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In 2019–2020 (for 13 months), 21 macrofungi species, both native (14) and inadvertently introduced from warmer regions (7), were found in greenhouses at the Warsaw University Botanic Garden. These included 13 species recorded for the first time in Polish greenhouses. Descriptions and photographs are given for 5 species identified, which are new to Poland (Gymnopus luxurians, Hemimycena ignobilis, Leucoagaricus meleagris, L. rubrotinctus, and Xylaria arbuscula s.l.). The highest variety of species was found in the greenhouses with the collection of tropical and succulents and cacti, with 11 and 8 species, respectively. The number of species ranged from five to four in other greenhouses. The current results increase the number of species reported from greenhouses in Poland to approximately 50. None of the identified species has a negative impact on the growth and health of plants in the greenhouses at the Warsaw University Botanic Garden and at present none of them are indicated as potentially invasive.

Byzantine philosopher Georgios Gemistos Pletho (1355–1452) is regarded as the first Philhellene who rejected Christianity and attempted to restore the pogan religion of Hellenic gods. In his last work Books of Laws (Νόμων συγγραφή) he presents his own system of theology based on ancient philosophy and Greek mythology. The aim of the paper is to outline some main features of Plethon’s theology and to show the influence of Greek tradition on it.

We identified 17 species of fungi that are new to Kampinos National Park. Sixteen were found during surveys of areas damaged by a strong wind in 2017. The remaining species was found outside the windthrow area. Descriptions of four species new to Poland ( Cortinarius subcompar , Hyaloscypha quercicola , Hypocrea tremelloides , and Trechispora aff. invisitata ) are also provided. The current number of macromycetes taxa identified in Kampinos National Park is 1,654.

The paper presents eleven species of fungi new to the Kampinos National Park. They were found during the studies on wind-damaged areas after the forest was damaged in 2017. Two species new to Poland were described and illustrated ( Nectria nigrescens and Strossmayeria basitricha ). The current number of macromycetes taxa known from the Kampinos National Park has reached 1,637.

This paper presents 18 species of fungi that are new to the Kampinos National Park and their buffer zone. Seventeen of these species were found during studies on wind-damaged areas after the forest was damaged in 2017. One species new to Poland has been described and illustrated (Odonticium septocystidiatum). A few of the species recorded (Ciliolarinacfr.laricina,Daldinia petriniae,Pseudovalsa umbonata,Spongipellis litschaueri) are very rare in Poland and hitherto mentioned from single localities in the country. Two species from the Polish red list of macrofungi were recorded in the Kampinos National Park for the first time – namely,Punctularia strigosozonata(E) andTrichaptum biforme(R). The current number of macromycete taxa known from Kampinos National Park has reached a total of 1,630.

Buglossoporus pulvinus is widely distributed across Europe, within the range of Quercus robur. Throughout the area in which it appears, it is rare or very rare. It is listed as an endangered species in Europe and has been added to the Red Lists of fungi in a number of countries, along with awaiting inclusion in the IUCN Red List. In this study we have critically analysed the existing data about the occurrence of B. pulvinus in Poland. We have presented two new localities of the species in question in Poland, as well as new occurrences on the territory of the Białowieża National Park, the only place where this species had been previously recorded in Poland. Selected trees and logs inhabited by B. pulvinus have been characterized. We have indicated the number of observed basidiomata, their phenology, and the sizes of the largest specimens. We have identified 8 fungus species (Bisporella citrina, Daedalea quercina, Hapalopilus croceus, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Laetiporus sulphureus, Mycena galericulata, M. inclinata, Xylobolus frustulatus) that coexist with B. pulvinus. Based on the new distribution data for B. pulvinus in Poland, according to IUCN Red List criteria this species should be classified as Endangered (EN).

Wielkopolski National Park is a protected area located in central Wielkopolska, near Poznań City, and is an important refuge to numerous valuable species of plants, fungi, and animals. Through 2019, the project to recognize and catalog the macromycetes of this Park was continued. The current paper presents the results of these studies in the form of an annotated list of the recorded species. One hundred and eighty-nine taxa new for Wielkopolski National Park have been identified. Among these, nine are new to Poland (Acanthophysellum lividocoeruleum, Agaricus moellerianus, Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum, Entoloma terreum, Flammulina populicola, Leucoagaricus sublittoralis, Marasmius anomalus var. microsporus, Phaeohelotium rufescens, and Tulasnella danica). The current number of fungal taxa found in this park is 1,122.

This work aimed to present the diversity of fungal species in the Poznań- Radojewo park. It was characterized based on literature data, unpublished master’s theses, the authors’ data, as well as data collected during two mycological trips organized by the Mycological Section of the Polish Botanical Society. Between 1980 and 2017, as many as 333 species of macromycetes have been found within the park in Poznań-Radojewo (among them 19% are rare and endangered), including eight protected species (Mitrophora semilibera, Morchella esculenta (var. esculenta and var. umbrina), Geastrum corollinum, G. fornicatum, Hericium coralloides, and Myriostoma coliforme), as well as two species new to the Polish mycobiota: Psathyrella bipellis and P. larga. The park in Poznań-Radojewo is very important for maintaining a high species diversity of fungi within the city of Poznań. During revitalization works, it is of paramount importance to take the needs of rare, threatened, and protected species under consideration and to preserve the natural character of plant communities. It is also vital to ensure the presence of coarse woody debris at different decomposition phases, which serves as an important substratum type for rare fungi.

The aim of this paper is to present a case of the patient who was hospitalized in the Toxicology and Cardiology Department because of suicidal digoxin and theophylline intoxication. Both drugs have complicated mechanism of action and affect cardiovascular system differently, but both predispose to ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. In the presented patient conduction disorders, cardiac muscle repolarization disorders and ventricular arrhythmias typical to digoxin poisoning were observed. During hospitalization the patient experienced the ECG and biochemical abnormalities resulting from myocardial infarction. In our paper we have analyzed digoxin and theophylline mechanisms of action and possible impact of each of these drugs on the clinical symptoms that our patient presented.

The paper presents 32 species of macrofungi new to the Kampinos National Park, found during the studies on fire-damaged areas after the forest fires in 2015. Three species new to Poland were described and illustrated (Calycellina leucella, Exobasidium juelianum, and Gymnopilus decipiens). Four species from Polish red list of macrofungi have been recorded in the Kampinos National Park for the first time: Botryobasidium vagum (R), Geastrum coronatum (V), Helicogloea farinacea (E), Inonotus cuticularis (R). During the current studies 17 pyrophilous species new to the Kampinos National Park were found.

The aim of this study was to describe the species composition of macrofungi in a manorial park in Turew and to evaluate thc importance of the park as a refuge habitat. The study carried out in 1997-1999 resulted in 177 taxa (Basidiomycetes - 84,7%, Ascomycetes - 15,3%). Among them 23 species were recognized to be protected or listed in the Polish Red List. It turned out that the manorial park in Turew is an important refuge area for many species of macrofungi occurring in agricultural landscape.

In 2010, 16 macrofungi species were found in greenhouses of the Botanical Garden in Warsaw-Powsin. These included 8 species of lepiotaceous fungi and a few species known from warmer areas. For 3 species identified, which are new to Poland (Agaricus subrufescens, Leucocoprinus heinemannii, Marasmius teplicensis), a description is given, with drawings of their microscopic features and photographs. Species composition of macrofungi is compared in 5 complexes of greenhouses (Bayreuth, Graz, Jena, Paskov, Warsaw) in 4 countries from Central Europe. The total number of species in these 5 studies is 206, including 27 (13.2%) lepiotaceous fungi. The smallest number of species identified was in Warsaw (16). More than twice this number was recorded in Jena (33) and Graz (34), while the richest fungal biotas were in Bayreuth (79) and Paskov (88). Of the 16 species found in Warsaw, 8 were also found in other greenhouses. In the group of 33 species recorded in at least two complexes of greenhouses, the most abundant were the lepiotaceous fungi (39.4%) and mycenaceous fungi (15.1%). Leucocoprinus cepistipes and L. straminellus were recorded most often, in 4 of the 5 studied greenhouse complexes. CCA analysis demonstrated that the highest impact on species diversity is the area of greenhouses.

This study (conducted in western Poland) was aimed at recognizing the importance of straw heaps (SH) and manure heaps (MH) located in cultivated fields for fungal diversity in farmland. Fungi (24 species and 1 sterile form) were found in 19.1% of SH (N = 89) and 60.4% of MH (N = 169). The estimated species richness (Chao2) was 29.8 ± 12.7 and 18.1 ± 2.5 (SD), respectively. Species composition of fungal communities differed significantly between SH and MH. The studied ephemeral habitats contributed markedly to fungal diversity, both locally and on the national scale. The occurrence of fungi in SH was significantly positively related to heap size, while fungal species number in MH depended most strongly on the degree of shielding, linked with proximity of woods or shelterbelts. The results show that both the reduction of SH and MH numbers in farmlands (required by the Nitrates Directive) and landscape simplification are unfavorable for fungal diversity.

This paper presents the second part of the results of the first short-term inventory of fungi species occurring in the Biebrza National Park and is focused on a survey of macrofungi. The total number of macrofungi found during the survey in late August 2012 was 289 taxa: 17 ascomycetes and 272 basidiomycetes, inhabiting diverse ecological niches. The identified fungi belonged to ectomycorrhizal symbionts and saprobionts decomposing wood, plant litter and animal remnants. The identity of 25 mycorrhizal fungi species has been confirmed using molecular techniques. Five species are newly reported for Poland (Amanita olivaceogrisea, Lepiota lepida, Stropharia alcis, Xerocomus fennicus, X. cisalpinus) and 225 taxa (79 %) were not known in the Biebrza National Park. Fifty species are endangered in Poland, of which nine species are protected by law. Data on species richness and the taxonomic diversity of the identified fungi are briefly commented in terms of their significance for nature conservation and future research.

The article presents the biography and scientific achievements of Professor Anna Bujakiewicz. After receiving her master’s degree and doctorate in biology and mycology from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Professor Bujakiewicz continued her exciting research and teaching on mycology at her Alma Mater Posnaniensis for more than 50 years. Her publications in this field include many books, articles, and other scholarly reports.

Aim. To assess the usefulness of a DNA-based method for identifying mushroom species for application in forensic laboratory practice. METHODS. Two hundred twenty-one samples of clinical forensic material (dried mushrooms, food remains, stomach contents, feces, etc) were analyzed. ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was sequenced and the sequen-ces were compared with reference sequences collected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information gene bank (GenBank). Sporological identification of mushrooms was also performed for 57 samples of clinical material. RESULTS. Of 221 samples, positive sequencing results were obtained for 152 (69%). The highest percentage of positive results was obtained for samples of dried mushrooms (96%) and food remains (91%). Comparison with GenBank sequences enabled identification of all samples at least at the genus level. Most samples (90%) were identified at the level of species or a group of closely related species. Sporological and molecular identification were consistent at the level of species or genus for 30% of analyzed samples. CONCLUSION. Molecular analysis identified a larger number of species than sporological method. It proved to be suitable for analysis of evidential material (dried hallucinogenic mushrooms) in forensic genetic laboratories as well as to complement classical methods in the analysis of clinical material. Language: en

The purpose of the presented article is to discuss the idea of Balanced Scorecard as a key factor to improve competitive advantage. The Balanced Scorecard creates a measurement system used to monitor and create strategy. The article describes the essence, characteristics and basic advantages of Balanced Scorecard in The City Town Hall in Innsbruck. It combines the mission and company’s strategy with the aims and measures related to four different perspectives: financial, customer, internal business process, learning and growth. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

This paper describes a case of now 49-year-old patient with alcohol dependence syndrome, hospitalized three times in the Center of Clinical Toxicology in 2009-2012 due to ethylene glycol poisoning. Twice, the course of poisoning was defined as severe. It was complicated by respiratory failure, severe metabolic acidosis, renal failure, disorders of the central nervous system; once referred to it as a medium, complicated by renal failure. He was treated with ethyl alcohol as an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, hemodialysess and intensive symptomatic and supportive therapy. This paper shows the great effectiveness of early hemodialysis and intensive therapy even in case of multiple and severe intoxication with toxic alcohols.

Obesity in rapidly developing countries has recently become an epidemic. That is why the need to fight against this chronic disease is becoming more and more apparent. In order to lose weight it is necessary to achieve negative energy balance either by increasing physical activity or using a low calorie diet. When these methods are ineffective, pharmacotherapy is used. The criterion for the application of medical treatment is a BMI above 30 kg/m2 or above 27 along with the presence of other risk factors. Drugs for weight loss fall into three groups: appetite inhibitors, those increasing energy expenditure by enhancing thermogenesis and those inhibiting the absorption of food in the intestines. This paper presents an overview of these classes of drugs and dietary supplements with an emphasis on their adverse effects and the possibility of poisoning. Despite the fact that in Poland only one drug - orlistat has been registered for the treatment of obesity, the availability of other products is unlimited due to the Internet. This fact, and the tendency of patients to treat obesity by themselves using pharmacological substances, poses a major threat and a challenge to the toxicologist.

Sodium azide poisonings are a rare reason for hospitalization in toxicological units. They are observed as rarely as once within a number of years per hospital. Consequently, an algorithm for the optimum procedure of treating such intoxications does not exist and, as a result, there is a need to describe every single clinical case. A female, aged 55, was directed to the toxicological unit from a county hospital after swallowing four tablets of sodium azide, 150 mg each, in the form of preservative for fresh milk samples. Two hours after the incident a gastric lavage was performed and the tableting blend was retrieved. In the clinical examination higher concentration of lactic acid, ALAT and TSH were observed. In the ECG record unspecific aberrations in the ST segment were noticed. Due to the patient's general good condition and the fact that the tableting blend had been retrieved from the gastric rinse, further use of the antidote indicated in the therapy of cyanide intoxications was abandoned. Symptomatic treatment was used along with the patient's eight-day observation. In the described case the early decontamination prevented the development of acute poisoning.

These days young people use internet as a source of information. Internet offers knowledge that can be used not only for school education but also to obtain information about usage and effects of psychoactive substances. Recent research shows that young people more often use internet websites and chat rooms to exchange knowledge and experience with chemicals and everyday products used as intoxicants, for example: nutmeg, nonprescription medications, metal cleaning liquid or feminine hygiene products. This article shows the extend of knowledge young people can gain from popular internet websites. Information on the web is presented as appealing, attractive and encouraging. From a toxicologist point of view it is extremely important to be familiar with those new threats because more and more often we have to treat young patients with a serious poisoning from usage of experimental intoxicating substances.

The term “biodiversity” was used for the first time by wildlife scientist and conservationist [1] in a lay book advocating nature conservation. The term was not adopted by more then decade. In 1980 use of the term by Thomas Lovejoy in the Foreword to the book “Conservation Biology” [2] credited with launching the field of conservation biology introduced the term to the scientific community. There are many definitions of biodiversity. One of them, formulated in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [3] reads: ” Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems”. Biodiversity forms the foundation of the vast array of ecosystem services that critically contribute to human well-being. Biodiversity is important in human-managed as well as natural ecosystems. Decisions humans make that influence biodiversity affect the well-being of themselves and others [3].

26 of serious inedible alcohol (ethylene glycol and methanol) intoxications have been observed in Lublin Regional Center of Clinical Toxicology during 2010/2011 (18 mounths). As a result of such intoxications, metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure and other organs injury develop. The writings inform that it is possible to survive a pH spectrum between 6.8 and 7.8, whereas beyond these values protein denaturation and death proceed. The paper presents two cases of intoxication with ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, methanol together where the lowest pH values in capillary blood were recorded below 6.8. The first case is of a male, 45, who was diagnosed glycol concentration at 283.3 mg/dl, with the lowest pH value obtained in the gasometric examination of capillary blood at 6.712. The other case is of another male, 54, who had probably drunk condenser liquid. Ethylene glycol and methanol's concentration were 535 mg/dl and 37.5 mg/dl correspondingly, whereas the lowest capillary blood pH value was recorded at 6.745. Both men had been addicted to alcohol for many years. The treatment demanded multiple hemodialyses, respiratory therapy, catecholamine intravenous injections as well as intensive pharmacological treatment resulting from multi-organ complications. The intoxication in either case was non-lethal.

Serotonin syndrome is caused by excess serotonin in the central nervous system. It usually occurs as adverse drug-therapy (neuroleptic agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and others).a 50-year-old woman with a history of depression, was admitted to our hospital, due to suicidal drug poisoning (moclobemide- 4500 mg, venlafaxine 1050 mg, mianserin 300 mg and cytisine 30mg). She was also drunk. The patient was unconscious and sweaty, on the ECG tachycardia (120/min) was observed. In addition, several hours after admission, the patient developed acute respiratory failure, we observed myoclonus, lockjaw, body temperature increased to 37.3 degrees Celsius, and blood pressure was 170/80 mmHg. During the neurological examination there was a tendency to bilaterall Babinski sign and the nystagmus was present. The patient was intubated, and we started an intravenous infusion of Relanium. In laboratory studies: ethanol: 2.52 g/l, tests for benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants were negative, WBC 13.1 tys/microl, CPK was elevated to 372 U/L, other parameters (electrolytes, transaminases, serum total protein, glucose, CRP, creatinine) were normal. The patient required intensive care and treatment during the next two days. The diagnosis of serotonin syndrome was based on the Hunter's criteria, which are more sensitive and more specific than Sternbach's criteria. The patient was discharged from hospital in good condition.

The paper presents a new locality of the protected fungus Hericium coralloides located in a manorial park in Turew. Nine basiodiocarps grew on a fragment of trunk of Ulmus sp. lying at the alley. The described locality is the fourth known in Wielkopolska region.

"Dzisiejsza roślinność Puszczy jest wynikiem procesów ekologicznych, które kształtowały ją od schyłku ostatniego zlodowacenia, kiedy ocieplenie klimatu umożliwiło rozwój ekosystemów leśnych na tym terenie. Około 12 tysięcy lat temu rozprzestrzeniły się tu lasy sosnowo-brzozowe, a następnie kolejno przybywały inne gatunki drzew, które wędrowały z cieplejszych rejonów Europy, gdzie przetrwały okres zlodowacenia. Stopniowo wzbogacały one tutejsze lasy i powodowały ich zróżnicowanie w zależności od warunków siedliskowych. Do pierwszych przybyszów, po sośnie i brzozie, należały wiąz i leszczyna, a między ok. 9300 a 3800 lat temu miał miejsce najbujniejszy rozwój wielogatunkowych, mieszanych lasów liściastych." (fragm.)