients not on ADT were included. All results compatible with each outcome domain in each included study were sought. For included studies, relative risk (RR) was pooled using a random effects model and a trim-fill approach was used to adjust for publication bias.1,846 records were screened, of which 19 were found suitable for data extraction. Five studies, including 891 patients, were evaluated for MetS as an outcome, with the random effects model showing a pooled RR of 1.60 ([95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.06-2.42]; P=0.03) for patients on ADT while twelve studies, including 336,330 patients, examined diabetes as an outcome, and the random effects model showed a RR of 1.43 ([95% CI, 1.28-1.59]; P0.01). After adjustment for publication bias, ADT was associated with a 25% increased risk for diabetes but was not associated with MetS. 4 studies, including 7,051 patients, examined hypertension as an outcome, and the random effects model showed a RR of 1.30 ([95% CI, 1.08-1.55]; P=0.18) in ADT patients.In patients with PC, ADT was not associated with MetS and the association with diabetes was not as strong as previously reported. Our novel meta-analysis of hypertension showed that ADT increased the risk of hypertension by 30%. These results should be understood in the context of collaborating care between a patient's oncologist and primary care provider to optimize care.

Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular disease are one of important non-communicable, lifestyle-related endocrine disorders. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 366 million in 2011 to 552 million in 2030. The use of an integrative approach to medicine Traditional and modern medicine needs to be considered to address the multiple challenges posed by diabetes. Integrated strategy involves selfmanagement and lifestyle changes and is a new term emphasizing the combination of conventional and alternative approaches to address biological, psychological, society and the spirit of health and disease. When considered an alternative, integrated treatments to diabetes, all patients must realize the importance of careful monitoring of blood sugar levels. blood and potential side effects, as well as regular contact with the medical care team. In the present study, the integrative approach for the management of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular disease

This business plan proposes a solution to the issue of long lines at billing counters in shopping malls, particularly during holidays and weekends when there are large discounts and offers. The proposed solution involves equipping all products in the mall with RFID tags and all shopping carts with RFID readers and digital displays. When a product is placed in the cart, its code will be automatically detected, and the product's name and price will be displayed on the LCD screen. The price will be added to the final bill. If a customer removes a product from the cart, the price will be deducted from the total amount, and this information will be sent to the central billing unit through the Smart Cart module. This system will enable customers to complete their billing process within the shopping cart itself, reducing wait times and improving the overall shopping experience.

This project uses blockchain technology to suggest a workaround for the drawbacks of conventional crowdfunding sites. The suggested platform, "Fund Future," is a decentralised platform for crowdfunding that enables people and organisations to raise money for their projects directly from their supporters. The platform is based on the Ethereum blockchain, which enables smart contracts to carry out the crowdfunding campaign's policies and processes automatically. The platform offers a clear, safe, and effective method of fundraising, making sure that money is delivered properly to the project developers. The project seeks to address the issues that traditional crowdfunding platforms have, like high fees, fraud, and a lack of transparency. With blockchain technology becoming more popular, Fund Future has the potential to completely transform the crowdfunding market.

India is the second largest producer of tomato in the world after China. West Bengal is seventh largest producer of tomato in India. Present study was conducted in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Present study fully relies on the primary data collected by personal interview method using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. majority of the respondents were middle age group, illiterate, majority of the respondents lived in semi-cemented house and most of the respondents were living in extended family with medium annual income and most of them belongs to SC category, medium level of social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge and adoption towards improved tomato production. Socio-economic characteristics like age, education, housing pattern, annual income, family type, social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure had positive and significant association with the knowledge at 0.05% of the probability. Caste and extension contacts had negative but significant association with the knowledge at 0.05% level.

Background: To compare the demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and comorbidities of hospitalized children with the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and analyse them to find out potential predictors for requirement of mechanical ventilation. Methods: Study design was of single centre, retrospective record review. Settings were tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India, between April, 2020 to October, 2020 Results: 100-laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases were admitted during the study period. Thirty-five patients required IMV. Median age of ventilated patients was 65 (10.5, 126) months and median weight was 15 (8.5, 23.3) kg. Forty-three percent (43%) of patients were underweight (p=0.46) while 40% had chronic co-morbidity (p=0.015). Gastrointestinal symptoms (p

Background: Proteinuria is a major indicator of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. The gold standard for diagnosis of significant proteinuria is based on a 24hour urine collection which is cumbersome, time-consuming, and inconvenient to patients. A need, therefore, exists for a rapid, valid, and accurate test to identify significant urinary proteinuria. Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional hospital-based study wherein a total of 150 pregnant women who met the criteria of preeclampsia were taken. Spot urine samples for calculating the urine P/C ratio were taken immediately before 24hr urine collection. Correlation between 24hour urine protein and spot PCR was then determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient(r). Results: The correlation coefficient (r) between 24hr urine protein and spot PCR was found to be 0.734 (n=150) which was highly significant with p

Introduction and Aim: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), is a frequently employed diagnostic procedure in identifying lymph node pathology. This study aims to categorise cytological aspirates from lymph nodes according to the Sydney system and in addition determine the likelihood of cancer occurrence in the classified categories. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study analysing lymph node cytology was performed retrospectively between January 2021 to December 2022, and the findings were classified into five groups from L1 to L5 as proposed by the Sydney System. By comparing the diagnoses with the corresponding histological diagnosis, statistical analysis was used to evaluate the probability of malignancy linked with each group. Results: Out of 279 fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) tests performed for lymphadenopathy, 39 cases were compared with histopathological results. The cases classified to the categories L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5 were 11/279 (3.9%), 170/279 (60%), 2/279 (0.7%), and 93/279 (33%) accordingly. The likelihood of developing cancer was found to be 33.33%, 8.8%, 56.4%, 83.33%, and 94.74% for each group. Conclusion: To achieve uniformity and repeatability in cytopathological diagnosis, the recommended Sydney method of lymph node cytology reporting and classification can be effective.

Water is the major constituent of life for the growth of animals and flora species. Water is available around the world with different Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels and minerals. On the basis of TDS, the hardness and softness of water are determined. (Underground water and oceanic water are found to have higher TDS than fresh water). Aim: To understand the effect of TDS on the growth of plant. Objectives: A study was conducted on the basis of the TDS of water to observe the effect of TDS on the growth of phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) plants and to check whether the water TDS is responsible for the growth of the plants or not. Methods: Water of different TDS levels was collected from Gwalior district (Gwalior, Gwalior fresh water Takenpur, and distilled water). Water has different TDS levels ranging from 95ppm (Parts Per Million), 750ppm, 2000ppm, distilled water with 0ppm TDS, and acidic distilled water (pH 3.5–4, by adding HCl acid). The kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris) were purchased from a local mart and sowed into the washed sand with a neutral pH of 7, and the growth was observed under sunlight. (Each pot containing 7 beans). Results: The result of the experiment was positive as required, as the water TDS level affects the growth of plants. It has been observed that distilled water with a TDS of 0 ppm shows almost no growth, but a TDS of 750 ppm shows the maximum growth. Therefore, it has been concluded that TDS is also responsible for the growth of plants, and this practice can be done on a large scale also for the best result of growth.

Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is an extremely rare phenomenon. A variety of factors such as antineoplastic agents, pharmaceutical agents, physical and environmental factors have been proposed to be the underlying cause of RRD. Only a handful cases have been reported till date, where trastuzumab is sought to be the triggering agent. The presentation of RRD varies from mild erythematous to extensive confluent dermatitis, resolving over a period of 1 to 2 weeks with conservative management. Most of the patients tend to tolerate rechallenge well without showing reappearance. We hereby describe a lady with breast cancer having RRD following administration of trastuzumab. She developed reaction 28 days post-radiotherapy and managed conservatively. Furthermore, she was rechallenged with the same dose, that she tolerated very well, without any reappearance. Hence, an acquaintance of the clinicians to this rare entity is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important elements required for crop production. The ideal soil pH for its absorption by plants is about 6.5, but in alkaline and acidic soils, most of the consumed P forms an insoluble complex with calcium, iron, and aluminum elements and its availability for absorption by the plant decreases. The supply of P needed by plants is mainly achieved through chemical fertilizers; however, in addition to the high price of these fertilizers, in the long run, their destructive effects will affect the soil and the environment. The use of cheap and abundant resources such as rock phosphate (RP) can be an alternative strategy for P chemical fertilizers, but the solubilization of P of this source has been a challenge for agricultural researchers. For this, physical and chemical treatments have been used, but the solution that has recently attracted the attention of the researchers is to use the potential of rhizobacteria to solubilize RP and supply P to plants by this method. These microorganisms, via. mechanisms such as proton secretion, organic and mineral acid production, siderophore production, etc., lead to the solubilization of RP, and by releasing its P, they improve the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products. In this review, addressing the potential of rhizosphere microbes (with a focus on rhizobacteria) as an eco-friendly strategy for RP solubilization, along with physical and chemical solutions, has been attempted.

In recent times, the deployment of wireless sensor networks becomes important in revolutionary areas such as smart cities, environmental monitoring, smart transportation, and smart industries. The battery power of sensor nodes is limited due to which their efficient utilization is much necessary as the battery is irreplaceable. Efficient energy utilization is addressed as one of the important issues by many researchers recently in WSN. Clustering is one of the fundamental approaches used for efficient energy utilization in WSNs. The clustering method should be effective for the selection of optimal clusters with efficient energy consumption. Extensive modification in the clustering approaches leads to an increase in the lifetime of sensor nodes which is a unique way for network lifetime enhancement. As the technologies were taken to next the level where multiparameters need to be considered in almost every application in clustering, multiple factors affect the clustering and these factors were conflicting in nature too. Due to the conflicting nature of these factors, it becomes difficult to coordinate among them for optimized clustering. In this paper, we have considered multiattributes and made coordination among these attributes for optimal cluster head selection. We have considered Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) methods for CH’s selection from the available alternatives by making suitable coordination among these attributes, and comparative analysis has been taken in LEACH, LEACH-C, EECS, HEED, HEEC, and DEECET algorithms. The experimental results validate that using MADM approaches, the proposed APRO algorithm proves to be one of the better exhibits for choosing the available CHs.

Natural rubber is one of the most significant polymers for the human society. One which supplies raw materials for the many sectors i.e., industrial, medical, agriculture, automobiles, aircraft, railways, textile industries, sports, and engineering sectors, and even for the construction of buildings and roads, etc. Due to its multifarious uses, the consumption of natural rubber in the world as well as in India has been increasing steadily. Hence based on the importance of the crop, the present study examined the sources of output growth and variability of natural rubber in India using secondary data for the period of 2007-08 to 2021-22 with the help of statistical and econometrical tools i.e., compound annual growth rate, decomposition model, and Cuddy - Della Valle index (CDVI). Growth in the area of natural rubber in India has increased with a positive and highly significant rate of 4.23 percent per annum, while negative and significant growth was observed in production and productivity of the same. Decomposition analysis indicated that the area effect was the prime contributor to the increase in the production of rubber. Variability of natural rubber in the area, production, and productivity was found to be 5.36, 11.16, and 3.21 percent, respectively for India.

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is commonly used in gynaecological surgeries, with Bupivacaine being the most commonly used anaesthetic. Bupivacaine, on the other hand, has a shorter duration of action. This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the behaviour of intrathecal clonidine and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in augmenting block characteristics in patients undergoing gynaecological procedures. Methods: A prospective randomized single blind study was conducted in the Department of Anesthesia IGMC SHIMLA at Kamla Nehru state hospital. Results: The mean onset time of sensory block at T6 level was significantly more in group C and was 175.09± 68.01secand was 124.44± 20.64 sec in group D. (p=0.001). The mean time to reach the maximum sensory height was significantly early in group D and was 18.64± 4.82 min in Group C and 13.53± 2.97 min in Group D respectively. (p=0.001). Mean time to two segment regression of the block was significantly early in group C and was 103.58± 11.25 min in Group C and 115.24± 8.91 min In Group D respectively. (p=0.001). Mean onset motor time in seconds (modified bromage scale ≤2)for Group C and Group D was115± 8.11 and 74.6± 14.19 respectively. Group C had notably higher onset motor time than group D (p=0.001). Mean Duration of motor blockade in minutes (modified bromage scale =6) for Group C and Group D were 273.51± 18.95 and 316.67± 21.39 respectively. The difference between the groups were statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: We observed statistically significant, early onset, prolonged duration of sensory and motor block in patients where dexmeditomidine 5µg was used as an adjuvant to bupivacaine 0.5% heavy in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomies without any significant side effects as compared to 30 µg clonidine. Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, Clonidine, Bupivacaine, motor, sensory

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is commonly used in gynaecological surgeries, with Bupivacaine being the most commonly used anaesthetic. Bupivacaine, on the other hand, has a shorter duration of action. This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the behaviour of intrathecal clonidine and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in augmenting block characteristics in patients undergoing gynaecological procedures. Methods: A prospective randomized single blind study was conducted in the Department of Anesthesia IGMC SHIMLA at Kamla Nehru state hospital. Results: In Group C, Mean VAS score was 1±0 at 30 mins, 60 mins and 90 mins, however it increased to 2±0 at 120 mins, 150 mins, 180 mins and 210 mins. After 240 mins, VAS started increasing more in group C and at 270 mins mean VAS score significantly increased to 3±0 and then to 3.11±0.32, 3.63±0.49, 3.80±0.41 at 330 mins, 360 mins and 390 mins respectively. In Group D, Mean VAS score increased from 1± 0 at baseline and 60 mins to 1.04±0.21, 1.98±0.15 2± 0, 2.07±0.25, 2.13±0.34, 2.98±0.15, 3±0, 3.02±0.15, 3.27±0.45 and 3.81±0.39 3.81±0.39 at 90 mins, 120 mins, 150 mins, 180 mins, 210 mins, 240 mins, 270 mins, 300 mins, 330 mins, 360 mins and 390 mins respectively. Conclusion: When compared between the groups, mean VAS score was significantly more in Group C at 240 mins, 330 mins and 360 mins(p≤0.021)

Purpose: Retinal pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) are characterized by a separation between the RPE and the innermost aspect of Bruch's membrane. Many chorioretinal diseases can lead to pigment epithelial detachment of which the most common is age-related macular degeneration; but a significant number of PEDs are idiopathic in etiology. PEDs can be classified as drusenoid, serous, vascularized, or fibrovascular type. Currently, serous PED has not shown much response to treatment, so no specific treatment guidelines are established. Whereas vascularized PEDs, have several treatment options such as intravitreal anti-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and intravitreal steroids. Hence, the need of the hour is to formulate a treatment strategy for serous PED. Methods: We report an original study of thirty patients who were diagnosed with serous pigment epithelial detachment on Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescence angiography. All the patients presented to our outpatient department with the chief complaint of diminution of vision, central/paracentralscotoma and metamorphopsia. All of them underwent treatment with suprachoroidal anti-VEGF (bevacizumab).The patients were followed 8 weeks. Results: BCVA and Amsler grid assessment was recorded on the 3rd day,1st week, 2nd week, 4th week, 6th week, and 8th week. Post-injection SD-OCT macular scan was performed on the 6thweek. Functional improvement (BCVA) was reported by all patients. All the patients had reduced size and height of PED in SD-OCT. Conclusion: Thus, our result indicates that suprachoroidalbevacizumab is an efficacious treatment for serous PED. It can be hypothesized that as degenerative changes in bruch membrane due to metabolite deposit plays a key role in development of PED; injecting the anti VEGF drug in the suprachoroida space adjacent to the choroid has a superior effect.

Herein, we reported an effectual protocol for the stereoselective synthesis of novel C-3 thio/seleno substituted ortho-, meta- and para-(2-benzo[d]oxazolyl)phenyl-β-lactams 7a-i. The reaction was performed by utilizing different S/Se-alkyl/aryl substituted acids 6a-d and isomeric ortho-, meta- and para-(2-benzo[d]oxazolyl)phenyl Schiff’s bases 3a-c and afforded exclusive formation of trans-β-lactams. The trans configuration was assigned with respect to coupling constant values of C3-H and C4-H (J = 1.4 to 2.6; C3-H and C4-H). The structure elucidation of all the thio/seleno anchored β-lactams 7a-i was performed using various spectroscopic techniques viz. FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C, and 13C DEPT–135), 2D-NMR (1H–1H COSY and 1H–13C HSQC), elemental analysis (CHN), and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Further, divergent substrate scope accompanied by plausible mechanistic investigation have been also described. Stereoselectivity, good functional group tolerance and excellent yield along with wider synthetic utility bestows advantages to the present protocol.

Copper chalcogenide-based nanocrystals (NCs) are a suitable replacement for toxic Cd/Pb chalcogenide-based NCs in a wide range of applications including photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and biological imaging. However, despite rigorous research, direct synthesis approaches of this class of compounds suffer from inhomogeneous size, shape, and composition of the NC ensembles, which is reflected in their broad photoluminescence (PL) bandwidths. A partial cation exchange (CE) strategy, wherein host cations in the initial binary copper chalcogenide are replaced by incoming cations to form ternary/quaternary multicomponent NCs, has been proven to be instrumental in achieving better size, shape, and composition control to this class of nanomaterials. Additionally, adopting synthetic strategies which help to eliminate inhomogeneities in the NC ensembles can lead to narrower PL bandwidths, as was shown by single-particle studies on I–III–VI2-based semiconductor NCs. In this work, we formulate a two-step colloidal synthesis of Cu–Zn–In–Se (CZISe) NCs via a partial CE pathway. The first step is the synthesis of Cu2–xSe NCs, which serve as a template for the subsequent CE reaction. The second step is the incorporation of the In3+and Zn2+guest cations into the synthesized Cu2–xSe NCs via simultaneous injection of both metal precursors, which results in gradient-alloyed CZISe NCs with a Zn-rich surface. The as-synthesized NCs exhibit near-infrared (NIR) PL without an additional shell growth, which is typically required in most of the developed protocols. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these Cu chalcogenide-based NCs reaches 20%. These NCs also exhibit intriguingly narrow PL bands, which challenges the notion of broad PL bands being an inherent property of this class of NCs. Additionally, a variation in the feed ratios of the incoming cations, i.e., In/Zn, results in the variation of the composition of the synthesized NCs. Henceforth, the optical properties of these NCs could be tuned by a simple variation of the composition of the NCs achieved by varying the feed ratios of the incoming cations. Within a narrow size distribution, the PL maxima range from 980 to 1060 nm, depending on the composition of the NCs. Post-synthetic surface modification of the synthesized NCs enabled the replacement of the parent long-chain organic ligands with smaller species, which is essential for their prospective applications requiring efficient charge transport. With PL emission extended into the NIR, the synthesized NCs are suitable for an array of potential applications, most importantly in the area of solar energy harvesting and bioimaging. The large Stokes shift inherent to these materials, their absorption in the solar range, and their NIR PL within the biological window make them suitable candidates.

Recent studies have reported improved outcomes with adjuvant radiotherapy in penile cancer. However, the appropriate target volumes to be irradiated in this group of patients for optimal outcomes are still unclear. This study aims to report the patterns of failure and define target volumes to be irradiated in patients with pN3 penile cancer.Patients with pT1-T4, pN3, cM0, and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis who received adjuvant radiotherapy (involved field or extended field), with or without concurrent chemotherapy were included in the study. Complete information on disease characteristics, radiotherapy target details, and patterns of failure were available for 75 patients. Disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test was used to compare the survival outcomes between the involved field and extended field radiotherapy groups. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze factors correlating with survival outcomes.At a median follow-up of 39 months, 38.6% (29/75) of patients had relapsed either locally, regionally, or at distant sites. Of the 24 patients who received extended field radiotherapy (EFRT), only 1 (4%) patient experienced relapse, while 28 (55%) patients experienced relapse after involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT), of which 28.5% were regional-only relapses and 64% relapses were associated with a regional component. The 2-year DFS and OS of the entire cohort were 62.2% and 70.8%, respectively. The 2-year DFS was 67.9% in patients who received IFRT and 94.1% in those who received EFRT (p=0.002), while the 2-year OS was 62.4% with IFRT and 91.1% with EFRT (p=0.014). Extended field radiotherapy was associated with an improved DFS (HR- 12.2, 95% CI 1.5-97.4, p=0.02) and OS (HR- 4.6, 95% CI 1-21.5, p=0.05) on multivariate analysis.Extended field radiotherapy significantly improves clinical outcomes compared to involved-field radiation in patients with pN3 penile cancer.

Although India is a democratic country, it still uses traditional voting machines that are costly and require manual labor. However, an alternative web-based voting system has been proposed that would allow voters to cast their ballots from anywhere in the world. To participate, voters must register on the government's website and provide their name, address, and biometric information, such as fingerprints and facial images. This information would be securely stored in a server database. On election day, voters would log in to the website using their biometric information, similar to unlocking a mobile phone. This process would eliminate the need for physical presence and save time for voters. Moreover, using biometric information would reduce the risk of fraudulent voting. The proposed system would use ten print images to match the correct voter's name. To enhance security, the system would also take into account the constant distance between a person's eyes and eyebrows, which does not change with age

The price of a house is increased every year according to the location. It indicates the current economic situation so there is a need for a system to predict house sales in the future for both buyer and the seller. Here we use a dataset of Pune with more than 68,613 entries of train data and test data of housing sales in India. This analysis includes the effect of markdowns on sales and the extent of effects on the sales by size, price, area etc. has been analysed using different machine learning algorithms. Estimating home sales can help the developer determine the selling price of the home and the best time for the buyer to purchase the home. The output values of the algorithms are estimated based on the input characteristics from the data presented in the system and the analysis is a process. Physical conditions, concept and location are the three factors that determine the selling price of a property.

Fins are one of the important key cooling elements. The main purpose of pin fins is to increase the rate of heat transfer to the surroundings by improving convection. The transferred heat will exist in the form of conduction, convection and radiation. If the temperature coefficient of heat transfer increases, the cooling rate will also increase. The main objective of our project is to increase the rate of heat transfer in different types of fins with different shapes.3D models were designed in Catia and tested in Ansys. Use the developed fins in various applications.

The MANET wireless network operates independently of any infrastructure and can establish connections dynamically, making it highly accessible regardless of the environment. However, the network is vulnerable to attacks such as the BHA, which can cause the depletion of the network. This attack introduces MNs into the network, providing false routing information to the source node. This leads to the drop of data packets and ultimately damages the network. To address this issue, we propose a node credibility-based approach that utilizes Andrew's plot to assess node credibility after several transactions. This method enables us to identify highly credible nodes which can be considered trustworthy in the network. We utilized Network Simulator software to create various MANET scenarios and test the effectiveness of our proposed approach against the BHA.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is symptom, not disease. Bleeding per vaginum is labelled to be pathological when there is constant irregularity in pattern and flow of bleeding, altered duration or increased amount of menstrual blood. Histopathological examination of endometrium biopsies remains a gold standard diagnostic tool. Methods: A prospective study was done on 150 patients presenting with AUB over the period January 2022 to December 2022 in the department of pathology, Hind institute of medical sciences, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special stain estrogen receptor was used. Results: Majority of the patients were seen in the perimenopausal age group and most common complaint was menorrhagia in 73 patients (48%). The commonest pathology observed in our study was proliferative phase endometrium in 48 patients (32%). Most of the endometrial carcinoma (4%) were presented after the age of 50 years. The association between histopathological patterns and estrogen receptor category were found to be statistically significant as the p

Systematic information on rainfall patterns and distribution is essential for crop selection, adopting improved agronomic practices, designing rainwater harvesting structures, and conserving rainwater. This study analyzed the probabilities of rainfall occurrence to know the rainfall onset, withdrawal, and rainy season length for different blocks of Kendrapara district, Odisha. The rainfall analysis showed that the kharif season shares 75-78% of annual rainfall with July and August being the wettest. Seasonal rainfall showed a significant increase during kharif season while the decreasing trend was observed during the rabi and summer seasons. Markov chain analysis showed that the weekly probability for 20-mm rainfall and consecutive two weeks is more than 70% during SMW 25-38. During the June-October period, assured rainfall at 80% probability is greater than 800 mm in four blocks, while in other blocks it ranged between 610-779 mm. Assured rainfall during the rabi and summer season is uncertain, however, a 105-126 mm rainfall is received in May in many blocks, useful for summer ploughing and green manure crops. Rainy season length analysis at an 80% probability level revealed that only in 14-16 weeks’ rain occurs, thereby, only short-duration paddy can be grown with lower risk. By utilizing October rainfall and conserved soil moisture, short-duration pulses/oilseeds could be grown in all the blocks. However, kharif paddy must be sown/transplanted at the optimum time