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Objective: This study aims to translate and validate the 'Smell Diskettes' screening tool from English into Arabic. The significance of this study stems from the lack of reliable and rapid olfaction screening tests available to Arabic speaking patients and healthcare practitioners. Methods: This is a prospective cohort, multi-center study. A forward-backward translation of the olfaction screening test was done to translate the text into Arabic. Data was collected from two groups: a control group (n=125) of which 84 percent were females (n=105) and a mean age of 22.4 of subjectively normosmic individuals from Alfaisal University and a patients group (n=82) of which 35.4 percent females (n = 29) with a mean age of 38.2, all of whom were diagnosed with olfactory disturbances related to rhinological pathologies, from King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. One of the limitations we faced due to convenience sampling and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions was the inability to perform a “test-retest” on study subjects. Results: The study included 207 subjects, out of whom 82 (40 percent) were patients from the rhinology clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) and 125 (60 percent) were recruited as controls from Alfaisal University. The average olfaction scores for the control group and the patients’ group were 7/8 and 5/8, respectively. Conclusion: This study has determined that the Arabic-language version is a valid and useful instrument used in clinical practice and for research purposes. The development of this tool will allow more patients in Arabic-speaking countries to be screened for olfactory disturbances.

This research presents a contrastive analysis of some cultural problems of English/Arabic translation. The significance of the study stems from the fact that it concentrates on some of the cultural ecological, material and religious differences between English and Arabic. These differences form a hindrance in the translation process if the translator is unaware of. The analysis pinpoints some of the points of conflict in order to provide translators and second language learners with insights that would make the translation process more effective and fruitful. For instance, it is noticed that some ecological terms may have different meanings and connotations in both languages, i.e. English and Arabic. Moreover, the most outstanding problem in both material and religious cultures is that, in many cases, there is an absence of equivalents in the target language culture. Thus, the literal translation of such terms results in a misleading translation : Contrastive Analysis, Translation, Culture, Ecological Problems, Material Problems, Religious Problems.

Computer System Usability Questionnaire (CSUQ) is one of the popular standardized usability tools that measures perceived user satisfaction of a system. This research aims to translate CSUQ to the ...

الملخص: تختلف المصطلحات القانونية في اللغات التي تتحدثها أکثر من دولة باختلاف الثقافة والمشارب القانونية وتعدد التفسير القانوني والمذهب الفقهي، مما يعتبر ثراء لهذا المجال الواسع، إلا أن التنوع اللغوي في البلاد التي تتحدث نفس اللغة يؤدي أحيانا إلى مشکلة عند ترجمة النصوص القانونية، خصوصا عند وجود تبادل تجاري واجتماعي بين ثقافة هذه اللغة ولغة أخرى مثيلة، وهو ما ينطبق على الألمانية والعربية باعتبارها لغات رسمية تتعدد مراکزها اللغوية. وتحاول هذه الدراسة التعرف على ظاهرة التعدد اللغوي وتحديد أسباب وجودها في الترجمة القانونية وذکر بعض الأمثلة لذلک من مجالات قانونية متعددة، مع وضع اقتراحات لحل المشکلة، ولفت النظر إليها، ومن ذلک مثلا استخدام المکافئ الوظيفي في الترجمة بين الألمانية والعربية إذا کان المکافئ الدلالي لا يفي بغرض الترجمة بين اللغتين، وکان استخدامه سيؤدي إلى سوء فهم، وبالتالي إشکالات قانونية. Abstract:Legal terminology differs in the languages ​​spoken by more than one country according to the culture, the legal paths and the multiplicity of legal interpretation and jurisprudence, which enrich this wide field. However, the linguistic variation in countries that speak the same language sometimes leads to a problem when we translate legal texts, especially when there is a commercial and social exchange between the culture of this language and another similar language. This applies to German and Arabic as official pluricentric languages. This study attempts to identify the phenomenon of lexical variation (multilingualism), determine the reasons for its existence in legal translation and mention some examples of that from various legal fields. It also attempts to develop proposals (suggestions) to solve the problem and draw attention to it. One example is the use of the functional equivalent in translation between German and Arabic when the semantic equivalent does not meet (serve) the purpose of translation between the two languages, and which, if used, would lead to misunderstanding and thereby legal problems.

The present paper investigates a largely ignored topic in Arabic translation studies: video game localization. It attempts to establish scholarly discussion about this field by analyzing the curren...

This study aimed at cross-culturally translating and adapting the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ), and then evaluated the psychometric properties of the resulting instrument. The ...

In this paper, I examine aspects of the methodological debate that originated in 2010, when the distinguished historian of mathematics Sabetai Unguru reviewed Roshdi Rashed’s edition of the Arabic translation of Apollonius’ Conics. In his review, Unguru criticized what Rashed calls “l’usage instrumental d’une autre mathématique pour commenter une oeuvre ancienne”. I consider this debate very important and will try to place it within in the discussion of the so-called “geometric algebra” that goes back to the seventies, by tracing the contributions of the main figures who took part in it. Published Online (2021-04-30)Copyright © 2021 by Aldo Brigaglia Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/aestimatio/article/view/37627/28622 Corresponding Author: Aldo Brigaglia,University of PalermoE-Mail: aldo.brigaglia@gmail.com

No critical edition of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics takes into account the evidence of Theodore’s Arabic translation. The 1964 Oxford Classical Text edition, while dismissing its value, attr...

Every translation process should be guided by “a communicative purpose of the source text which is supposed to be fulfilled in the target text” (Nord, 2006, p.44). This paper seeks to examine the role of the pragmatic analysis in assessing the quality of the translation process by formulating a tripartite model. This model combines the pragmatic analysis and two functional translation models, which are Nord (1997) and House (2015) to tackle the translation quality assessment. Specifically, this paper assesses the Arabic translation of one bedtime short stories selected from children’s Disney book, 365 Bedtime Stories (2014). The researcher applies a pragma-stylistic framework along with two functional translation models to measure the quality assessment of the target texts and minimize the gap between the two cultures in the source and the target texts of children's literature. Consequently, the study provides further suggestions for the translation gaps and errors which are found in the translated target texts by applying Baker's (2011) and Van Coillie's (2006) strategies. This paper tests the validity of the proposed model to perform a pragma-stylistic model that helps in the translation quality assessment to classify the translation errors and offer solutions that can be used in any children’s literature.

Low Back Pain Knowledge Questionnaire (LBP_KQ) was originally developed and validated for English speakers but not yet available for Arabic speakers.To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and test the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the LBP_KQ.Translation and cross-cultural adaptation were performed according to recommended guidelines. Construct validity was assessed through principal component analysis, and contrasted groups including physical therapists, nurses, and patients with low back pain. Concurrent validity was assessed by the correlation of LBP_KQ with the fear avoidance-belief questionnaire and depression, anxiety, and stress scale. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analyses. Sensitivity to change was measured by comparing an educational intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG).The questionnaire has four components. Physical therapists had significantly (The Arabic version of LBP_KQ is valid, reliable, and sensitive to change.

The aim was to create a Modern Standard Arabic SCAT5 version for different Arabic dialects. This translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed in eight stages: initial translations, reconciliation of translations and cultural adaptation, back translation, appraisal of back translations, validation of the translation, review and adjustment by reconciliation committee, pretesting in 12 football players and document finalisation. As an alternative to the problematic Months In Reverse Order Test (MIROT) in Arabic, the Serial 3s test (32 Arabic and 30 English participants), the Days of the Week Backwards test (DWBT), and the ‘Adding Serial 3s’ test were tested (30 English and 30 Arabic participants) for accuracy, difficulty and time of completion. The Arabic SCAT5 was similar and comparable to the original English version (7-point Likert scales =< 2). Testing of the pre-final version of the Arabic SCAT5 took 20.4 (SD 3.4) and 17.7 (SD 3.0) minutes respectively to complete and was found acceptable in terms of clarity, understandability, grammatical correctness and coherence. The Arabic Serial 3s test (subtraction version) was unsuitable due to high completion time, low pass rate and high difficulty perception [time = 47.2 (SD 28.0) s; accuracy = 55.2%; difficulty = 3.2 (SD 1.1)]. The Arabic DWBT was too fast and undemanding for concentration testing [time = 4.6 (SD 1.5) s; accuracy = 90%; difficulty = 1.1 (SD 0.3)]. The Adding Serial 3s tests produced similar completion times [18.4 (SD 6.8) vs. 21.1 (SD 5.3), p = 0.088], accuracy (100%) and self-rated difficulty [English = 2.0 (SD 0.7) vs. Arabic-speaking participants = 2.1 (SD 0.8), p = 0.512] and was therefore adopted to replace the MIROT. This culturally adapted Arabic-SCAT5 questionnaire is the first concussion assessment tool available for Arabic-speaking healthcare providers and athletes. Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5). Biol Sport. 2021;38(1):129–144.

Esse artigo busca analisar nossa experiência da tradução do português ao árabe de A Hora da Estrela de Clarice Lispector, que foi lançada no Egito no dia 24 junho 2018. Até o presente momento, ela é a primeira e única tradução árabe de A Hora da Estrela de Clarice Lispector. Seguindo as etapas do processo tradutório, propostos por Williams e Chesterman (2002), vamos apresentar reflexões sobre cada momento dessa tradução, desde o início da leitura e interpretação do romance, passando pela busca de resolução dos problemas da tradução e chegando até a revisão editorial, a editoração e a recepção da obra no Egito e nos países árabes.

The problems of lexical Ambiguity in German/Arabic translation of legal texts Ambiguity is a linguistic phenomenon that exists at all linguistic levels, making the text hard to translate, particularly when translating a legal text between two different cultures. Ambiguity could be an aim in itself in some types of texts, such as literary texts and advertising. On the other hand, in legal texts the lexical equivalence must be explicit. However, some legal texts may contain ambiguous or polysemous. The aim of this paper is to highlight the problem of ambiguity at the lexical level and its impact on the quality of the translated text. It also discusses the different types of equivalence, addressing the causes of linguistic ambiguity such as technicality of the legal language, as well as the culture-specific terms etc.

This article examines a public debate about Arabic translation that took place in Cairo in March 1908. The social transformations of the long nineteenth century had been accompanied in Egypt by a parallel upheaval in conceptions of language, and by 1908 Arabic, like the global economy, seemed threatened by crisis. Some speeches from the debate actually connect these crises, equating linguistic meaning with financial value or critiquing the “costliness” of literary style; others conceive translation as an exchange predicated on equivalence between languages and governed by abstract economic laws. Scholars have suggested that the cultural violence of colonialism has structured modern Arabic literary production and defined its place within world and comparative literary studies. Here, I ask how that place might be reconceived if early twentieth-century Arabic theories of literature and language are understood as embedded not only in colonial ideological paradigms, but also in (imperial) capitalist logics of market efficiency and infinite exchangeability.

تناقش هذه الدراسة صحة نسبة الترجمة العربية لكتاب من كتب الطب اليوناني، وهو كتاب جالينوس «في تعرف علل الأعضاء الباطنة المعروف بالمواضع الآلمة» إلى المترجم حنين بن إسحاق العبادي (192/260-264هـ)، أشهر الأطباء في العصر العباسي؛ حيث اختلفت الآراء قديمًا وحديثًا حول صحة هذه النسبة، فالبعض ينسبها لحنين، والبعض ينسبها لتلميذه حبيش بن الحسن، ذلك أن أكثر ما ترجمه حبيش من اليونانية كان إلى العربية، وأن أكثر ما ترجمه حنين كان إلى السريانية. وستتم مناقشة هذه الإشكالية بالاستشهاد بمجموعة من الأمثلة، من مؤلفات وشروح لحنين، ثم مقارنتها باستشهادات مشابهة من ترجمة الكتاب؛ للوقوف على بعض الظواهر اللغوية والأسلوبية، التي يمكن من خلالها الاستدلال على المترجم. وسنفترض أن هذه الترجمة لحنين وفقًا لما جاء في النسخ المخطوطة للكتاب، وهي أكثر من عشرة، ونحاول تأييد ذلك الفرض بالأمثلة. وسنقارن ذلك ببعض الأمثلة مما ترجمه حبيش، وفقًا لما ذكره حنين نفسه في رسالته، وسيقوم منهج الدراسة على المقارنة والتحليل. The current study discusses the attribution of an Arabic translation of a book by Galen, the physician (129-216 AD), entitled Kitāb Taʿarruf ʿilal al‑aʿḍā’ al‑bāṭina to Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (192/260-264 AH) the most famous physician and translator in the Abbasid era. where there were different views about the attribution of this translation, some attributed it to Ḥunayn, and others to his student Ḥubīš ibn al‑Ḥasan, because most of what Ḥubīš translated was into Arabic, and of what Ḥunayn translated was into Syriac. This will be through a study of a series of quotations and examples from his works, explanations and compare them with similar quotations from the translation of the book, to identify the common linguistic phenomena, such as transfer of terms, translation according to context and others. We will assume that Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq was the translator according to the manuscripts of the book, which were more than ten, and we will try to support this with examples. We use also some examples from Ḥubīš. The methodology of this study will be comparative and analytical. Cette étude examine la validité de l’hypothèse attribuant la traduction arabe d’un livre de médecine grecque – celui de Galien sur l’identification des maux des organes internes connu sous le nom « Des lieux affectés » – au traducteur Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (192/260-264), le médecin syriaque le plus célèbre de l’époque abbasside. C’est sur l’exactitude de cette attribution que les opinions ont divergé, tant par le passé qu’aujourd’hui : certains l’attribuent à Ḥunayn, et d’autres à son élève Ḥubīš ibn al‑Ḥasan. Ce débat tire origine du fait que la plupart des œuvres grecques traduites par Ḥubīš le sont vers l’arabe, tandis que Ḥunayn tendait principalement à traduire vers le syriaque. Ce débat sera approfondi en mobilisant une série d'exemples tirés des livres et des commentaires de Ḥunayn, puis en les comparant avec des citations similaires tirées de la traduction du livre, en vue de préciser quelques phénomènes linguistiques et stylistiques qui pourraient contribuer dans l’identification du traducteur. D’emblée, nous supposerons que cette traduction est attribuée à Ḥunayn, selon ce qui est indiqué dans les copies manuscrites du livre (plus de dix nous sont parvenues) et nous essayerons de soutenir cette hypothèse à partir d’exemples. Puis, nous comparerons également cette traduction à quelques exemples tirés des traductions de Ḥubīš, selon ce que Ḥunayn lui-même a mentionné dans son traité. L’étude est comparative et analytique.

Throughout history, Arab scholars have produced a number of important works in different fields, which helped boost human civilization. This was achieved thanks to the utmost efforts made by a panel of prominent translators working in Bait Al-Hikma (Lit. House of Wisdom) in Baghdad. These translators transmitted Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic during the ‘Golden Arabic Era of translation’ which goes back to the Abbassid Caliphate (750 CE- 1258 CE). Likewise, translation movement in Al-Andalus took its systematic and intensive shape at the beginning of 12th century CE with the establishment of Toledo School of Translators in the city of Toledo. However, translations produced in Al-Andalus were chiefly rendered from Arabic into Latin and Old Spanish, mainly by non-Arab translators. The present paper explores the schools of translation in Baghdad and Toledo and the main strategies or methods used by each of these schools. This overview will demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration Arabs’ translation theorization in line with western theories of translation. The paper also reveals that Arab translators were not mere transmitters of Greek philosophy and ancient knowledge, but great thinkers who adapted Greek, Indian and Persian ideas to their own thought.

Objectives: To translate and cross-culturally adapt a Swedish questionnaire to Arabic to assess the awareness of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia regarding the availability of an accurate and safe prenatal screening procedure. Methods : The study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between December 2018 to April 2019. The non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) questionnaire, translated and validated in Arabic. Cronbach’s alpha reliability testing was carried out to validate the Arabic version of the questionnaire. The sample size was 100 pregnant women, at any gestational period, from 20 to 44 years old. This is a prospective cross-sectional. Results: An Arabic translated, and culturally validated questionnaire related to the attitudes, knowledge, and self-perceived probability of delivering a child with chromosomal abnormality. Conclusion: We translated and validated the NIPT questionnaire to assess the attitude and awareness of pregnant women regarding the availability of the NIPT.

This article presents an edition, translation, and analysis of a prefatory letter addressed by the Galen translator Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (d. 873) to one of his East-Syrian Christian patrons, the physician Salmawayh ibn Bunān (d. 840). Ḥunayn composed this Letter to Salmawayh ibn Bunān in Syriac, but it survives only in his nephew's Arabic translation. Since its discovery over eighty years ago, the text has received little attention and has never before been published in its entirety. The Letter provides new insight into Ḥunayn's early career and the Christian milieu in which he moved, demonstrating his indebtedness to the Syriac literary past exemplified by the prefaces of the earlier Galen translator Sergius of Rēšʿaynā (d. 536). At the same time, the Letter indicates part of what made ʿAbbāsid-era translators like Ḥunayn different from their late ancient predecessors. This study argues that increased demand from patrons and Ḥunayn's close reading of Galen's Hippocratic commentaries yielded the Letter’s novel claim that readers of all abilities can and should have access to ancient Greek scientific texts. In this way, the Letter hints tantalizingly at Ḥunayn's understanding of his own literary and scientific project and its relationship with the ancient Greek tradition.

Galen's highly influential treatise On the Affected Parts (Περὶ τῶν πεπονθότων τόπων, often referred to by its Latin title De locis affectis, hereafter indicated with the abbreviation De loc. aff.) is currently being critically edited by the Corpus Medicorum Graecorum at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Over the last decade, a team of scholars, including the present authors as well as the late and lamented Aḥmad ʿEtmān, have worked on producing a critical edition of the Arabic translation of this text, and their efforts are now drawing to a close. Here we present new insights into how this Arabic translation relates to the Greek textual tradition.

Shakespeare’s sequenced set of 154 sonnets has become the interest of numerous translators in many parts of the world. Apart from the linguistic aspect, the translation of the sonnets has cultural, aesthetic and social aspects. This paper seeks to scrutinize the aesthetic value of the translated sonnets into Arabic in both prose and verse. It also attempts to examine what the recipient accepts and expects from the translator. To achieve the objectives of this study there will be a cross comparison between a selection of translated sonnets in light of polysystem theory (Itamar Even-Zohar), and translation as a norm-governed activity (Gideon Toury).Two aspects will underline such a comparison; the cultural aspect and the aesthetic aspect

To translate and validate the modified fatigue impact scale into Arabic (MFIS-A) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A total of 116 patients with relapsing remitting MS and 59 healthy participants were recruited. Fifty patients filled the MFIS-A twice with one week difference. Reliability was assessed by measuring Cronbach���s �� and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The MFIS-A was correlated with the fatigue severity scale (FSS), the vitality domain of the Short Form 36 (SF-36V), the fatigue visual analogue scale (VAS-F), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to assess validity. Dimensionality of the MFIS-A was investigated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done and specificity and sensitivity were calculated. Factor analysis (based on 116 patients) revealed that the MFIS-A consists of two subscales: the physical/social and the cognitive subscales. The MFIS-A showed excellent test���retest reliability (ICC = 0.920) and internal consistency (Cronbach���s �� = 0.968). The minimal detectable change with 95% confidence interval was 14.68 (32.0%). The MFIS-A showed strong positive correlation with FSS and BDI-II, moderate positive correlation with VAS-F, negative moderate correlation with SF-36V, and weak correlation with EDSS. The MFIS-A differentiated healthy participants from patients with 79.3% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity. The MFIS-A showed good validity and reliability indicating its usefulness as an assessment measure for patients with MS.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMFIS-A is a valid and reliable tool for fatigue evaluation for patients with relapsing remitting MS.The optimal cutoff scores of the total MFIS-A, the physical/social, and cognitive subscales which indicate fatigue are 35.5, 18.5, and 15.5, respectively.Changes of 14.68 or more points may indicate a clinically important change (a true change) in fatigue in patients with MS. MFIS-A is a valid and reliable tool for fatigue evaluation for patients with relapsing remitting MS. The optimal cutoff scores of the total MFIS-A, the physical/social, and cognitive subscales which indicate fatigue are 35.5, 18.5, and 15.5, respectively. Changes of 14.68 or more points may indicate a clinically important change (a true change) in fatigue in patients with MS.

تهدف الدراسة الى تحديد استراتيجيتي التقريب التغريب التي استخدمها كل من طلال عيتاني وعبد الله علي في ترجمتهم لخمسين مصطلح ثقافي من سورة النساء في القران الكريم بهدف تحديد ما ان كانت الترجمتين تميلان الى ترجمة التقريب أو ترجمة التغريب. وتحاول الدراسة أيضا معرفة مدى تحقق التكافؤ الثقافي في ترجمة هذه المصطلحات الخمسين. لهذا السبب اتبعت الباحثة منهجية تحليل النصوص المقارن لترجمتي عيتاني وعلي استنادا إلى استراتيجيات ايفر في ترجمة المصطلحات الثقافية (1987). أظهرت نتاج الدراسة أن المترجمين عيتاني وعلي اعتمدوا على استراتيجية التقريب أكثر من اعتمادهم على استراتيجية التغريب في ترجمتهم للمصطلحات الخمسين. بالإضافة إلى أن عيتاني حقق التكافؤ الثقافي بنسبة 53% بينما حقق علي التكافؤ الثقافي بنسبة 47%. وأظهرت الدراسة أيضا أن استراتيجية ترجمة التغريب حققت التكافؤ الثقافي أكثر من استراتيجية ترجمة التقريب. أوصت الباحثة في نهاية الدراسة أن مترجمي النصوص الدينية وخاصة القرآن الكريم يجب أن يكونوا على دراية كاملة باللغة المجازية والضمنية للقرآن الكريم إلى جانب علمهم المستفيض باللغة العربية الكلاسيكية التي هي لغة القرآن الكريم, وأوصت بتحديد الجمهور المترجم إليه لأن ذلك من شأنه أن يحدد الاستراتيجيات التي ينبغي استخدامها من قبل المترجمين. أيضا أوصت الباحثة, بناء على نتائج الدراسة, الباحثين بعمل دراسات وأبحاث تناقش التكافؤ في ترجمة القرآن الكريم لأن أي فقدان في المعنى أو التكافؤ في ترجمة القرآن يمكن أن يؤدي إلى نتائج وخيمة.

The study aimed to describe the method of learning turats book with a translation model in al-Amin Islamic boarding schools. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with the process of analysis deductively. The process of data retrieval was based on direct observation of the learning process in Ma’had Al-Amin. The results of this study were the process of learning turats book material using the Harfiyah translation or literal translation process. The learning process is supported by the existence of “syamil” book which contains of material on qawaid. With the existence of the book, students were able to translate books containing subject matter with the help of the book of syamil. Therefore, the purpose of learning can be directly conveyed and students' understanding of qawaid translation if it can be done outside the classroom.

This paper examines the strategies employed by six Arabic news channels in translating the controversial comments that Donald Trump made during his election campaign (2015–2016) and his first three...

The Apocalypse of Paul is perhaps the most widespread Christian apocalyptic text that spread out in Middle Ages in West and East alike. Among the numerous languages in which this Christian apocryphal has been translated, the Arabic version has the richest manuscript tradition (36 witnesses known), after the Latin version (43 witnesses for 8 different redactions). In this study the editio princeps of the oldest known witness, the Arab Sinaitic 461 (10th century), is proposed. It is a version probably taken from a Greek model, as some lexical and syntactic Hellenisms demonstrate. The edition of the Arabic text is accompanied by an annotated Italian translation. To the three redactions described and studied so far, we must therefore add this one which represent the oldest Arabic translation, the text of which offers us a further evidence of the translation activity that took place in South Palestine, between the 8th and 9th centuries. L’

This study examines style shifting in an Arabic translation of Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles by Abbas Brashi. It presents an overview of the play, as well as its importance and relevance to Arab culture. It describes the different varieties of Arabic that exist as well as the one chosen for the translation, namely Modern Standard Arabic. The paper explains that the formal style of the target language text was chosen for the sake of wide readability and comprehensibility, as dialectal varieties of Arabic differ across and within Arab states and there is no standardised script. The other reason for the shift is to adhere to the norms of acceptable Arabic writing. The style shift observed in the translation of Trifles into Arabic is demonstrated in the translation of a number of linguistic phenomena, namely contraction, ‎elision, subject-verb agreement, and figurative multi-word ‎expressions.‎ The paper concludes that the formal Arabic version of Trifles may later be shifted to different informal dialectal varieties of Arabic when it is to be performed on stage. Therefore, the formal Arabic version of the play may be customised or adapted to one or more specific dialects of Arabic according to the time and place of each performance.

The critical theory of the Frankfurt School reached Egypt in 1955, when the Arabic translation of Erich Fromm’s The Sane Society (New York, 1955) was published in Cairo. Later, Herbert Marcuse’s Soviet Marxism (1958) was translated into Arabic in Beirut in 1965, and with the rise of student protests in France, Germany, and the United States, much attention was given to Marcuse; almost all his writings were translated into Arabic between 1969 and 1973. This article explores the nature of individual “receptions” of the critical theory of the Frankfurt School at Egyptian universities. To this end, it briefly introduces the early generation of the Frankfurt School, as well as the reasons of interest in its fate in Egyptian universities. Though master’s theses and doctoral dissertations do not represent a university’s orientation to critical theory, and at best represent the perspective of their individual authors, this article shows that key individual theses and dissertations testify to an early rejection of the Frankfurt School and to the late adoption of it as a critical paradigm of the transformations in Egyptian society.

تهدف الدراسة إلى إبراز الفروق اللغوية بين الترجمات اليونانية واللاتينية والعربية للعهد القديم على وجه العموم، وللآية العاشرة من الإصحاح الثامن والأربعين من سفر التکوين على وجه الخصوص. وقد تناولت الدراسة مدلول البرکة نموذجا، والفروق اللغوية بين العبارات: اليونانية καὶ οὐκ ἠδύνατο βλέπeιν καὶἤγγισeν واللاتينية et clare videre non poterat adplicitosque والعربية (لم يطق أن ينظر فقدمهما). کذلک أوضحت الدراسة الأغراض اللغوية والبلاغية في الآيتين اليونانية واللاتينية وترجمتهما العربية؛ مثل الأنافورة أو الإبانافورة، والجناس، وتعدد الروابط أو الوصل البلاغي، والاستعارة، والتوزيع. إضافة إلى ذلک تبين الدراسة أن الترکيبة اليونانيةκαὶ οὐκ δύναμαι... καί تعتبر من ترکيبات الجمل الدالة على جملة النتيجة في اليونانية العامة. وأخيرا أبانت الدراسة تقابل الآية العبرية للآية اليونانية في عبارة المصدر الدال على النتيجة، کما ترجم الباحث الآيتان اليونانية واللاتينية بطريقة تختلف عن ترجمة سعديا بن جاؤون. The aim of this study has revealed the linguistic differences between Greek, Latin and Arabic translations of the Old Testament in general and particularly in Genesis 48: 10. The study deals with Significance of the Blessing, and linguistic difference between Greek phrase “καὶ οὐκ ἠδύνατο βλέπeιν καὶ ἤγγισeν”, a Latin phrase “et clare videre non poterat adplicitosque” and the Arabic phrase “He could not see, then Josephus brought them near him.” It also shows some logistical and rhetorical devices in Greek, Latin verses and their Arabic translation such as Anaphora or Epanaphora, Homoioteleuton, Polysundeton, Metaphora, and Merismos. In addition, the study shows that the phrase καὶ οὐκ δύναμαι...καί “and he could not…then” is the structure of result clause in koine Greek. Finally, the study corresponds to the Hebrew verse of the Greek verse in the infinitive of the result clause. The researcher also translated the Greek and Latin verses in a way that differs from the translation of Saadia ben Jawan.

If someone wants to get a good quality translation, a translator cannot add or reduce the meaning contained in the source language because it is affected by the original form of the target language. Translation is a bridge between the writer of source language text and the target language reader to make the text come naturally appropriate in the target language. This is certainly different when the results of a translation are still too related to the language and culture of the source. The translation will be wrong and rigid. A translator must master the translation strategy, namely: collocation, domestication and technicality. As well as aspects that must be understood, namely: accuracy, readability and acceptability. This can also be a reference for students in finding solutions to problems in translating difficulties, especially for the Arabic Language and Literature students.

هناك علاقة متبادلة وثابتة بین معنی النص وشکله بحیث لایمکن فصل بعضهما عن بعض. ان تقلیل دور أحد هذین العنصرین یؤدي إلی فقدان النص قیمته. بناء علی هذا، تکتسب الترجمة أهمیتها في نقل ظرائف النص ودقائقه. بعبارة أخری یحتوي النص علی میزات وخصائص غیر شکلانیة، تعطیه هویة فریدة. نتطرق في هذا البحث الى ترجمة المرحوم صالح الجعفري لرباعيات الخيام النيسابوري من الفارسیة إلی العربیة بأسلوب تحلیلي توصیفي مبني علی استقراء الأمثلة من النص الرئیس. ونقوم هذا التعریب علی أساس نظریة الناقدة الإسبانیة ماریا کارمن والیرو غارسیس. ومن خلال البحث نناقش مدی فعالیة هذه النظریة في نقد ترجمة النصوص الأدبیة. توصل البحث إلی أن تعریب الجعفري لم یخل من أخطاء معنویة ولغویة ونحویة وخطابیة وأسلوبیة. وقد وصل البحث إلی أن نظریة غارسیس یجب أن تنحصر في تقويم ترجمة النثر الأدبي ولیس الشعر.

A narrative is a means through which people can experience the worldwhich Mona Baker (2006) defines as the stories people tell themselves aboutthe world to construct reality and guide people’s behaviors. There are variousforms of narratives, and the genre of autobiography in which the writer decidesto share his/her experience with others is just an example of the ontologicalnarrative where the writer narrates his/her story. The significance ofautobiographies as an ontological narrative coincides with the rise of femaleautobiographers who chronicle their lives to guide other women towardsleading a better life. Autobiographers give themselves a certain position in thenarrative world which can be subjected to change and alteration when theautobiography is translated into another language. Retaining theautobiographer’s position is one of the challenges facing translators,especially, if the autobiography and its translation do not belong to the sameculture. Baker’s (2006) Narrative Theory is one of the theories which canaccount for the changes occurring to the autobiographer’s position whentranslated. The paper uses Baker’s (re)framing scheme to examine therepositioning of the autobiographer, Elizabeth Gilbert, in the Arabictranslation of Eat, pray, love: One woman’s search for everything across Italy,India and Indonesia. The study attempts to identify the (re)framing techniquescapable of changing the autobiographer’s. It also highlights the importance ofthe integration between the Narrative Theory (Baker, 2006) and thePositioning Theory (Davies & Harre, 1990), especially, that the narrative typecan change in the translation

The aim of this study was to develop an Arabic version of the pediatric voice-related quality of life (PVRQOL) and test its validity and reliability.and methods: Fifty-one children with voice problems were included in the study along with 60 control children without any voice disorders. The translated Arabic PVRQOL and the Arabic pediatric voice handicap index (PVHI) have been distributed to the study subjects. The Arabic PVRQOL was tested for its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and clinical validity.the Arabic PVRQOL showed strong internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability (Cronbach α = 0.9 and ICC = 0.92 respectively). There was a significant difference between the patients and control group regarding Arabic PVRQOL scores (P 0.0001). Also, significant correlation was demonstrated between the Arabic PVRQOL and Arabic PVHI.The Arabic version of PVRQOL maintained its validity and reliability and may be considered in the assessment of voice disorders for Arabic speaking children.

This contribution discusses the reception to and relevance of ‘Christian witness in a multi-religious world’ in the Middle East. After a brief survey of the reception and some comments on the Arabic translation of the document, it argues that the guidelines offered in ‘Christian witness’ are especially relevant with regard to intra-Christian proselytism, relief and development work, and religious freedom and conversion.

BACKGROUND Olfaction plays a critical role in our health, emotions, social life and safety, which is why olfactory dysfunction has a great impact on a person's life. This has been highlighted with the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite Arabic being the fifth most commonly spoken language and one of the six official languages of the United Nations, there is no Arabic version for an olfactory-specific quality of life assessment tool. METHOD The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (QOD-NS) is a validated questionnaire that assesses many aspects of a patient's daily life. We translated this questionnaire to the Arabic language following European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group Translation Procedure guidelines. A pilot-testing of the Arabic version was done among 20 participants, 10 of whom were confirmed to have normosmia based on scoring at least 11/12 on the Sniffin' Sticks (SS) olfactory testing (Group 1) and another 10 participants who reported anosmia and scored less than 7/12 on the SS test. Patients could agree, partially agree, partially disagree, or disagree with each questionnaire statement. RESULTS The pilot study revealed that participants with confirmed anosmia had higher questionnaire scores compared to participants with normosomia (median 22 compared to 1, p value < 0.001). For each statement on the Arabic questionnaire, all questions scored at least 80% of intra-rater reliability, and the overall intra-rater reliability was 90%. CONCLUSION The Arabic translation of QOD-NS is a validated questionnaire that can be used both in academic and clinical practice.

Mada Center Qatar is a W3C member working on the localization of the international standards and guidelines to enhance the digital accessibility journey of persons with disabilities and the Elderly, Since January 2020, Mada leads the Authorized Arabic Translation of WCAG...

Gluten-free diet (GFD) is a lonely lifelong management for patients with celiac disease (CD), which may affect their quality of life (QoL). This can be evaluated by generic or specific instruments. We aimed to translate, validate and cross-culturally adapt a specific-CD instrument to Moroccan-Arabic version (M-CD-DUX), and then apply it to evaluate the QoL of Moroccan celiac children.CD-DUX instrument was translated and culturally adapted, and preliminarily evaluated on 15 children and their proxies. The reproducibility and internal consistency of M-CD-DUX were measured by intra-class coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach α tests respectively. The statistical analysis of data consisted was conducted using SPSS, and the Goodness-of-Fit test was measured by SPSS AMOS.The reliability of M-CD-DUX instrument showed a good internal consistency and reproducibility. The psychometric properties of M-CD-DUX were acceptable, and the instrument's Model fit was good [(Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.062; χ2 = 603.08, p0.001]. M-CD-DUX was completed by 52 celiac children and their proxies. It showed a worse QoL for all items and subscales, and no difference was observed between the QoL of celiac children already under GFD and those recently diagnosed.M-CD-DUX was the first reliable and adapted instrument used to evaluate the QoL of celiac children in an Arab country, emphasizing a negative impact of CD on their QoL.Therefore, improving their QoL requires to make gluten-free products available to them at an appropriate price as well as a good integration into society.

Design Thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that has become increasingly popular globally over the last decade. While the spread of Design Thinking is well understood and documented in Europe and North America, this is not the case when it comes to the Arab world. This study explores the history, application, and understanding of Design Thinking in the Arab world through a systematic literature review based on the guidelines of the PRISMA framework. Analysis of collected data revealed that there is no widely accepted Arabic translation of the term “Design Thinking.” This study identified the first appearance of an Arabic translation of “Design Thinking,” coined in 2010 as “التفكير التصميمي.” Another major contribution of the study is the aggregation of published articles associated with the different Arabic translations of “Design Thinking,” documenting findings and mapping out the spread of Design Thinking in the Arab region in five sectors: education, development, private, entrepreneurship, and the public sector. The results reported in this paper are part of a large-scale study that connects a range of research methods to track the development of Design Thinking in the Arab world.

This chapter takes a socionarrative approach to examine the recurrent narratives on translation in the Arabic linguistic context to further understand how Arabic translation occurs in public discourse. This study analyzes a corpus of digital texts sourced from leading translation organizations in the Arab world. The corpus also comprises texts written about the organizations themselves. These organizations include Kalima, the Arab Organization for Translation, Taghreedat, and the Translation Challenge. The chapter shows that Arabic discourse about translation occurs under three main narratives: the Golden Era of Translation, the Bridge to Knowledge, and the dearth of Arabic content online. The popularity of these narratives shows the important role they play to motivate volunteers (e.g., to join translation projects) in addition to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.

Judaeo-Arabic manuscripts with complete vocalisation are rare, a problem which makes reconstructing the pronunciation of the medieval language challenging. This study presents an edition of a Judaeo-Arabic translation of Ecclesiastes from the Cairo Genizah with full Tiberian vocalisation. This manuscript exhibits noteworthy features of dialectal medieval Arabic and a palaeographic style which places it in twelfth-century Egypt-Palestine. The transcription system provides specific evidence for the pronunciation of a type of medieval Judaeo-Arabic, while the translation offers a window into the culture of popular Bible translations and scribal activity in the medieval Middle East.

Objectives: “Al Ghodad Al- Somm” is an old Arabic translation for the field of Endocrinology which doesn’t accurately reflect the Greek terminology “Endocrine”, and doesn’t fully describe this science of the glands that secrete hormones and their disorders. Our objectives were to seek the opinion of Arab physicians (Endocrinologists and other physicians) about the accuracy and applicability of the Arabic translation and to suggest a better descriptive and reflective name for the specialty. Methods: An electronic survey of various Arab physicians from the Gulf, Fertile Crescent and North Africa. Results: Responses of 383 out of 400 participants were valid for analysis. The survey results showed that (49%) of participating endocrinologists and (34%) of physicians from other specialties expressed that a more accurate Arabic translation is needed. Conclusions: Practicing Arab physicians expressed the opinion that the Arabic translation “Al- Somm” is deficient and a more accurate term is needed to better reflect our current knowledge of this science of the glands that secrete hormones and their disorders. “The science of hormonal glands, diabetes and metabolism" has been proposed as a term that may better serve this purpose.

Recent historiography has demonstrated how Istanbul became part of a European media landscape in the seventeenth century. This article argues that European countries not only targeted the Ottoman Porte but also tried to reach Arabic-speaking audiences in other major Ottoman cities, such as Aleppo. It does so through an analysis of a remarkable source, an Arabic manuscript pamphlet written by a Frenchman in Aleppo in January 1673, which tells the story of the exploits of Louis XIV in the Dutch Republic during the Year of Disaster. The article will demonstrate the ways in which the French author attempted to discredit the Dutch in the eyes of the inhabitants of Aleppo. An attached Arabic translation of a Neolatin political fable in verse shows the way by which the author imported a European discourse and a European way of influencing audiences to seventeenth-century Syria. The French saw benefits in expanding their ‘image battle’ into the Ottoman Empire and made a conscious attempt to make their propaganda as effective as possible. By studying this pamphlet, we can also further our understanding of the way early modern pamphleteers considered their audiences.