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Parastacus guapo sp. nov. Huber, Araujo & Ribeiro (Figs. 1–6) Type series. Holotype: adult male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Pantano Grande, Horto Sanga das Pedras, Zona Alagada (30°13’28.4”S, 52°24’44.1”W) 20/X/2020, coll. A.F. Huber; K.M. Gomes & F.B. Ribeiro (MNRJcarcino 030200). Paratype 1: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030201); Paratype 3: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030202); Paratypes 2, 4–6: 1 male, 3 females and 2 juveniles, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6932). Etymology. Named based on the regional expression “guapo”, originally of spanish language and a typical expression in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which means beautiful, charming and elegant. It refers to the greenish blue color present principally in chelipeds of this species. We also suggest the common name “guapo crayfish” for this species. Diagnosis. Front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted “U”, with long straight up-ward blunt spine. Eyes small. Suborbital angle>90° and unarmed. Postorbital carinae more prominent in anterior and middle portions. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow and barely discernible. Telson subrectangular with large sharp spines on lateral margins. Epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal and anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. Mandible with caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp; incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). Internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules. Description of holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 84.6% of RL), short (14.2% of CL), reaching distal portion of second article of antennular peduncle (Fig. 2A–C). Dorsum straight curved downward in anterior portion, apex inverted “U”-shaped, ending in a long straight upward blunt spine (Fig. 2B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Carinae straight, prominent, narrow, extending back to carapace and long, surpassing rostral basis; rostral carinae sides slightly convergent and rostral carinae basis parallel (Fig. 2B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines but with some tubercles above the anterior region of the cervical groove (Fig. 2C). CeL 67.1% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 60% of OW); suborbital angle>90°, unarmed (Fig. 2C). Front narrow (FW 45.3% of CW). Postorbital carinae little longer than rostral carinae (RCL 87.1% of POCL) and more prominent in anterior and middle portions, more discreet in final portion. Lateral cephalic edge with moderate setation (Fig. 2A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 50.7% of CL; CW 46% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 2A). Areola narrow, 2.5x as long as wide (AreL 28.5% of CL) (Fig. 2A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 71% of CL; PW 82% of CW), smooth, covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 2A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a small distal lobe slightly overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin and a deep groove above (Fig. 2E). Tailfan: telson a little less calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 84.9% of TeL), with large and sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with sparse tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 2A, G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins and some simple setae in the margin; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin bears a sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina prominent ending in a sharp spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight with eight dorsolateral spines (outer) and six dorsolateral spines (inner) on both exopods. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina prominent, ending in a big sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 2G). Epistome: anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides, with three and four small tubercles between the apex and basis of the conical projection in the left and right sides respectively, and a small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section smooth and with lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe. Median section with a longitudinal groove deeper close to the anteromedian lobe. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, apex rounded by use, a little wider than long, with some sparse serrated setae, reaching median part of first article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface concave with a groove from the middle of the lateral sides to the apex and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 3A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 same size of SPL4 and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and similar size to SLP8 with a slightly concave surface, median keel present and not inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 median size with and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges separated to each other, bullar lobes absent (Fig. 3B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article without spines (Fig. 3A). Antenna: when extended back reaching the posterior margin of SIII.Antennal scale widest at midlength, reaching the middle of the third antennal article, ASW 43.3% of ASL (Fig. 3A, D), lateral margin straight and distal spine sharp and well developed. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore and three blunt spines different in size laterally distributed. Basis unarmed (Fig. 3A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one bigger cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 3E). Third maxilliped: ischium with some tubercles with tufts of short and composed setae on the middle portion and tufts of long simple setae on inner margin of ventral surface (Fig. 3F, G); dorsal surface with some sparse simple setae close to the outer margin (Fig. 3G); crista dentata bearing 24 teeth in the right and 21 in the left ischium (Fig. 3F, G). Merum, dorsal surface glabrous. Merum ventral surface sparsely covered by long smooth simple setae in the median region and with serrated setae on the distal of inner margin (Fig. 3H); Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching the initial ⅓ of merum and with tufts of long and composed setae in the last articles and tufts of composed setae in the basal article (Fig. 3F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 24.5% of RPrL; LPrT 24.7% of LPrL) (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 28 tubercles on both sides. Merus: right merus (RML) 56.7% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 56.9% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 53 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on right merus; inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 55 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines medium sizes and blunts. Carpus with dorsomedial surface with a shallow longitudinally groove and the distal margin with short and simple setae (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 37 and 33 small mesial tubercles in right and left sizes respectively. Carpal spine present and small. Propodus moderate (RPrW and LPrW) 43.5% of length in right cheliped and 42.6% in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with 2–3 rows of verrucous tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 3H, I). Inner margin with sparse tubercles more concentrated in the low portion and close to the insertion of dactylus. Ventral surface bearing 2-3 irregularly rows of squamose tubercles, surpassing the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 3H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 63.1% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 60.3% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface with squamose tubercles decreasing in size from the basis to the apex of dactylus (Fig. 3I). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with thirteen teeth, sixth the largest, and twelve teeth, fourth the largest, on right and left sides respectively. Dactylus with sixteen and fourteen teeth in the right and left sides respectively, with the third teeth largest on both sides (Fig. 3H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: dorsal surface of dactylus and ventral surface of propodus with tufts of short and long simple setae, dorsal surface of propodus with long and simple setae. Dorsal surface of carpus with long composed setae (Fig. 3J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.43 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto the apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to the inner border of the ventral surface of coxae of the fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 3B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 31.06 mm and TL 64.47 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 19.85 to 31.06 mm (23.1 ± 3.8 mm). FW/CW: 0.45 ± 0.02 (min: 0.42; max: 0.47). RW/RL: 0.81 ± 0.07 (min: 0.70; max: 0.90). CMW/OW: 0.73 ± 0.07 (min: 0.59; max: 0.81). Postorbital carina longer or equal to rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.11 ± 0.08 (min: 1.01; max: 1.22). AreW/RW: 0.89 ± 0.07 (min: 0.76; max: 0.96) (Table 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum greenish blue to greenish-brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions brown with shades of light brown to greenish-blue. First pair of pereiopods greenish-blue on the external surface, greenish-blue with shades of light brown in internal surface and apex of dactylus and propodus orange-red to reddish-brown. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light brown to light greenish-blue in the dorsal and lateral regions and light brown in the ventral region. Dorsal pleon and taifan brown with shades of light greenish-brown, low portions of lateral margins of pleon with shades of greenish-blue (Fig. 4). Variations in paratypes. All paratypes present both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.2 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in all male paratypes. Front wide in paratype 1 (FW / CW = 47.5%). Rostrum of paratypes 3 and 5 long once they reach the distal portion of the third article of antennule. Suborbital angle 90° in paratype 5. Rostral and postorbital carena of similar sizes in paratypes 2 and 3. Pleon long in paratypes 2 and 5 (PL / CL = 82.9% and 80.3%, respectively). S2 pleura moderate in paratypes 1 and 4, long in paratype 6, high and moderate in paratype 3 and high and long in paratype 5. Number of spines in exopod of tailfan varies between eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and four, six or seven in dorsolateral spines (inner) on right side and eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and five or six dorsolateral spines (inner) on the left side. Epistome anteromedian lobe longer than wide in paratype 2. Antennule internal ventral border of the basal article with one spine in the middle portion of left side in paratype 1 and with spines on both sides in paratypes 2, 4, 5 and 6. Antenna when extended back reaching the posterior margin of fourth pleura in paratypes 2 and 6. Antennal scale reaches the proximal margin of the third antennal article of antennule in paratype 1. Incisive lobe of the mandible has eight teeth in paratypes 6. The number of teeth in the crista dentata ranges from 21—27 in the left ischium and from 20—32 in the right ischium of the third maxilliped in the paratypes. Merus midventral spine doubles in paratype 5. Carpal spine more prominent and sharp in paratypes 1, 3 and 4. Dorsal spine sharp in both merus of chelipeds in paratypes 2 and 3. The number of teeth in fixed fingers of chelipeds and dactylus have a wide range of variation in size and number, which is probably related to the smaller size of paratypes when compared to holotype or regenerated chelipeds. Remarks. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis, P. buckupi, P. macanudo and P. promatensis in the general shape of rostrum, rostral carina length, shape of telson (subrectangular) and epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3A; Table 2). However, it differs from: P. brasiliensis in rostral surface straight, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short (Fig. 2A–C; 3A, H, I; Table 2); P. buckupi in the same characters that P. brasiliensis, except the areola narrow, and is also different for mandible incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest), mandible caudal molar process bicuspidate, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and telson with large lateral spines (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. macanudo in a bigger rostral spine, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, mandible incisive lobe with the third tooth the largest, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and the habitat (Fig. 2A–C; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. promatensis in the apex of rostrum rounded, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, cervical groove “V” shaped, carpal spine present, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds and pleon short; however both species have internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules (Fig. 2 A-D; 3H; Table 2). Parastacus guapo sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species in having the epistome anterolateral section with large conical projection ending in a large sharp spine on both sides (Fig. 3A). Phylogenetic position. The phylogenetic analysis suggests, with high values of reliability (bootstrap and posterior probability), that P. guapo sp. nov. is a distinct species of P. brasiliensis s.s., Lineages A–E, and other species of the genus included (Fig. 5). The genetic distances estimated between P. guapo sp. nov. and P. brasiliensis s. s. was 5.35% (Sup. Table. 2). Besides that, the lineages range from 3.41% (Lineage C) to 5.95% (Lineage E), and of other species from 4.05% (P. buckupi) to 5.90% (P. tuerkayi) (Sup. Table. 2). Habitat and ecology. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected in a wetland area, near a small stream, inside the Sanga das Pedras project of CMPC (Fig. 1). This forestry area is located in the Baixo Jacuí hydrographic basin in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 6). The area is part of the physiographic region of Depressão Central, almost in the division with the Planalto Sul Rio Grandense region, and of the Pampa biome (IBGE 2004a; 2004b; SIGBio-RS 2021). ......continued on the next page Vegetation. The region has as predominant vegetation grassy-woody steppe with gallery forests or riparian vegetation associated with streams and their overflow zones (Fig 6 A, B). In addition to the presence of forestry areas of Eucalyptus sp., the native plant formations of the region are mainly composed of grasses and bushes of the families Poaceae (Paspalum spp. L., Andropogon lateralis Nees —“Capim Caninha’’ and Mnesithea selloana (Hack.) de Koning & Sosef), Asteraceae (Baccharis ochracea Spreng. —“Vassoura do Campo”, Vernonanthura nudiflora (Less.) H.Rob., Senecio selloi (Spreng.) DC and Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. —“Maria Mole”), Cyperaceae (Eleocharis spp. R.Br., Rhynchosia diversifolia Micheli. and Cyperus spp. L.), Fabaceae (Desmodium incanum (Sw.) DC —“Pega Pega”, Trifolium polymorphum Poir. —“Trevo” and Macroptilium prostratum (Benth.) Urb.), Solanaceae (Solanum spp. L.) and some small trees like Myrtaceae (Psidium cattleianum Sabine —“Araçá”) (Caumo et al. 2020) (Fig. 6). Soil. The soil is classified as Dystrophic Red Argisols, but mixed with Dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisols (Santos et al. 2011). These types of soils have accentuated red colors due to higher levels of iron oxides and usually occur in areas of undulating relief, but they can be identified in less steep areas. They have low fertility that could be explained by relief slope, nutrient limitations, strong acidity, high drainage capacity and also high susceptibility to erosion and degradation (AGEITEC 2021a; Santos et al. 2011; 2021a; 2021b; Streck et al. 2002; 2008). Burrowing behavior and burrow structure. According to observations of burrows structure and characteristics of the habitat, Parastacus guapo sp. nov. can be classified as a primary burrower with types 1a, b burrows, due to the construction of complex tunnels close and with direct and indirect connections to permanent water bodies (Hobbs 1942; Horwitz & Richardson 1986; Richardson, 2007) (Fig. 6). This species builds burrow galleries of 1–4 interconnected tunnels, which can reach a depth up to 1m ending in a life chamber. The entries of the galleries are delimited by simple holes or by chimneys, which can reach up to 8 cm high and wide (Fig. 6C, D). Distribution. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. appears to have limited distribution, being registered only in the municipality of Pantano Grande, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 1). Conservation status. Data Deficient. The EOO and AOO were estimated as approximately 937 km ² and 1, 87 km ² (or 0, 38 km ² considering only preserved habitat), respectively (Fig. 1). According to the sub-criteria B1 and B2, an EOO

Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. Huber, Araujo & Ribeiro (Figs. 1, 5, 7–10) Type series. Holotype: adult male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Jerônimo, Horto Florestal Quitéria, riacho de primeira ordem (30°29’05.8”S, 52°04’09.9”W) 21/X/2020, coll. A.F. Huber, K.M. Gomes & F.B. Ribeiro (MNRJcarcino 030203). Paratype 1: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 30204); Paratypes 2 and 4: 1 male and 1 females, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6933); Paratype 3: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 30205); 5: 1 female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Jerônimo (30°29’05.0”S; 52°04’11.0”W) VII/2011, coll. K.M. Gomes & C. Sokolowicz (UFRGS 5339). Etymology. Named in honor to Dra. Kelly Martinez Gomes from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Kelly is one of the greatest astacologist in South America and has been contributing for several years in taxomy and biology research of the freshwater crayfish from the Neotropical region, especially genus Parastacus. She was also responsable for the first sample of this species in an expedition in 2011. We also suggest the common name “Quitéria crayfish” for this species. Diagnosis. Narrow front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted “U”. Suborbital angle>90° and unarmed. Postorbital carinae moderately prominent in anterior and middle portions. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow. Telson subrectangular with small sharp spines on lateral margins. Epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal. Mandible with caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one smaller distoproximal cusp; incisive lobe with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). S2 pleurae high and moderate with moderately deep groove parallel to margin. Thoracic sternites SPL7 with strongly concave, median keel inflated with shallow longitudinal groove. Description of holotype. Rostrum: triangular, a little wider than long (RW 1.04X of RL), short (RL 13.1% of CL), reaching distal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 7A–C). Dorsum slightly concave in the anterior portion, apex inverted “U”-shaped and smooth (Fig. 7A–C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins (Fig. 7C). Carinae almost straight, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis; rostral carinae sides convergent and rostral carinae basis convergent (Fig. 7A, B). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 67% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 62.6% of OW); suborbital angle>90°, unarmed (Fig. 7C). Front narrow (FW 39.9% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 82.8% of POCL), prominent in anterior and middle portions. Lateral cephalic edge with few setation (Fig. 7A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 52.1% of CL; CW 46% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 7A). Areola narrow, 2.08 x as long as wide (AreL 24.9% of CL) (Fig. 7A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 77.5% of CL; PW 91.6% of CW), smooth and pleural margins with sparse small setae (Fig. 7A, E). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a small distal lobe partially overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae high and moderate, with a moderately deep groove parallel to margin (Fig. 7E). Tailfan: telson more calcified in the proximal portion and weakly in the distal portion, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 79.9% of TeL), with small sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 7A, G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and nine dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and eight dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in a small sharp spine; lateral margin with one small sharp spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 7G). Epistome: anterolateral section with conical projection on both sides and small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section smooth and with lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe. Median section with a longitudinal depression. Anteromedian lobe with irregular margins, but in paratypes heptagonal with straight margins, 1.07x longer than wide, apex acute with some sparse serrated and simple setae, surpassing median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface concave with grooves parallels to margins from the basis to the apex and basis with a moderately deep groove (Fig. 8A,B). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smaller than SPL 6, 7, and 8, very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4, 5 and 8, separe to each other, with a concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface with a strongly concave, median keel inflated with a shallow longitudinal groove, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 smaller than SPL 6 and 7, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges separated to each other, bullar lobes separeted and clearly visible (Fig. 8C, D). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with a blunt spine in the proximal region (Fig. 8A). Antenna: when extended back surpasses the posterior margin of the carapace and reaches the posterior margin of the SII. Antennal scale wider at the midlength, reaching proximal margin of third antennal article, ASW 54.6% of ASL (Fig. 8A, D), lateral margin straight and distal sharp spine well developed. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore and two blunt spines with similar sizes laterally distributed. Basis unarmed (Fig. 8A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with seven teeth. The second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 8F). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface with tufts of long and simple setae on the middle portion and inner margin, and setiferous punctuations on outer margin (Fig. 8G); dorsal surface with tufts of simple and short setae parallel to the inner margin (Fig. 8H); crista dentata bearing 25 teeth in both right and left ischia. Merum, dorsal surface glabrous with some tufs of simple and short setae on distal margin; ventral surface sparsely covered by long and short simple setae in the median region and on the inner margin (Fig. 8G); Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching the proximal ⅓ of merum, with tufts of long and composed setae in the last articles (Fig. 8G, H). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 29% of RPrL; LPrT 28.1% of LPrL) (Fig. 7A; Fig. 8 IJ). Ischium ventral surface with 12 and 13 tubercles in the right and left respectively. Merus: right merus (RML) 57.8% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 57.3% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 17 tubercles, outer 13, plus 24 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on right merus; inner series with 16 tubercles, outer 15, plus 27 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on left merus. Dorsal spine absent and midventral spines present and blunt. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by a groove (Fig. 7A; Fig. 8I, J). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 19 and 14 small mesial tubercles in the left and right carpus respectively. Carpal spine absent (Fig. 8J). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 54.7% of length in right cheliped and 53.2% in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with 3–4 rows of verrucous tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 8I, J). Inner margin with few small tubercles. Ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 8I). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 56.3% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 56.1% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface with few squamose tubercles in the proximal portion reaching the middle of dactylus (Fig. 8J). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with nine teeth, third teeth the largest in the right cheliped. Dactylus with ten teeth in the right chelip, third tooth is the largest (Fig. 8I, J). Nine teeth in the fixed finger of the left chelip, third tooth the largest. Dactylus of the left cheliped with 13 teeth, third tooth the largest. Second pair of pereiopods: dorsal surface of dactylus and ventral and dorsal surface of carpus and propodus with moderate covering of long simple and composed setae (Fig. 8K). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 2.15 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto the apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to the inner border of the ventral surface of coxae of the fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 2B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 33.23 mm and TL 67.5 mm. In type series, CL ranges from 17.64 to 44.74 mm (27.70 ± 10.52 mm). FW/CW: 0.43 ± 0.03 (min: 0.39; max: 0.47). RW/RL: 0.95 ± 0.06 (min: 0.88; max: 1.04). CMW/OW: 0.72 ± 0.12 (min: 0.61; max: 0.93). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.05 ± 0.05 (min: 1.00; max: 1.13). AreW/RW: 0.87 ± 0.03 (min: 0.84; max: 0.93) (Table 3). Color of living specimens. Rostrum darkish brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark brown to greenish brown with shades of light brown. First pair of pereiopods dark brown in the dorsal and light brown in the middle and in the ventral of the external surface; light brown to light orange in the internal surface; the apex of the chela has bright red tones. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 dark brown to light brown. Dorsal pleon and taifan dark brown with shades of light brown (Fig. 9). Variations in paratypes. All paratypes present both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.0 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in all male paratypes. Rostrum longer than wide in paratypes 1, 2, 4 and 5, and reaches the third article of antennule (long) in paratype 4. Apex of the rostrum with a tiny blunt spine in paratypes 3 and 4. Rostral carina bases parallel in paratype 4. Eyes large in paratypes 2–5. Front wide in paratype 5. Pleon long in paratypes 2 and 4. Number of spines in exopod of tailfan varies between six to nine in inner and outer dorsolateral spines on right side and six to nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and five, six or eight dorsolateral spines (inner) on the left side. Antenna of paratype 5 do not reaches the posterior margin of cephalotorax, probable broken; antenna almost reach the anterior margin of S2 pleura in paratypes 2–4. Antennal scale reaches the median region of the third antennal article in paratypes 2, 3 and 5. Number of teeth in the crista dentata ranges from 21 to 25 in the left ischium and from 21 to 25 in the right ischium of the third maxilliped in the paratypes. Number of teeth in chelipeds in paratypes ranges from 7–11, 7–11, 7–8 and 6–10 in left dactylus, left propodus, right dactylus and right propodus, respectively. Paratype 1 has the rostral carenas orange. Remarks. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis, P. buckupi, P. guapo sp. nov., P. macanudo and P. promatensis in general shape of rostrum, rostral carinae length and in the shape of telson (subrectangular) (Fig. 7A–C, G; Table 2). However, P. gomesae sp. nov. differs from: P. brasiliensis in the sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, areola narrow and pleon short (Fig. 7; 8A, B, I; Table 2); P. buckupi in the sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, mandible caudal molar process bicuspidate and 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds (Fig. 7A–D; 8A, B, F, I, J; Table 2); P. guapo sp. nov. in the carpal spine absent, telson with small lateral spines, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds and internal surface of chelipds palm smooth (Fig. 7G; 8A, B, J; Table 2); P. macanudo in the postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, carpal spine absent, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, pleon short, telson with small lateral spines and the habitat (Fig. 7A–D, G; 8A, B, I, J; Table 2); P. promatensis in the apex of rostrum rounded, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, cervical groove “V” shaped, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, pleon short, telson with small lateral spines and the habitat (Fig. 7A–D, G; 8A, B; 10A, B; Table 2). Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. also differs from all these species for rostral spine absent, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal and mandible incisive process with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest) (Fig. 7A–C; 8A, B, F; Table 2). Phylogenetic position. The phylogenetic analysis suggests, with high values of reliability (bootstrap and posterior probability), that P. gomesae sp. nov. is a distinct species of P. brasiliensis s.s., Lineages A–E, and other species of the genus included (Fig. 5). The genetic distances estimated between P. gomesae sp. nov. and P. brasiliensis s. s. was 5.14% (Sup. Table. 2). Besides that, between the lineages range from 2.71% (Lineage C) to 6.50% (Lineage D), and of other species from 4.45% (P. buckupi) to 5.88% (P. tuerkayi) (Sup. Table. 2). Habitat and ecology. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. was collected in a stream and the margins of a small spring, both located inside the Quitéria project of CMPC (Fig. 1; 10A, B). This forestry area is located in the Baixo Jacuí hydrographic basin in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1). It is also part of the physiographic region of Planalto Sul Rio Grandense region, border with the northern edge of the Serra do Sudeste, and the Pampa biome (CMPC Brasil 2018; IBGE 2004a; 2004b; UFRGS-IB-Centro de Ecologia 2016). Vegetation. The region has as predominant vegetation grassy-woody steppe with gallery forests (Fig 10A, B). The steppe grassy-woody vegetation is composed predominantly by grasses from the families Asteraceae (Eupatorium sp. L., Baccharis sp. L.—“Carqueja”) and Poaceae (Andropogon lateralis Nees. — “Capim Caninha”, Aristida sp. L.—“Capim Barba de Bode”, Paspalum notatum Flüggé — “Grama Forquilha” and Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm. – “Capim Tapete”) (CMPC Brasil 2018; Teixeira et al. 1986; Veloso et al. 1991). According to Veloso et al. (1991), the gallery forests are distributed along the watercourses and on hillsides, they are composed of trees like Anacardiaceae (Lithraea brasiliensis (L.) Marchand — “Aroeira Brava”), Euphorbiaceae (Sebastiania commersoniana Baill.) L.B. Sm. & Downs—“Braquilho”) and Rhamnaceae (Scutia buxifolia Reissek. —“Espinho de Touro”). Soil. The soil is classified as Distro-Umbric Regolithic Neosol associated with rocky outcrop and it is characterized as recent, undeveloped, shallow depth, low fertility, generally sandy texture, and with high erodibility, especially on slopes (CMPC Brasil 2018; Santos et al. 2021b; Streck et al. 2002; 2008). The use of this soil is restricted due to the relief and shallow depth, which requires severe conservation measures. In general, areas are used for permanent pastures, regions with strong undulated relief for reforestation and fruit growing, and the steepest areas should be destined for permanent preservation (AGEITEC 2021b; Santos et al. 2011; 2021a; 2021b; Streck et al. 2002; 2008). Burrowing behavior and burrow structure. According to observations of burrows structure and characteristics of the habitat, P. gomesae sp. nov. can be classified as a primary burrower with types 1a, b burrows, due to the construction of complex tunnels close and with direct and indirect connections to permanent water bodies (Hobbs’, 1942; Horwitz and Richardson’s, 1986; Richardson, 2007). This species builds burrow galleries of 1–5 interconnected tunnels, which can reach a horizontal depth up to 1m and a vertical depth of ± more than 70cm ending in a life chamber. The entries of the galleries are delimited by simple holes or by chimneys, which can reach up to 10 cm high and wide (Fig. 10 C, D). Distribution. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. has a limited distribution, being registered only in the municipality of São Jerônimo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 1). Conservation status. Data Deficient. The EOO and AOO were estimated as approximately 2.107 km ² and 23, 9 km ² (or 10, 5 km ² considering only preserved areas), respectively (Fig. 1). This species has a similar situation to P. guapo sp. nov., it also occurs inside a large forestry area and that is the only known location for it. Furthermore, it also can only be included in sub-item b (iii), continuous decline observed in habitat quality and should be classified as DATA DEFICIENT.

Parastacus guapo sp. nov. Huber, Araujo & Ribeiro (Figs. 1–6) Type series. Holotype: adult male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Pantano Grande, Horto Sanga das Pedras, Zona Alagada (30°13’28.4”S, 52°24’44.1”W) 20/X/2020, coll. A.F. Huber; K.M. Gomes & F.B. Ribeiro (MNRJcarcino 030200). Paratype 1: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030201); Paratype 3: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030202); Paratypes 2, 4–6: 1 male, 3 females and 2 juveniles, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6932). Etymology. Named based on the regional expression “guapo”, originally of spanish language and a typical expression in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which means beautiful, charming and elegant. It refers to the greenish blue color present principally in chelipeds of this species. We also suggest the common name “guapo crayfish” for this species. Diagnosis. Front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted “U”, with long straight up-ward blunt spine. Eyes small. Suborbital angle>90° and unarmed. Postorbital carinae more prominent in anterior and middle portions. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow and barely discernible. Telson subrectangular with large sharp spines on lateral margins. Epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal and anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. Mandible with caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp; incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). Internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules. Description of holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 84.6% of RL), short (14.2% of CL), reaching distal portion of second article of antennular peduncle (Fig. 2A–C). Dorsum straight curved downward in anterior portion, apex inverted “U”-shaped, ending in a long straight upward blunt spine (Fig. 2B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Carinae straight, prominent, narrow, extending back to carapace and long, surpassing rostral basis; rostral carinae sides slightly convergent and rostral carinae basis parallel (Fig. 2B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines but with some tubercles above the anterior region of the cervical groove (Fig. 2C). CeL 67.1% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 60% of OW); suborbital angle>90°, unarmed (Fig. 2C). Front narrow (FW 45.3% of CW). Postorbital carinae little longer than rostral carinae (RCL 87.1% of POCL) and more prominent in anterior and middle portions, more discreet in final portion. Lateral cephalic edge with moderate setation (Fig. 2A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 50.7% of CL; CW 46% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 2A). Areola narrow, 2.5x as long as wide (AreL 28.5% of CL) (Fig. 2A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 71% of CL; PW 82% of CW), smooth, covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 2A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a small distal lobe slightly overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin and a deep groove above (Fig. 2E). Tailfan: telson a little less calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 84.9% of TeL), with large and sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with sparse tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 2A, G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins and some simple setae in the margin; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin bears a sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina prominent ending in a sharp spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight with eight dorsolateral spines (outer) and six dorsolateral spines (inner) on both exopods. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina prominent, ending in a big sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 2G). Epistome: anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides, with three and four small tubercles between the apex and basis of the conical projection in the left and right sides respectively, and a small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section smooth and with lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe. Median section with a longitudinal groove deeper close to the anteromedian lobe. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, apex rounded by use, a little wider than long, with some sparse serrated setae, reaching median part of first article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface concave with a groove from the middle of the lateral sides to the apex and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 3A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 same size of SPL4 and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and similar size to SLP8 with a slightly concave surface, median keel present and not inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 median size with and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges separated to each other, bullar lobes absent (Fig. 3B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article without spines (Fig. 3A). Antenna: when extended back reaching the posterior margin of SIII.Antennal scale widest at midlength, reaching the middle of the third antennal article, ASW 43.3% of ASL (Fig. 3A, D), lateral margin straight and distal spine sharp and well developed. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore and three blunt spines different in size laterally distributed. Basis unarmed (Fig. 3A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one bigger cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 3E). Third maxilliped: ischium with some tubercles with tufts of short and composed setae on the middle portion and tufts of long simple setae on inner margin of ventral surface (Fig. 3F, G); dorsal surface with some sparse simple setae close to the outer margin (Fig. 3G); crista dentata bearing 24 teeth in the right and 21 in the left ischium (Fig. 3F, G). Merum, dorsal surface glabrous. Merum ventral surface sparsely covered by long smooth simple setae in the median region and with serrated setae on the distal of inner margin (Fig. 3H); Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching the initial ⅓ of merum and with tufts of long and composed setae in the last articles and tufts of composed setae in the basal article (Fig. 3F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 24.5% of RPrL; LPrT 24.7% of LPrL) (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 28 tubercles on both sides. Merus: right merus (RML) 56.7% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 56.9% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 53 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on right merus; inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 55 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines medium sizes and blunts. Carpus with dorsomedial surface with a shallow longitudinally groove and the distal margin with short and simple setae (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 37 and 33 small mesial tubercles in right and left sizes respectively. Carpal spine present and small. Propodus moderate (RPrW and LPrW) 43.5% of length in right cheliped and 42.6% in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with 2–3 rows of verrucous tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 3H, I). Inner margin with sparse tubercles more concentrated in the low portion and close to the insertion of dactylus. Ventral surface bearing 2-3 irregularly rows of squamose tubercles, surpassing the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 3H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 63.1% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 60.3% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface with squamose tubercles decreasing in size from the basis to the apex of dactylus (Fig. 3I). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with thirteen teeth, sixth the largest, and twelve teeth, fourth the largest, on right and left sides respectively. Dactylus with sixteen and fourteen teeth in the right and left sides respectively, with the third teeth largest on both sides (Fig. 3H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: dorsal surface of dactylus and ventral surface of propodus with tufts of short and long simple setae, dorsal surface of propodus with long and simple setae. Dorsal surface of carpus with long composed setae (Fig. 3J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.43 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto the apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to the inner border of the ventral surface of coxae of the fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 3B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 31.06 mm and TL 64.47 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 19.85 to 31.06 mm (23.1 ± 3.8 mm). FW/CW: 0.45 ± 0.02 (min: 0.42; max: 0.47). RW/RL: 0.81 ± 0.07 (min: 0.70; max: 0.90). CMW/OW: 0.73 ± 0.07 (min: 0.59; max: 0.81). Postorbital carina longer or equal to rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.11 ± 0.08 (min: 1.01; max: 1.22). AreW/RW: 0.89 ± 0.07 (min: 0.76; max: 0.96) (Table 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum greenish blue to greenish-brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions brown with shades of light brown to greenish-blue. First pair of pereiopods greenish-blue on the external surface, greenish-blue with shades of light brown in internal surface and apex of dactylus and propodus orange-red to reddish-brown. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light brown to light greenish-blue in the dorsal and lateral regions and light brown in the ventral region. Dorsal pleon and taifan brown with shades of light greenish-brown, low portions of lateral margins of pleon with shades of greenish-blue (Fig. 4). Variations in paratypes. All paratypes present both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.2 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in all male paratypes. Front wide in paratype 1 (FW / CW = 47.5%). Rostrum of paratypes 3 and 5 long once they reach the distal portion of the third article of antennule. Suborbital angle 90° in paratype 5. Rostral and postorbital carena of similar sizes in paratypes 2 and 3. Pleon long in paratypes 2 and 5 (PL / CL = 82.9% and 80.3%, respectively). S2 pleura moderate in paratypes 1 and 4, long in paratype 6, high and moderate in paratype 3 and high and long in paratype 5. Number of spines in exopod of tailfan varies between eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and four, six or seven in dorsolateral spines (inner) on right side and eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and five or six dorsolateral spines (inner) on the left side. Epistome anteromedian lobe longer than wide in paratype 2. Antennule internal ventral border of the basal article with one spine in the middle portion of left side in paratype 1 and with spines on both sides in paratypes 2, 4, 5 and 6. Antenna when extended back reaching the posterior margin of fourth pleura in paratypes 2 and 6. Antennal scale reaches the proximal margin of the third antennal article of antennule in paratype 1. Incisive lobe of the mandible has eight teeth in paratypes 6. The number of teeth in the crista dentata ranges from 21—27 in the left ischium and from 20—32 in the right ischium of the third maxilliped in the paratypes. Merus midventral spine doubles in paratype 5. Carpal spine more prominent and sharp in paratypes 1, 3 and 4. Dorsal spine sharp in both merus of chelipeds in paratypes 2 and 3. The number of teeth in fixed fingers of chelipeds and dactylus have a wide range of variation in size and number, which is probably related to the smaller size of paratypes when compared to holotype or regenerated chelipeds. Remarks. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis, P. buckupi, P. macanudo and P. promatensis in the general shape of rostrum, rostral carina length, shape of telson (subrectangular) and epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3A; Table 2). However, it differs from: P. brasiliensis in rostral surface straight, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short (Fig. 2A–C; 3A, H, I; Table 2); P. buckupi in the same characters that P. brasiliensis, except the areola narrow, and is also different for mandible incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest), mandible caudal molar process bicuspidate, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and telson with large lateral spines (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. macanudo in a bigger rostral spine, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, mandible incisive lobe with the third tooth the largest, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and the habitat (Fig. 2A–C; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. promatensis in the apex of rostrum rounded, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, cervical groove “V” shaped, carpal spine present, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds and pleon short; however both species have internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules (Fig. 2 A-D; 3H; Table 2). Parastacus guapo sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species in having the epistome anterolateral section with large conical projection ending in a large sharp spine on both sides (Fig. 3A). Phylogenetic position. The phylogenetic analysis suggests, with high values of reliability (bootstrap and posterior probability), that P. guapo sp. nov. is a distinct species of P. brasiliensis s.s., Lineages A–E, and other species of the genus included (Fig. 5). The genetic distances estimated between P. guapo sp. nov. and P. brasiliensis s. s. was 5.35% (Sup. Table. 2). Besides that, the lineages range from 3.41% (Lineage C) to 5.95% (Lineage E), and of other species from 4.05% (P. buckupi) to 5.90% (P. tuerkayi) (Sup. Table. 2). Habitat and ecology. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected in a wetland area, near a small stream, inside the Sanga das Pedras project of CMPC (Fig. 1). This forestry area is located in the Baixo Jacuí hydrographic basin in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 6). The area is part of the physiographic region of Depressão Central, almost in the division with the Planalto Sul Rio Grandense region, and of the Pampa biome (IBGE 2004a; 2004b; SIGBio-RS 2021). ......continued on the next page Vegetation. The region has as predominant vegetation grassy-woody steppe with gallery forests or riparian vegetation associated with streams and their overflow zones (Fig 6 A, B). In addition to the presence of forestry areas of Eucalyptus sp., the native plant formations of the region are mainly composed of grasses and bushes of the families Poaceae (Paspalum spp. L., Andropogon lateralis Nees —“Capim Caninha’’ and Mnesithea selloana (Hack.) de Koning & Sosef), Asteraceae (Baccharis ochracea Spreng. —“Vassoura do Campo”, Vernonanthura nudiflora (Less.) H.Rob., Senecio selloi (Spreng.) DC and Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. —“Maria Mole”), Cyperaceae (Eleocharis spp. R.Br., Rhynchosia diversifolia Micheli. and Cyperus spp. L.), Fabaceae (Desmodium incanum (Sw.) DC —“Pega Pega”, Trifolium polymorphum Poir. —“Trevo” and Macroptilium prostratum (Benth.) Urb.), Solanaceae (Solanum spp. L.) and some small trees like Myrtaceae (Psidium cattleianum Sabine —“Araçá”) (Caumo et al. 2020) (Fig. 6). Soil. The soil is classified as Dystrophic Red Argisols, but mixed with Dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisols (Santos et al. 2011). These types of soils have accentuated red colors due to higher levels of iron oxides and usually occur in areas of undulating relief, but they can be identified in less steep areas. They have low fertility that could be explained by relief slope, nutrient limitations, strong acidity, high drainage capacity and also high susceptibility to erosion and degradation (AGEITEC 2021a; Santos et al. 2011; 2021a; 2021b; Streck et al. 2002; 2008). Burrowing behavior and burrow structure. According to observations of burrows structure and characteristics of the habitat, Parastacus guapo sp. nov. can be classified as a primary burrower with types 1a, b burrows, due to the construction of complex tunnels close and with direct and indirect connections to permanent water bodies (Hobbs 1942; Horwitz & Richardson 1986; Richardson, 2007) (Fig. 6). This species builds burrow galleries of 1–4 interconnected tunnels, which can reach a depth up to 1m ending in a life chamber. The entries of the galleries are delimited by simple holes or by chimneys, which can reach up to 8 cm high and wide (Fig. 6C, D). Distribution. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. appears to have limited distribution, being registered only in the municipality of Pantano Grande, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 1). Conservation status. Data Deficient. The EOO and AOO were estimated as approximately 937 km ² and 1, 87 km ² (or 0, 38 km ² considering only preserved habitat), respectively (Fig. 1). According to the sub-criteria B1 and B2, an EOO, Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Araujo, Paula Beatriz & Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, 2022, The hole is deeper: description of two new species within the Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) species complex with an integrative taxonomy approach, pp. 251-284 in Zootaxa 5168 (3) on pages 254-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6882776, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. (1879) On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 46 (1), 752 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 08020. x","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1991) A new generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 104 (4), 800 - 811.","IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Biomas e Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil (2004 a) Solos 1: 5.000.000. Available from: https: // www. ibge. gov. br / geociencias / informacoes-ambientais / pedologia / 15829 - solos. html? = & t = o-que-e (accessed 17 August 2021)","IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Biomas e Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil (2004 b) Vegetacao Brasileira 1: 5.000.000, Available from: https: // www. ibge. gov. br / geociencias / informacoes-ambientais / vegetacao / 10872 - vegetacao. html? = & t = o-que-e (accessed 17 August 2021)","Buckup, L. & Rossi, A. (1980) O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revista Brasieira de Biologia, 40 (4), 663 - 681.","Miranda, I., Gomes, K. M., Ribeiro, F. B., Araujo, P. B., Souty-Grosset, C. & Schubart, C. D. (2018) Molecular systematics reveals multiple lineages and cryptic speciation in the freshwater crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 32 (6), 1265 - 1281. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 18012","Ribeiro, F. B., Gomes, K. M., Huber, A. F. & Loureiro, T. G. (2020) Diversity and Conservation Strategies of Freshwater Crayfish in South America: An Update. In: Ribeiro FB (Ed). Crayfish: Evolution, Habitat and Conservation Strategies. Nova Science Publishers, New York, New York, pp. 1 - 42.","Huber, A. F., Ribeiro, F. B. & Araujo, P. B. (2018) New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil. Nauplius, 26, e 2018015. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2358 - 2936 e 2018015","Huber, A. F., Rockhill, E. R., Araujo, P. B. & Ribeiro, F. B. (2020) A new species of burrowing crayfish in genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Decapoda, Parastacidae) from the Sinos River Basin, Southern Brazil. Zoological Studies, 59 (47). https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2020.59 - 47","Fontoura, N. F. & Conter, M. R. (2008) Description of a new subspecies of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Von Martens, 1869) from Sao Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Decapoda, Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 1849 (1), 28 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1849.1.2","Caumo, M., Paim, L. P., Avrella, E. D., Orlandi, C. R., Freitas, E. M. & Fior, C. S. (2020) Diversidade floristica em Areas de Preservacao Permanente de um plantio comercial de eucalipto no bioma Pampa, sul do Brasil. Rodriguesia, 71, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2175 - 7860202071141","Santos, H. G., Carvalho-Junior, W., Dart, R. O., Aglio, M. L. D., Sousa, J. S., Pares, J. G., Fontana, A., Martins, A. L. S. & Oliveira, A. P. (2011) O novo mapa de solos do Brasil: legenda atualizada. Embrapa Solos, Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http: // geoinfo. cnps. embrapa. br / layers / geonode % 3 Asolos _ br 5 m _ 2011 _ lat _ long _ wgs 84 (accessed 17 August 2021)","Santos, H. G., Zaroni, M. J., Almeida, E. P. C. & AGEITEC - Agencia Embrpa de Ciencia e Tecnologia (2021 a) Neossolos Litolicos. Available from: https: // www. agencia. cnptia. embrapa. br / gestor / solos _ tropicais / arvore / CONT 000 gn 230 xho 02 wx 5 ok 0 liq 1 mqxhk 6 vk 7. html (acessed 17 August 2021)","Santos, H. G., Zaroni, M. J., Almeida, E. P. C. & AGEITEC - Agencia Embrpa de Ciencia e Tecnologia (2021 b) Neossolos Regoliticos. Available from: https: // www. agencia. cnptia. embrapa. br / gestor / solos _ tropicais / arvore / CONT 000 gn 230 xhp 02 wx 5 ok 0 liq 1 mqq 4 c 4 en 9. html (acessed 17 August 2021)","Streck, E. V., Kampf, N., Dalmolim, R. S. D., Klamt, E., Nascimento, P. C. & Scheneider, P. (2002) Solos do Rio Grande do Sul. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 107 pp.","Streck, E. V., Kampf, N., Dalmolim, R. S. D., Klamt, E., Nascimento, P. C. & Scheneider, P., Giasson, E. & Pinto, L. F. S. (2008) Solos do Rio Grande do Sul. 2 ª Edition. EMATER / RS, Porto Alegre, 222 pp.","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1942) The crayfishes of Florida. Published as Vol. III. No. 2. Biological Science Series of University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, v + 179 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 36.2.258","Horwitz, P. H. & Richardson, A. M. M. (1986) An ecological classification of the burrows of Australian freshwater crayfish. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37 (2), 237 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 9860237","Richardson, A. M. M. (2007) Behavioral ecology of semiterrestrial crayfish. In: Duffy JE, Thiel M (eds) Evolutionary ecology of social and sexual systems - crustaceans as model organisms. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 520 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / acprof: oso / 9780195179927.003.0015"]}

Uptaded key to Parastacus The following key is modified from proposed in Rogers et al. (2020) with the addition of Parastacus macanudo, P. gomesae sp. nov. and P. guapo sp. nov.. The modifications of the original key and new steps start in step number eight (8) and these were elaborated according to information from Ribeiro et al. (2016; 2017; 2020) and Huber et al. (2018; 2020). 1 Telson with lateral spines............................................................................... 2 1’ Telson without lateral spines, maxilliped III exopod flagellum surpassing ischium distal margin............................................................................................... Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) 2(1) Postorbital carina proximal edge ending in a strong spine; uropod protopod proximal lobe bearing a spine; areola delimited by carinae.............................................................................................. 3 2’ Postorbital carina proximal edge not ending in spine; uropod protopod lobe lacking spine; areola not delimited by carinae.. 4 3(2) Cheliped merus, carpus, and propodus medially with tufts of long setae; maxilliped III ischium ventral margin with longitudinal spine row................................................................ Parastacus varicosus Faxon, 1898 3’ Cheliped merus, carpus, and propodus medially glabrous; maxilliped III ischium ventral margin with longitudinal tubercle row...................................................................... Parastacus saffordi Faxon, 1898 4(2’) Telson distal margin rounded........................................................................... 5 4’ Telson distal margin acute.................................... Parastacus buckupi Huber, Ribeiro & Araujo, 2018 5(4) Cheliped carpus distally glabrous; epistome anteromedian lobe hexagonal or pentagonal............................ 6 5’ Cheliped carpus distally with tufts of long and simples setae; epistome anteromedial lobe heptagonal........................................................................... Parastacus pilicarpus Huber, Ribeiro & Araujo, 2018 6(5) Cheliped dactyl and pollex cutting edges obscured by long setal tufts............................................ 7 6’ Cheliped dactyl and pollex cutting edges visible............................................................. 8 7(6) Postorbital carinae prominent.......................................... Parastacus pilimanus (von Martens, 1869) 7’ Postorbital carinae obsolete....................................... Parastacus laevigatus Buckup and Rossi, 1980 8(6) Chelipeds with globose palm............................................................................ 9 8’ Chelipeds with flattened palm.......................................................................... 11 9(8) Cervical groove U-shaped.................... Parastacus caeruleodactylus Ribeiro and Araujo in Ribeiro et al., 2016 9’ Cervical groove V-shaped.............................................................................. 10 10(9’) Rostral carinae reaching postorbital carinae proximal edge.......................... Parastacus defossus Faxon, 1898 10’ Rostral carinae surpassing postorbital carinae proximal edge...................... Parastacus pugnax (Poeppig, 1835) 11(8’) Telson subrectangular................................................................................ 12 11’ Telson subtriangular.............................. Parastacus fluviatilis Ribeiro and Buckup in Ribeiro et al., 2016 12(11) Cheliped palm dorsal surface with tubercles irregularly distributed or with irregular tubercle rows.................... 13 12’ Cheliped palm dorsal surface with three well-defined tubercle rows....................................................................................... Parastacus tuerkayi Ribeiro, Huber and Araujo in Ribeiro et al., 2017 13(12) Cheliped ventral surface bearing one row of squamose tubercles............................................... 16 13’ Cheliped ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles.............................................. 14 14(13’) Telson lateral margins with large spines................................................................... 15 14’ Telson lateral margins with small spines............................................ Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. 15(14) Cephalon postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions..................... Parastacus guapo sp. nov. 15’ Cephalon postorbital carinae weakly prominent....... Parastacus macanudo Huber, Rockhill, Araujo and Ribeiro, 2020 16(13) Cheliped palm medial margin with medial area tuberculate, groove U-shaped.................................................................................................. Parastacus promatensis Fontoura & Conter, 2008 16’ Cheliped palm medial margin smooth; groove weakly V-shaped............ Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869), Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Araujo, Paula Beatriz & Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, 2022, The hole is deeper: description of two new species within the Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) species complex with an integrative taxonomy approach, pp. 251-284 in Zootaxa 5168 (3) on pages 275-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6882776, {"references":["Rogers, D. C., Magalhaes, C., Peralta, M., Ribeiro, F. B., Bond-Buckup, G., Price, W. W., Guerrero-Kommritz, J., Mantelatto, F. L., Bueno, A., Camacho, A. I., Gonzalez, E. R., Jara, C. G., Pedraza, M., Pedraza-Lara, C., Latorre, E. R. & Santos, S. (2020) Chapter 23 - Phylum Arthropoda: Crustacea: Malacostraca. In: Rogers, D., Christopher; Damborenea, C. & Thorp, J. (Org.), Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates. Vol. 5. 4 th Edition. Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 809 - 986. [ISBN 9780128042250] https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 804225 - 0.00023 - X.","Ribeiro, F. B., Buckup, L., Gomes, K. M. & Araujo, P. B. (2016) Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 4158 (3), 301 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5158.3.1","Huber, A. F., Ribeiro, F. B. & Araujo, P. B. (2018) New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil. Nauplius, 26, e 2018015. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2358 - 2936 e 2018015","Philippi, R. A. (1882) Zoologia chilena. Sobre los Astacus. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 61, 624 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.5354 / 0717 - 8883.2012.21621","Faxon, W. (1898) Observations on the Astacidae in the United States National Museum and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 20 (1136), 642 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.20 - 1136.643","von Martens, E. (1869) Sudbrasilische Suss- und Brackwasser-Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen des Dr. Reinh. Hensel. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 35, 1 - 37.","Buckup, L. & Rossi, A. (1980) O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revista Brasieira de Biologia, 40 (4), 663 - 681.","Huber, A. F., Rockhill, E. R., Araujo, P. B. & Ribeiro, F. B. (2020) A new species of burrowing crayfish in genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Decapoda, Parastacidae) from the Sinos River Basin, Southern Brazil. Zoological Studies, 59 (47). https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2020.59 - 47","Fontoura, N. F. & Conter, M. R. (2008) Description of a new subspecies of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Von Martens, 1869) from Sao Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Decapoda, Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 1849 (1), 28 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1849.1.2"]}

In this contribution, we describe two new species of burrowing crayfish species complex Parastacus brasiliensis from forestry areas in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We used an integrative taxonomy approach with morphology and the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene and also evaluated their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Criteria. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected near the municipality of Pantano Grande and it differs from all other congeneric species in having an epistome anterolateral section with a large conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. It also differs from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the shape of the rostral surface, sub-orbital angle, postorbital carina straight, sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, the internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. was collected in the municipality of São Jerônimo, it differs from all analysed species for rostral spine absent, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal and mandible incisive process with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). It is also distinguished of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed on the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, areola narrow and pleon short. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed the distinct position of these new species to the already described species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) / area of occurrence (AOO) of P. guapo sp. nov and P. gomesae sp. nov. were estimated at 937 km² / 1,87 km², and 2.107 km² / 23,9 km² respectively. The main threats identified were continued decline in the quality of habitats, resulting from deforestation and forestry areas. However, as we know only one point of occurrence for each new species, we suggest that both be categorized as Data Deficient.

Cymothoa excisa Perty, 1833 (Figs. 1, 6; Table 1) Restricted synonymy: Cymothoa excisa Perty,1833: 211, tab. 40, fig. 11. Coelho & Koenig, 1972: 1976, table 1. Trilles 1994: 141. Thatcher et al., 2003: 545, figs. 27-51. Luque et al., 2013: 1454. Material examined: BRAZIL: Bahia: one ovigerous female, Candeias, coll. J. Pezzi da Silva, 11/V/2010 (MCP 2996); two ovigerous females, Candeias, coll. J. Pezzi da Silva, 11/V/2010 (MCP 2997) [illustrated]. Remarks: Cymothoa excisa was most recently diagnosed by Thatcher et al. (2003). The species had already been recorded from northeastern Brazil, in the states of Maranhão, Pernambuco and Sergipe by Coelho & Koenig (1972). These authors also raised the possibility of the occurrence in the states of Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas, Bahia and Espírito Santo, the latter in the southeastern Brazil. In addition, the occurrence of this species was also recorded in the states of Pará (Monod,1969) and Rio de Janeiro (Richardson,1901).This is the first record for the state of Bahia, particularly in the northern portion (12°44′49″S 38°29′38″W). The southernmost record of C. excisa in western South Atlantic is La Plata (Argentina) (Gerstaecker, 1901). Cymothoa excisa was redescribed by Thatcher et al. (2003) based on material from the Florianopolis Island, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Females are distinguished mainly by the acute anterolateral angles of pereonite 1 reaching or surpassing the eyes; the truncate cephalon, deeply immersed in pereonite 1; eyes present but inconspicuous; pereonites 4-6 subequal in width; pleon deeply immersed in pereonite 7 (Fig. 1); and pleopods trilaminate (Thatcher et al., 2003). Males are similar to females, but smaller and with pleopod 2 lacking an appendix masculinum (Thatcher et al., 2003). Hosts: Thehostofpresentspecimensisunknown.However, C. excisa was already found parasitizing fishes of the families Gerreidae, Haemulidae, Lutjanidae, Priacanthidae, Sciaenidae and Synodontidae (Joca et al., 2015). Distribution: USA (Massachusetts to Florida), Antilles, Venezuela, Brazil (Pará, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Bahia, Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina)and Argentina (Trilles, 1994; Thatcher et al., 2003) (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Huber, Augusto Frederico & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2021, Redescription of the fish-parasitic isopod Cymothoa ianuarii Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 and further records of C. excisa Perty, 1833 and C. oestrum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Isopoda: Cymothoida: Cymothoidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-10 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on page 2, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.09, http://zenodo.org/record/5007563, {"references":["Perty, M. 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis 1817 - 1820, jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Monachii, Imprensis Editoris.","Coelho, P. A. & Koenig, M. L. 1972. A distribuicao dos crustaceos pertencentes as ordens Stomatopoda, Tanaidacea e Isopoda no Norte e Nordeste de Brasil. Trabalhos do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 13: 245 - 260.","Trilles, J. P. 1994. Catalogue mondial des Cymothoidae. Prodrome pour une faune. Studia Marina, 21 / 22 (1 - 2): 5 - 288.","Thatcher, V. E.; Loyola e Silva, J.; Jost, G. F. & Souza-Conceicao, J. M. 2003. Comparative morphology of Cymothoa spp. (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) from Brazilian fishes, with the description of Cymothoa catarinensis sp. nov. and redescriptions of C. excisa Perty and C. oestrum (Linnaeus). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 20 (3): 541 - 552.","Luque, J. L.; Vieira, F. M.; Takemoto, R. M.; Pavanelli, G. C. & Eiras, J. V. 2013. Checklist of Crustacea parasitizing fishes from Brazil. Check List, 9 (6): 1449 - 1470.","Monod, T. 1969. Sur trois crustaces isopodes marins de la region Guyane- Amazone. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Oceanographie, 7 (3): 47 - 68.","Richardson, H. 1901. Key to the Isopods of the Atlantic coast of North America, with description of new and little-known species. Proceedings of the United States Natural History Museum, 23 (1222): 493 - 579.","Gerstaecker, A. 1901. Isopoda. In: Bronn, H. C. G. (Ed.). Die Klassen und Ordnungen der Arthropoden wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild., Funfter Band. II Abtheilung. Crustacea. Isopoda. Leipzig, C. F. Winter'sche verlagshadlung. p. 8 - 278.","Joca, L. K.; Leray, V. L.; Zigler, K. S. & Brusca, R. C. 2015. A new host and reproduction at a small size for the \" snapper-choking isopod \" Cymothoa excisa (Isopoda: Cymothoidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (2): 292 - 294."]}

Iansaoniscus iraquara Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2017 Material examined Bahia: 13ı Itaet��ı Lapa do Bode caveı 31 July 2010ı leg. ME Bichuetteı B Rantin and JE Gall��o (LES 6358); 13ı Iraquaraı Gruta Natal caveı 4 August 2004ı leg. ME Bichuette and R Bessi (LES 6364); 13ı Iraquaraı Buraco do C��o caveı 20 June 2009ı leg. ME Bichuette and L Senna-Horta (LES 6363). Distribution Iansaoniscus iraquara was originally described from Buraco do C��o caveı Iraquaraı state of Bahia (Campos-Filho et al. 2017c). Our new records extended its distribution for Gruta Natal and Lapa do Bode cavesı in Iraquara and Itaet��ı respectively., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1118, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Montesanto Gi Araujo PBi Taiti S. 2017 c. New species and new records of terrestrial isopods (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea) from Brazil. Iheringiai Serie Zool. 107: e 2017034. doi: 10.1590 / 1678 - 4766 e 2017034"]}

Spelunconiscus castroi Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Distribution Gruta MOC-32 caveı Matozinhosı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2014 ı 2018a)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1104, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2.","Campos-Filho ISi Cardoso GMi Aguiar JO. 2018 a. Catalogue of terrestrial isopods (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea) from Brazil: an update with some considerations. Nauplius. 26: e 2018038. doi: 10.1590 / 2358 - 2936 e 2018038."]}

Circoniscus buckupi Campos-Filho and Araujoı 2011 Distribution Several caves in FLONA Caraj��s (FLONA ��� National Forest)ı Parauapebası state of Par�� (see localities on Campos-Filho and Araujo 2011)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1110, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Metaprosekia caupe Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Material examined Par��ı Altamira: Sugiro-Roncador caveı 2 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and D Pedroso (LES: 13ı 2♀ ı 6316; 1♀ ı 6317; 13ı 6318; 2♀ ı 6319; 2♀ ı 6320; 13ı 6323); Abrigo Igarap�� caveı 14 December 2010ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonsky and JE Gall��o (LES: 13ı 6302; 3♀ ı 6303); 6♀ ı Abrigo Paratizinho caveı 4 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and D Pedroso (LES 6324); Abrigo Cama de Vara caveı 2 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and D Pedroso (LES: 5♀ ı 6325; 6♀ ı 6326); 13ı Abrigo Turi�� caveı 5 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and D Pedroso (LES 6322). Distribution Several caves at Altamiraı state of Par��. Remarks Metaprosekia caupe was originally described from Caverna Sugiro-Roncador caveı Altamiraı state of Par�� (Campos-Filho et al. 2014). The present records considerably expand its distribution for several caves in Altamira region. It is regarded as troglophile., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on pages 1107-1108, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Trichorhina pataxosi Campos-Filhoı Bichuette and Taitiı 2016 Material examined Minas Geraisı Matozinhos: August-September 2016ı leg. Equipe Spelayon: 13ı Caverna BM 050 caveı August-September 2016 (LES 10950); 1 juvenileı same locality (LES 10952); 1♀ ı 2 juvenilesı Caverna BM 104 cave (LES 10961); 5♀ ı 3 juvenisı 1 mancaı same locality (LES 11031); 2♀ ı Caverna BM 013 cave (LES 10976); 13ı 1♀ ı Caverna BM 024 cave (LES 10980); 13ı 1♀ ı same locality (LES 10981); 1♀ ı Caverna BM 064 cave (LES 11007); 1♀ ı 2 mancası Caverna BM 085 cave (LES 11021); 1♀ ı Caverna BM 111 cave (LES 11035); 1♀ ı Caverna BM 142 cave (LES 11050); 1♀ ı Caverna BM 152 cave (LES 11051)ı 1♀ ı Caverna BM 157 cave (LES 11052); 13ı 2 juvenilesı same locality (LES 11053); 1♀ ı Caverna SUPRAM 003 caveı same date and collectors (LES 11054). Distribution Trichorhina pataxosi occurs at two caves from Pedro Leopoldo and at the caves from Matozinhosı state of Minas Gerais. Remarks New record. Troglophilic species. Trichorhina pataxosi was described from Gruta do Sufoco and Gruta do Nei cavesı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2016). The caves mentioned here are inserted in the same karst regionı Bambu�� Groupı ca. 20 km from the type locality (see Campos-Filho et al. 2016)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1115, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Lopez-Orozco CMi Carpio-Diaz YMi GRN Si Campos-Filho IS. 2016. A new species and first record of Androdeloscia (Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from Colombia. Stud Neotrop Fauna E. 52 (1): 1 - 7."]}

Novamundoniscus sp. 3 Material examined Bahia: 2♀ ı Carinhanhaı Caverna Bem Bom caveı 6 December 2012ı leg. ME Bichuette and JE Gall��o (LES 6440). Goi��sı S��o Domingos: 1♀ ı Lapa do Ang��lica caveı 18 June 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6395); Terra Ronca I caveı 30 October 2012ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı LB Sim��esı CS Fernandes and T Zepon (LES: 13ı 1♀ ı 6409; 1♀ ı 6412); 13ı Terra Ronca II caveı 6 October 2011ı leg. ME Bichuette and LB Sim��es (LES 6386); 1♀ ı near S��o Domingos River (Epigean)ı 25 April 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES 6370); 1♀ ı Russ��o System (Epigean)ı 23 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı PP Rizzato and JE Gall��o (LES 6381). Distribution Novamundoniscus sp. 3 was found in- and outside of the caves listed above. Remarks New record. Non-troglomorphic. The specimens examined show body pigments light brownı eyes constituted of ten ommatidia and elongated antennae and uropod exopod. Considering these characters and its occurrence in- and outside cavesı this species is considered troglophilic., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1113, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Benthana taeniata Araujo and Buckupı 1994 Distribution Widely distributed species in many Brazilian states (see distribution on Campos-Filho et al. 2015b). Benthana taeniata was also recorded inside the Gruta Zeferino I caveı S��o Roque de Minası Serra da Canastraı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1106, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Taiti Si Araujo PB. 2015 b. Taxonomic revision of the genus Benthana Budde-Lundi 1908 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae). Zootaxa. 4022: 1 - 73. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4022.1.1.","Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Trichorhina curupira Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Material examined Par��ı Altamira: Caverna Pedra da Cachoeira caveı 15 December 2010ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonsky and JE Gall��o (LES: 103ı 11♀ ı 6304; 13ı 5♀ ı 6308); same localityı 3 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and D Pedroso (LES: 2♀ ı 6314; 103ı 14♀ ı 6327; 13ı 5♀ ı 6329; 63ı 34♀ ı 6330; 73ı 6♀ ı 6331). Distribution Caverna Pedra da Cachoeira caveı Altamiraı state of Par�� (Campos-Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1114, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Novamundoniscus altamiraensis Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Distribution Abrigos Assurini caveı Altamiraı state of Par�� (Campos-Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1112, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Trichorhina sp. 3 Material examined Goi��sı S��o Domingos: 13ı Lapa do Ang��lica caveı 18 June 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6394); 4♀ ı Gruta dos Revolucion��rios caveı 20 June 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6405); 1♀ ı Caverna Terra Ronca II caveı 1 October 2012ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı LB Sim��esı CS Fernandes and T Zepon (LES 6408). Distribution Lapa do Ang��licaı Gruta dos Revolucion��rios and Terra Ronca II caveı S��o Domingosı state of Goi��s. Remarks New record. The specimens examined show eyes reduced and body pigments absentı which could be related with endogean lifestyle (Souza et al. 2011; Campos-Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on pages 1116-1117, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Souza LAi Araujo JPi Campos-Filho IS. 2011. The genus Trichorhina Budde-Lund in Brazili with description of seven new species (Isopodai Oniscideai Platyarthridae). Iheringia Zool. 101: 239 - 261. doi: 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212011000200012.","Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Xangoniscus odara Campos-Filhoı Bichuette and Taitiı 2016 Distribution Lapa do Cip�� caveı Itacarambiı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2016)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1105, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Lopez-Orozco CMi Carpio-Diaz YMi GRN Si Campos-Filho IS. 2016. A new species and first record of Androdeloscia (Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from Colombia. Stud Neotrop Fauna E. 52 (1): 1 - 7."]}

Armadillidae gen. et sp. 1 Material examined Bahiaı Carinhanha: 1♀ ı Gruna do Valdecir caveı 31 May 2012ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��o and N Hattori (LES 6432). Distribution Gruna do Valdecir caveı Carinhanhaı state of Bahia. Remarks New record. The specimen examined shows body weakly pigmented and eyes composed of 12 ommatidiaı indicating that the species probably is troglomorphic. As in other lineages of Oniscideaı the lack of males difficult species level identification. Future surveys will help in the correct species recognition., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1121, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Neotroponiscus tuberculatus Cardoso and Araujoı 2017 Distribution Iron ore caves from Brumadinhoı state of Minas Gerais. Family PUDEONISCDAE Lemos de Castroı 1973, Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1118, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Iuiuniscus iuiuensis Souzaı Ferreira and Sennaı 2015 Material examined Bahiaı Iuiu: 33ı 2♀ ı Lapa do Baix��o caveı Serra do Ramalho (LES 14353). Distribution Lapa do Baix��o caveı Iuiuı state of Bahia (Souza et al. 2015)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1104, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Souza LAi Ferreira RLi Senna AR. 2015. Amphibious shelter-builder Oniscidea species from the New World with description of a new subfamilyi a new genus and a new species from Brazilian Cave (Isopodai Synochetai Styloniscidae). PLoS One. 10 (5): e 0115021. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0115021."]}

Trichorhina anhanguera Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Distribution Gruta MP-10 caveı Morro do Piları state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1114, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Trichorhina sp. 4 Material examined Bahiaı S��o Desid��rio: Gruta Lapa do Manga I caveı 5 November 2008ı leg. ME Bichuetteı T Scatolini and D Pedroso (LES: 13ı 2♀ ı 6273; 23ı 3♀ ı 6274); Buraco da Sopradeira caveı 23 April 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES: 13ı 3♀ ı 6289; 13ı 6290); 1♀ ı Gruta Baixa Fria caveı 4 November 2008ı leg. ME Bichuetteı T Scatolini and D Pedroso (LES 6272); 1 juvenileı Gruta do Juraci caveı 3 November 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı CS Fernandes and D Pedroso (LES 6283); 1♀ ı Gruta do Cat��o cave (Epigean)ı 3 November 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES 6296). Distribution Gruta Lapa do Manga Iı Buraco da Sopradeiraı Gruta Baixa Friaı Gruta do Juraci and Gruta do Cat��o cavesı all in S��o Desid��rioı state of Goi��s. Remarks New record. The specimens examined lack eyes and body pigments. They were collected in- and outside cavesı supporting its troglophilic status., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1117, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Trichorhina yiara Campos-Filhoı Araujo and Taitiı 2014 Distribution Abrigo do Sism��grafo and Abrigo do Abutre cavesı Altamiraı state of Par�� (Campos- Filho et al. 2014)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1115, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Gabunillo aridicola Souzaı Senna and Kuryı 2010 Distribution Gruta do Sobradinho caveı Aiuabaı state of Cear��ı and Lajedo da Soledadeı Apodiı state of Rio Grande do Norte (Souza et al. 2010). Remarks Souza et al. (2010) described the second species of the genus Gabunillo, G. aridicolla Souzaı Senna and Kuryı 2010 ı with specimens collected in the Brazilian states of Cear�� and Rio Grande do Norte. The species was included in the genus Gabunillo based on the shape of cephalonı pereonites 2 and 3 without ventral lobesı telson trianguları shape of uropods and pleopod exopods without pleopodal lungs (see also Schmalfuss and Ferrara 1983). The authors mentioned that the uropod of G. aridicola resembles the genera synarmadillo Dollfusı 1892ı Ethelumoris Richardsonı 1907 and Togarmadillo Schmalfuss and Ferraraı 1983 (see also Ferrara and Schmalfuss 1976; Schmalfuss and Ferrara 1983). Howeverı comparing the description of G. coecus and mentioned genera with G. aridicola ı it is possible to observe some differences: the uropod protopod with concave depression bearing glandular pores and distal margin rounded (vs. absent and indented in G. coecus; present in species of synarmadillo)ı and uropod exopod is inserted on median portion of the protopod (vs. exopod inserted near distal margin in G. coecus and all genera). Moreoverı on SEM photographs of the pleopod exopods of G. aridicola ı it seems to have covered monospiracular pleopodal lungs (see Figure 3C and E in Souza et al. 2010). Future morphological analyses are needed to elucidate if the pleopod exopods of G. aridicola have pleopodal lungs and confirm its taxonomic statement. Thus farı G. aridicola differs from all mentioned taxa in having the cephalon with frontal shield fused with vertex (vs. frontal shield well marked in all mentioned generaı except G. coecus)ı posterior corner of the pereonite 1 epimera with short schisma (vs. schisma along all epimera in Ethelumoris and synarmadillo; half of its pereonite length in Togarmadillo)ı and pereonite 2 and 3 epimera wihout ventral lobe (vs. ventral lobe in Ethelumoris and synarmadillo) (see Ferrara and Taiti 1976; Schmalfuss and Ferrara 1983; Souza et al. 2010). Thusı in the light of the above considerationsı we recommend a re-examination of the type-material to confirm or not the placement of the species in the genus Gabunillo., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1119, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Souza LAi Senna ARi Kury AB. 2010. A new species and first record of Gabunillo Schmalfuss and Ferrarai 1983 (Isopodai Oniscideai Armadillidae) from the Neotropics. Zootaxa. 2677: 1 - 14. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2677.1.1.","Schmalfuss Hi Ferrara F. 1983. Terrestrial isopods from West Africai Part 3: family Armadillidae Verhoeffi 1917. Monit Zool Iti Nuova Seriei Supplemento. 18: 111 - 157. doi: 10.1080 / 00269786.1983. 11758568","Ferrara Fi Schmalfuss H. 1976. Terrestrial isopods from West Africa. Part 1: family \" Eubelidae \". Monitore zool. ital. (N. S.) Suppl. 7: 1 - 114. doi: 10.1080 / 03749444.1976.10736823","Ferrara Fi Taiti S. 1976. Description of a new terrestrial isopod (Crustacea: Oniscoidea) from central Africa: Kivudillo benoiti n. gen. n. sp. Monitore zool. Ital. (N. S.) Suppl. 8: 1 i 203 - 211. doi: 10.1080 / 03749444.1976. 10736836"]}

Xangoniscus itacarambiensis Bastos-Pereiraı Souza and Ferreiraı 2017 Distribution Olhos D ��� ��gua Caveı Northern Minas Geraisı Brazil (Bastos-Pereira et al. 2017)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1105, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Bastos-Pereira Ri Souza LAi Ferreira RL. 2017. A new amphibious troglobitic styloniscid from Brazil (Isopodai Oniscideai Synocheta). Zootaxa. 4294 (2): 292 - 300. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4294.2."]}

Trichorhina tomentosa (Budde-Lundı 1893) Material examined S��o Pauloı Eldorado: 13♀ ı Caverna do Diabo cave (Gruta da Tapagem)ı Parque Estadual Caverna do Diaboı 24��38 ��� 17 ��� S 48��24 ��� 04 ��� Wı 16 ��� 20 April 2009ı leg. Pellegati-Franco et al. (LES 3056). Distribution Pantropical species (Schmalfuss 2003). Remarks Accidental species in caves. This is the first record of T. tomentosa in the subterranean environment., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1115, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgart Beit Nat. 654: 1 - 341."]}

Cylindroniscus sp. Material examined Goi��sı S��o Domingos: 13ı Lapa do Ang��lica caveı 5 October 2011ı leg. ME Bichuette and LB Sim��es (LES 6388); 1♀ ı Lapa do Ang��lica caveı 18 June 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6396). Distribution Lapa do Ang��lica caveı S��o Domingosı state of Bahia. Remarks New record. The specimens examined show the body slenderı and absence of eyes and body pigments. As in the previous speciesı these characters can be related with endogean way of life. Further surveys in- and outside caves are necessary to confirm its subterranean classification., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on pages 1103-1104, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Neotroponiscus iporangaensis Cardoso and Araujoı 2017 Distribution s everal limestone caves from Parque Estadual Tur��stico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR)ı Iporangaı state of S��o Paulo (Cardoso and Araujo 2017)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1118, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Cardoso GMi Araujo PBi Bichuette ME. 2017. Two new species of Neotroponiscus Arcangelii 1936 (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Stud Neotrop Fauna E. 52 (2): 122 - 130. doi: 10.1080 / 01650521.2017.1299440."]}

Trichorhina cipoensis Campos-Filhoı Bichuette and Taitiı 2016 Distribution Lapa do Cip�� caveı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2016)., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1114, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Lopez-Orozco CMi Carpio-Diaz YMi GRN Si Campos-Filho IS. 2016. A new species and first record of Androdeloscia (Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from Colombia. Stud Neotrop Fauna E. 52 (1): 1 - 7."]}

Novamundoniscus sp. 1 Material examined Bahiaı S��o Desid��rio: Gruta do Cat��o caveı 30 October 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı CS Fernandes and D Pedroso (LES: 2♀ ı 6275; 2♀ ı 6276); same locality as previousı 20 March 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES: 1♀ ı 6284; 4♀ ı 6285; 1♀ ı 6286); same locality as previousı 3 November 2012ı ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı LB Sim��esı CS Fernandes and T Zepon (LES: 1♀ ı 6293; 13ı 1♀ ı 6294; 1♀ ı 6295); Gruta Sumidouro do Jo��o Baio caveı 2 November 2011ı ME Bichuetteı J. Gall��oı CS Fernandes and D Pedroso (LES: 2♀ ı 6277; 1♀ ı 6278; 2♀ ı 6279); 1♀ ı Gruta 159 caveı 7 November 2008ı leg. ME Bichuetteı T Scatolini and D Pedroso (LES 6268); Gruta Sucupira caveı 31 October 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı CS Fernandes and D Pedroso (LES: 1♀ ı 6280; 1♀ ı 6281; 13ı 6282); 1♀ ı Po��o de Pedra caveı 21 April 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES 6291). Distribution Novamundoniscus sp. 1 was recorded only at S��o Desid��rioı state of Bahia. Remarks New record. Non-troglomorphic. The specimens were collected in- and outside cavesı supporting its troglophilic status., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on pages 1112-1113, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375

Cubaris murina Brandtı 1833 Material examined Bahiaı S��o Desid��rio: 13ı 2♀ ı Gruta Lapa do Manga IIı 5 November 2008ı leg. ME Bichuetteı T Scatolini and D Pedroso (LES 6271); 1♀ ı Morro do Chap��uı Gruta dos Brej��es caveı 15 May 2009ı leg. ME Bichuette and L Senna-Horta (LES 6360); 13 same locality as previousı 31 December 2012ı leg. L Senna-Horta (LES 6361). Distribution Circumtropical species (Schmalfuss 2003). In Brazilian cavesı it was first recorded at Gruta dos Brej��es caveı Morro do Chap��u (Campos-Filho et al. 2014); our new record extends its distribution to Gruta Lapa do Manga II caveı S��o Desid��rioı Bahia., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1119, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgart Beit Nat. 654: 1 - 341.","Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2."]}

Circoniscus bezzii Arcangeliı 1931 Distribution Circoniscus bezzii is recorded from the Brazilian states of Esp��rito Santoı Mato Grossoı Minas Gerais and S��o Pauloı and with dubious record from Paraguay (Souza-Kury and Lemos de Castro 1991; Schultz 1995; Schmidt 2007). In cavesı it is recorded from Caverna Vereda da Palha caveı Presidente Oleg��rioı state of Minas Gerais (Campos-Filho et al. 2014). Remarks Arcangeli (1931) described Circoniscus bezzii from Carandasinhoı state of Mato Grosso. Souza-Kury and Lemos de Castro (1991) extended its distribution for the states of Esp��rito Santoı Minas Gerais and S��o Paulo. Schultz (1995) recorded this species from province of Canendiyuı Paraguayı mentioned that C. gracilidens Souza and Lemos de Castroı 1991 [synonym of C. incisus (see Schmidt 2007)]ı C. incisus Souza and Lemos de Castroı 1991 ı and C. pallidus Arcangeliı 1936 probably are synonyms of C. bezzii (the author did not include these species in the synonym list of C. bezzii)ı and misinterpreted its distribution for the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio de La Plata drainage; the latter without accuracy (this drainage is located between Argentina and Uruguay) (see Schultz 1995). Leistikow and W��gele (1999) considered the paper of Schultz (1995) and misunderstood the distribution of C. bezzii for the states of P��ra and Minas Gerais. This species has never been recorded from Par�� and this misinterpretation was followed by subsequent authors (Schmalfuss 2003; Campos-Filho et al. 2014 ı 2018a). Schmidt (2007) with material from Rio de Janeiro and S��o Paulo re-described the species and based on pereonites 1 and 2 epimera with ventral lobesı mentioned that Schultz ��� s specimens probably belong to C. incisus. Regarding the previous informationı the correct distribution of C. bezzii are those localities in Souza- Kury and Lemos de Castro (1991) ı Schmidt (2007) and Campos-Filho et al. (2014). This species occurs in Atlantic forest and Pantanal areas (Souza-Kury and Lemos de Castro 1991; Schmidt 2007)ı and it is considered accidental in cave environments., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1109, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Souza-Kury LAi Lemos de Castro A. 1991. The genus Circoniscus Pearsei 1917 in Brazili with a description of three new species (Isopoda Oniscidea Scleropactidae). Trop Zool. 4: 45 - 64. doi: 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539474.","Schultz GA. 1995. Terrestrial isopod crustaceans (Oniscidea) from Paraguay with definition of a new family. Rev Suisse Zool. 102: 387 - 424. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80471.","Schmidt C. 2007. Revision of the Neotropical Scleropactidae (Crustacea: Oniscidea). Zool J Linn Soc. 151: 1 - 339. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00286. x.","Campos-Filho ISi Araujo PBi Bichuette MEi Trajano Ei Taiti S. 2014. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc. 172: 360 - 425. doi: 10.1111 / zoj. 2014.172. issue- 2.","Arcangeli A. 1931. Circoniscus bezzii Arc. i nuova specie di isopodo terrestre del Brasile. B Zool. 11: 115 - 122. doi: 10.1080 / 11250003109434856.","Leistikow Ai Wagele JW. 1999. Checklist of terrestrial isopods of the new world (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea). Rev Bras Zool. 16: 1 - 72. doi: 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751999000100001.","Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgart Beit Nat. 654: 1 - 341.","Campos-Filho ISi Cardoso GMi Aguiar JO. 2018 a. Catalogue of terrestrial isopods (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea) from Brazil: an update with some considerations. Nauplius. 26: e 2018038. doi: 10.1590 / 2358 - 2936 e 2018038."]}

Venezillo congener (Budde-Lundı 1904) Material examined Goi��sı S��o Domingos: Suspirinho caveı 25 April 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and CS Fernandes (LES: 1♀ ı 6368; 13ı 6371); 1♀ ı same localityı 9 February 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6374); 13ı Suspir��o caveı 9 February 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6379); Lapa do Ang��lica caveı 20 April 2011ı leg. ME Bichuetteı PP Rizzatoı JE Gall��o (LES: 1♀ ı 6382; 2♀ ı 6383; 13ı 1♀ ı 6384; 13ı 1♀ ı 6385); same locality as previousı 18 June 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES: 23ı 1♀ ı 6397; 1♀ ı 6398); 1♀ ı same locality and collectors as previousı 10 February 2012 (LES 6413); 1♀ ı same locality as previous (epigean)ı 31 October 2012ı ME Bichuetteı JE Gall��oı LB Sim��esı CS Fernandes and T Zepon (LES 6406); 7♀ ı Caverna Bezerra cave (epigean)ı 12 February 2012ı leg. DM Schimonskyı JE Gall��o and LB Sim��es (LES 6393); same locality and collectors as previous (Epigean)ı 19 June 2012 (LES: 13ı 6399; 13ı 6400; 13ı 6403; 1♀ ı 6414). Distribution Many places in the states of Goi��s and Mato Grosso do Sul (Van Name 1936; Vilela 1971 ı Campos-Filho et al. 2019). Remarks This species was recently re-described (Campos-Filho et al. 2019). As mentioned by the authorsı this species inhabits decaying and humid leaf litterı and it was collected in- and outside cavesı supporting its trogophilic status., Published as part of Camile Sorbo Fernandes, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Paula Beatriz Araujo & Bichuette, Maria Elina, 2019, Synopsis of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves�� with emphasis on new records from north�� midwest�� northeast and southeast regions, pp. 1095-1129 in Journal of Natural History 53 (17) on page 1120, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634225, http://zenodo.org/record/3673375, {"references":["Van Name WG. 1936. The American land and freshwater isopod Crustacea. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 71: 1 - 535.","Vilela Ei Kudo Hi Loureiro M. 1971. Oniscoides de Douradosi Estado de Mato Grosso. Seiva. 31: 183 - 189.","Campos-Filho ISi Fernandes CSi Cardoso GMi Bichuette MEi Aguiar JOi Taiti S. 2019. Two new species and new records of terrestrial isopods (Crustaceai Isopodai Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zootaxa. 4564 (2): 422 - 448. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4564.2.6"]}

Zimmermann, Bianca Laís, Campos-Filho, Ivanklin Soares, Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Santos, Sandro, Aguiar, José Otávio, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2018): Two new species of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from southern Brazil described in the light of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 551-565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.7

Genus Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 Type species. Atlantoscia alceui Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 by monotypy. Diagnosis. See Araujo & Leistikow (1999) and Campos-Filho et al. (2013)., Published as part of Zimmermann, Bianca La��s, Campos-Filho, Ivanklin Soares, Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Santos, Sandro, Aguiar, Jos�� Ot��vio & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, Two new species of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from southern Brazil described in the light of integrative taxonomy, pp. 551-565 in Zootaxa 4482 (3) on page 553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1440803, {"references":["Ferrara, F. & Taiti, S. (1981) Terrestrial isopods from Ascension Island. Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento, 14 (1), 189 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03749444.1981.10736621","Araujo, P. B. & Leistikow, A. (1999) Philosciids with pleopodal lungs from Brazil, with description of a new species (Crustacea, Isopoda). Contributions to Zoology, 68 (2), 109 - 141.","Campos-Filho, I. S., Lisboa, J. T. & Araujo, P. B. (2013) Review of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae) with new records and new species. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 13 (3), 463 - 483. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 013 - 0124 - 8"]}

Atlantoscia australis Campos-Filho, Cardoso & Araujo sp. nov. Figs 4–6 Zoobank. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:39 BAE 885-6EE1-46A6-AAE0-60 CAFC 82FA41. Etymology. The new species is named after the Triangulum australe constellation, located in the far of the southern hemisphere sky. This constellation represents the state of Santa Catarina in the Brazilian National flag. Material examined. Holotype: Male, Santa Catarina, Santa Rosa de Lima, 28°06’09”S 49°07’35”W, alt. 225 m., 25 Jun 2012, leg. P.B. Araujo and B.L. Zimmermann (MZUSP 36764). Paratypes: 2 males (one in micropreparations), 9 females (MZUSP 36765), same data as holotype. Description. Maximum body length: male 5.5 mm, female 8.5 mm. Color light brown; antenna strongly pigmented; cephalon with irregular unpigmented spots; pereon with unpigmented spots on median and paramedian regions, epimera more pigmented with one or two unpigmented spots; pleonites 1 and 2 with two unpigmented spots, pleonites 3 and 4 with one unpigmented spot on median region and two unpigmented spots laterally, pleonite 5 more pigmented with one unpigmented spot on media region; telson with three unpigmented spots. Body outline as in Fig. 4A. Cephalon (Fig. 4B) with lateral lobes not developed, frontal line absent, suprantennal line bent downwards on middle. Dorsum covered with elongated triangular scale-setae (Fig. 4C). Pereon (Fig. 4A) with pereonite 1 epimera directed frontwards, not surpassing eyes; pereonites 5–7 epimera gradually directed backwards; pereonite 7 with posterior margin arched. Pereonites with glandular pores on lateral margin. Noduli laterales coordinates as in Fig. 4D and E. Pleon (Fig. 4A, F) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 epimera not well-developed, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 4F) triangular, lateral sides almost straight. Antennula (Fig. 4G) of three articles, distal article longest bearing eight lateral aesthetascs in four rows plus apical pair. Antenna (Fig. 4H) reaching pereonite 4 when extended backwards; flagellum of three articles, proximal and distal articles subequal in length, medial and distal articles bearing lateral aesthetascs, distal organ about half of length of distal article of flagellum. Mandibles with dense cushion of setae, molar penicil of about five branches, left mandible (Fig. 5A) with 2+1 penicils, right mandible (Fig. 5B) of 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 5C) inner endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hairy penicils; outer endite of 4+6 teeth, five of them with cleft at apex. Maxilla (Fig. 5D) inner lobe rounded bearing thick setae; outer lobe three times as wide as inner lobe covered with thin setae, distal margin sinuous. Maxilliped (Fig. 5E) basis subrectangular, palp with two long setae on proximal article, endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hook-like setae. Pereopods (Fig. 6A, B) rather slender bearing fringe of scales on merus and carpus; carpus 1 with transverse antennal grooming brush and distal seta double fringed at apex. Dactylus (Fig. 6A) of two claws, inner claw not surpassing outer claw; ungual seta and dactylar organ simple, not surpassing outer claw. Uropod (Fig. 4F) protopod subquadrangular, protopod and exopod grooved on outer margin bearing many glandular pores; exopod about twice as long as endopod; endopod inserted proximally. Respiratory areas of floridana -type on pleopod exopods. Male. Genital papilla (Fig. 6C) with triangular ventral shield, distal papilla bearing two subapical orifices. Pleopod 1 (Fix. 6D) exopod heart-shaped, outer margin concave bearing one small seta; endopod longer than exopod, distal portion slightly bent outwards bearing small setae on median margin and serrate plaque. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 6E) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing five small setae; endopod slightly longer than endopod. Pleopod 3 (Fig. 6F) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing three setae. Pleopod 4 (Fig. 6G) exopod triangular, outer margin slightly concave bearing four setae. Pleopod 5 (Fig. 6H) exopod triangular, outer margin sinuous bearing three setae. Remarks. Atlantoscia australis sp. nov. differs from A. antennamaculata sp. nov. in having the distal portion of the telson triangular (vs. narrower in A. antennamaculata), antennula with eight aesthetascs (vs. 11 in A. antennamaculata), male pleopod 1 exopod with distal portion not elongated (vs. elongated in A. antennamaculata), male pleopod 1 endopod with distal portion slightly directed outwards (vs. bent outwards in A. antennamaculata), and male pleopod 5 exopod triangular (vs. rhomboid in A. antennamaculata). Phylogenetic Analysis. All specimens of A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and A. australis sp. nov. presented a single mitochondrial haplotype for the COI sequences. In addition, no intraspecific variation was found in the 18S sequences for both species. For this reason, the new species are represented, each one, by a single sequence in the phylogenetic trees. Final COI alignment consists of 640 bp, with 203 variable sites and 170 parsimony informative sites. On the other hand, final 18S alignment consists of 434 bp (including gaps), with 33 variable sites and 22 parsimony informative sites. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses produced trees with similar topologies (data not shown). Although the phylogenies generated with mitochondrial COI (Fig. 7) and 18S nuclear (Fig. 8) sequences did not exhibit the same groupings among the Atlantoscia species, they were congruent regarding the taxa of interest; that is, both markers support the validity of the two new species of Atlantoscia. Some disagreement between the molecular markers is expected due to the different evolutionary rates between them. More specifically, the short size of the nuclear sequences added to their lower evolutionary rates may have generated the lack of congruence among some of the generated clades when compared to the mitochondrial tree. These results, however, do not interfere with the validity of the new species described herein. Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MH047282 to MH047285.3 The average mtDNA genetic distance among species of Atlantoscia was 13.9%, ranging from 13.4 to 20%. The genetic distance between A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and the other congeneric species was 15.4%; for A. australis sp. nov. this value was 17% (Table 1). In relation to the conserved nuclear sequences, the average genetic distance among Atlantoscia species was 0.8%. The genetic distances between Atlantoscia species and the new species A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and A. australis sp. nov. were 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively (Table 2). Species delimitation. The likelihood of the null model in the GMYC analysis was significantly lower than the maximum likelihood of species delimitation (38.31 versus 45.11, ratio = 14.96, P = 0.001). As the null model assumes that all individuals within the sample belong to a single species, we reject this model. The GMYC analyses based on the COI dataset indicated the presence of 7 ML entities. Meanwhile, ABGD analysis with JC69 and K2P models produced ten recursive partitions, which recovered seven groups in all cases. These results support those of the phylogenetic analysis and confirmed the taxonomic validity of the currently recognized species of Atlantoscia.

Atlantoscia antennamaculata Campos-Filho, Cardoso & Araujo sp. nov. Figs 1���3 Zoobank. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:06D14C40-4FD5-4948-9839-68F7B45CAE0D. Etymology. Latin: antenna = antenna + maculata = spotted. The new species name refers to typical unpigmented spots along the antennae. Material examined. Holotype: male (MZUSP 36766), Santa Catarina, Corup��, 26��24���08���S 49��20���40���W, 28 Jun 2012, leg. P.B. Araujo and B.L. Zimmermann. Paratypes: 2 males (one in micropreparations), 7 females (MZUSP 36767), same data as holotype. Description. Maximum body length: male 6.5 mm, female 8.5 mm. Color brown; antennae strongly pigmented with unpigmented spots; cephalon and uropods with irregular unpigmented spots; pereon with unpigmented spots on median and paramedian region, pereonites 5���7 more pigmented, epimera more pigmented with one or two large unpigmented spots; pleonites 1���5 and telson with three unpigmented spots, pleonites 3���5 epimera with one unpigmented spot. Body outline as in Fig. 1A. Cephalon with lateral lobes not developed, frontal line absent, suprantennal line bent downwards on middle. Dorsum covered with elongated triangular scale-setae (Fig. 1B). Pereon (Fig. 1A) with pereonite 1 epimera directed frontwards, not surpassing eyes; pereonites 5���7 epimera gradually directed backwards; pereonite 7 with posterior margin arched. Noduli laterales coordinates as in Fig. 1C and D. Pereonites with glandular pores on lateral margins (Fig. 1E). Pleon (Fig. 1A) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3���5 epimera not well-developed, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 1F) triangular, lateral sides slightly concave, apex acute. Antennula (Fig. 1G) of three articles, proximal and distal articles subequal in length, distal article bearing 12 lateral aesthetascs in about six rows plus apical pair. Antenna (Fig. 1H) reaching pereonite 4 when extend backwards; flagellum of three articles, medial and distal articles subequal in length, distal organ about one third of length of distal article of flagellum. Mandibles with dense cushion of setae, molar penicil composed of five branches, left mandible (Fig. 2A) with 2+1 penicils, right mandible (Fig. 2B) with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 2C) inner endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hairy penicils; outer endite of 4+6 teeth, five of them cleft at apex. Maxilla (Fig. 2D) inner lobe rounded covered with thick setae; outer lobe three times as wide as inner lobe, distal margin sinuous covered with thin setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 2E) basis subrectangular, palp with two distinct setae on proximal article, endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hook-like setae. Pereopods (Fig. 3B, C) rather slender bearing fringe of scales on merus and carpus; carpus 1 with transverse antennal grooming brush and distal seta double fringed at apex. Dactylus (Fig. 3B) of two claws, inner claw not surpassing outer claw; ungual seta and dactylar organ simple, not surpassing outer claw. Uropod (Fig. 3A) protopod subrectangular, protopod and exopod grooved on outer margin bearing many glandular pores; exopod about twice as long as endopod; endopod inserted proximally. Respiratory areas of floridana -type on pleopod exopods. Male. Genital papilla (Fig. 3D) with triangular ventral shield, distal papilla bearing two subapical orifices. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 3D) exopod heart-shaped, outer margin concave, distal portion triangular, elongated and directed outwards; endopod longer than exopod, distal portion bent outwards bearing small setae on medial margin and serrate plaque. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 3E) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing seven small setae; endopod slightly longer than endopod. Pleopod 3 exopod (Fig. 3F) triangular, outer margin concave bearing eight small setae. Pleopod 4 exopod (Fig. 3G) rhomboid, distal margin almost straight bearing eight setae. Pleopod 5 exopod (Fig. 3H) rhomboid, outer margin sinuous bearing three setae, distal margin bearing one seta. Remarks. In the shape of male pleopod 1 exopod Atlantoscia antennamaculata sp. nov. resembles A. sulcata, but it differs in the shape of telson, absence of ventral sulcus on pereopod 7 (present in A. sulcata), and dactylar organ simple (vs. arrow-like in A. sulcata). In addition, the new species differs from the congeners in having unpigmented spots along the antennae., Published as part of Zimmermann, Bianca La��s, Campos-Filho, Ivanklin Soares, Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Santos, Sandro, Aguiar, Jos�� Ot��vio & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, Two new species of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from southern Brazil described in the light of integrative taxonomy, pp. 551-565 in Zootaxa 4482 (3) on pages 553-555, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1440803

Atlantoscia antennamaculata Campos-Filho, Cardoso & Araujo sp. nov. Figs 1–3 Zoobank. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:06D14C40-4FD5-4948-9839-68F7B45CAE0D. Etymology. Latin: antenna = antenna + maculata = spotted. The new species name refers to typical unpigmented spots along the antennae. Material examined. Holotype: male (MZUSP 36766), Santa Catarina, Corupá, 26°24’08”S 49°20’40”W, 28 Jun 2012, leg. P.B. Araujo and B.L. Zimmermann. Paratypes: 2 males (one in micropreparations), 7 females (MZUSP 36767), same data as holotype. Description. Maximum body length: male 6.5 mm, female 8.5 mm. Color brown; antennae strongly pigmented with unpigmented spots; cephalon and uropods with irregular unpigmented spots; pereon with unpigmented spots on median and paramedian region, pereonites 5–7 more pigmented, epimera more pigmented with one or two large unpigmented spots; pleonites 1–5 and telson with three unpigmented spots, pleonites 3–5 epimera with one unpigmented spot. Body outline as in Fig. 1A. Cephalon with lateral lobes not developed, frontal line absent, suprantennal line bent downwards on middle. Dorsum covered with elongated triangular scale-setae (Fig. 1B). Pereon (Fig. 1A) with pereonite 1 epimera directed frontwards, not surpassing eyes; pereonites 5–7 epimera gradually directed backwards; pereonite 7 with posterior margin arched. Noduli laterales coordinates as in Fig. 1C and D. Pereonites with glandular pores on lateral margins (Fig. 1E). Pleon (Fig. 1A) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 epimera not well-developed, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 1F) triangular, lateral sides slightly concave, apex acute. Antennula (Fig. 1G) of three articles, proximal and distal articles subequal in length, distal article bearing 12 lateral aesthetascs in about six rows plus apical pair. Antenna (Fig. 1H) reaching pereonite 4 when extend backwards; flagellum of three articles, medial and distal articles subequal in length, distal organ about one third of length of distal article of flagellum. Mandibles with dense cushion of setae, molar penicil composed of five branches, left mandible (Fig. 2A) with 2+1 penicils, right mandible (Fig. 2B) with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 2C) inner endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hairy penicils; outer endite of 4+6 teeth, five of them cleft at apex. Maxilla (Fig. 2D) inner lobe rounded covered with thick setae; outer lobe three times as wide as inner lobe, distal margin sinuous covered with thin setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 2E) basis subrectangular, palp with two distinct setae on proximal article, endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hook-like setae. Pereopods (Fig. 3B, C) rather slender bearing fringe of scales on merus and carpus; carpus 1 with transverse antennal grooming brush and distal seta double fringed at apex. Dactylus (Fig. 3B) of two claws, inner claw not surpassing outer claw; ungual seta and dactylar organ simple, not surpassing outer claw. Uropod (Fig. 3A) protopod subrectangular, protopod and exopod grooved on outer margin bearing many glandular pores; exopod about twice as long as endopod; endopod inserted proximally. Respiratory areas of floridana -type on pleopod exopods. Male. Genital papilla (Fig. 3D) with triangular ventral shield, distal papilla bearing two subapical orifices. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 3D) exopod heart-shaped, outer margin concave, distal portion triangular, elongated and directed outwards; endopod longer than exopod, distal portion bent outwards bearing small setae on medial margin and serrate plaque. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 3E) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing seven small setae; endopod slightly longer than endopod. Pleopod 3 exopod (Fig. 3F) triangular, outer margin concave bearing eight small setae. Pleopod 4 exopod (Fig. 3G) rhomboid, distal margin almost straight bearing eight setae. Pleopod 5 exopod (Fig. 3H) rhomboid, outer margin sinuous bearing three setae, distal margin bearing one seta. Remarks. In the shape of male pleopod 1 exopod Atlantoscia antennamaculata sp. nov. resembles A. sulcata, but it differs in the shape of telson, absence of ventral sulcus on pereopod 7 (present in A. sulcata), and dactylar organ simple (vs. arrow-like in A. sulcata). In addition, the new species differs from the congeners in having unpigmented spots along the antennae.

Atlantoscia australis Campos-Filho, Cardoso & Araujo sp. nov. Figs 4���6 Zoobank. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:39 BAE 885-6EE1-46A6-AAE0-60 CAFC 82FA41. Etymology. The new species is named after the Triangulum australe constellation, located in the far of the southern hemisphere sky. This constellation represents the state of Santa Catarina in the Brazilian National flag. Material examined. Holotype: Male, Santa Catarina, Santa Rosa de Lima, 28��06���09���S 49��07���35���W, alt. 225 m., 25 Jun 2012, leg. P.B. Araujo and B.L. Zimmermann (MZUSP 36764). Paratypes: 2 males (one in micropreparations), 9 females (MZUSP 36765), same data as holotype. Description. Maximum body length: male 5.5 mm, female 8.5 mm. Color light brown; antenna strongly pigmented; cephalon with irregular unpigmented spots; pereon with unpigmented spots on median and paramedian regions, epimera more pigmented with one or two unpigmented spots; pleonites 1 and 2 with two unpigmented spots, pleonites 3 and 4 with one unpigmented spot on median region and two unpigmented spots laterally, pleonite 5 more pigmented with one unpigmented spot on media region; telson with three unpigmented spots. Body outline as in Fig. 4A. Cephalon (Fig. 4B) with lateral lobes not developed, frontal line absent, suprantennal line bent downwards on middle. Dorsum covered with elongated triangular scale-setae (Fig. 4C). Pereon (Fig. 4A) with pereonite 1 epimera directed frontwards, not surpassing eyes; pereonites 5���7 epimera gradually directed backwards; pereonite 7 with posterior margin arched. Pereonites with glandular pores on lateral margin. Noduli laterales coordinates as in Fig. 4D and E. Pleon (Fig. 4A, F) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3���5 epimera not well-developed, directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 4F) triangular, lateral sides almost straight. Antennula (Fig. 4G) of three articles, distal article longest bearing eight lateral aesthetascs in four rows plus apical pair. Antenna (Fig. 4H) reaching pereonite 4 when extended backwards; flagellum of three articles, proximal and distal articles subequal in length, medial and distal articles bearing lateral aesthetascs, distal organ about half of length of distal article of flagellum. Mandibles with dense cushion of setae, molar penicil of about five branches, left mandible (Fig. 5A) with 2+1 penicils, right mandible (Fig. 5B) of 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 5C) inner endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hairy penicils; outer endite of 4+6 teeth, five of them with cleft at apex. Maxilla (Fig. 5D) inner lobe rounded bearing thick setae; outer lobe three times as wide as inner lobe covered with thin setae, distal margin sinuous. Maxilliped (Fig. 5E) basis subrectangular, palp with two long setae on proximal article, endite with distal margin rounded bearing two hook-like setae. Pereopods (Fig. 6A, B) rather slender bearing fringe of scales on merus and carpus; carpus 1 with transverse antennal grooming brush and distal seta double fringed at apex. Dactylus (Fig. 6A) of two claws, inner claw not surpassing outer claw; ungual seta and dactylar organ simple, not surpassing outer claw. Uropod (Fig. 4F) protopod subquadrangular, protopod and exopod grooved on outer margin bearing many glandular pores; exopod about twice as long as endopod; endopod inserted proximally. Respiratory areas of floridana -type on pleopod exopods. Male. Genital papilla (Fig. 6C) with triangular ventral shield, distal papilla bearing two subapical orifices. Pleopod 1 (Fix. 6D) exopod heart-shaped, outer margin concave bearing one small seta; endopod longer than exopod, distal portion slightly bent outwards bearing small setae on median margin and serrate plaque. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 6E) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing five small setae; endopod slightly longer than endopod. Pleopod 3 (Fig. 6F) exopod triangular, outer margin concave bearing three setae. Pleopod 4 (Fig. 6G) exopod triangular, outer margin slightly concave bearing four setae. Pleopod 5 (Fig. 6H) exopod triangular, outer margin sinuous bearing three setae. Remarks. Atlantoscia australis sp. nov. differs from A. antennamaculata sp. nov. in having the distal portion of the telson triangular (vs. narrower in A. antennamaculata), antennula with eight aesthetascs (vs. 11 in A. antennamaculata), male pleopod 1 exopod with distal portion not elongated (vs. elongated in A. antennamaculata), male pleopod 1 endopod with distal portion slightly directed outwards (vs. bent outwards in A. antennamaculata), and male pleopod 5 exopod triangular (vs. rhomboid in A. antennamaculata). Phylogenetic Analysis. All specimens of A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and A. australis sp. nov. presented a single mitochondrial haplotype for the COI sequences. In addition, no intraspecific variation was found in the 18S sequences for both species. For this reason, the new species are represented, each one, by a single sequence in the phylogenetic trees. Final COI alignment consists of 640 bp, with 203 variable sites and 170 parsimony informative sites. On the other hand, final 18S alignment consists of 434 bp (including gaps), with 33 variable sites and 22 parsimony informative sites. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses produced trees with similar topologies (data not shown). Although the phylogenies generated with mitochondrial COI (Fig. 7) and 18S nuclear (Fig. 8) sequences did not exhibit the same groupings among the Atlantoscia species, they were congruent regarding the taxa of interest; that is, both markers support the validity of the two new species of Atlantoscia. Some disagreement between the molecular markers is expected due to the different evolutionary rates between them. More specifically, the short size of the nuclear sequences added to their lower evolutionary rates may have generated the lack of congruence among some of the generated clades when compared to the mitochondrial tree. These results, however, do not interfere with the validity of the new species described herein. Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MH047282 to MH047285.3 The average mtDNA genetic distance among species of Atlantoscia was 13.9%, ranging from 13.4 to 20%. The genetic distance between A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and the other congeneric species was 15.4%; for A. australis sp. nov. this value was 17% (Table 1). In relation to the conserved nuclear sequences, the average genetic distance among Atlantoscia species was 0.8%. The genetic distances between Atlantoscia species and the new species A. antennamaculata sp. nov. and A. australis sp. nov. were 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively (Table 2). Species delimitation. The likelihood of the null model in the GMYC analysis was significantly lower than the maximum likelihood of species delimitation (38.31 versus 45.11, ratio = 14.96, P = 0.001). As the null model assumes that all individuals within the sample belong to a single species, we reject this model. The GMYC analyses based on the COI dataset indicated the presence of 7 ML entities. Meanwhile, ABGD analysis with JC69 and K2P models produced ten recursive partitions, which recovered seven groups in all cases. These results support those of the phylogenetic analysis and confirmed the taxonomic validity of the currently recognized species of Atlantoscia., Published as part of Zimmermann, Bianca La��s, Campos-Filho, Ivanklin Soares, Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Santos, Sandro, Aguiar, Jos�� Ot��vio & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, Two new species of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae) from southern Brazil described in the light of integrative taxonomy, pp. 551-565 in Zootaxa 4482 (3) on pages 555-560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1440803

Key to species of Pseudione infesting Nephropidae lobsters in the world based on adult females 1. Ventral surface of pleopods tuberculate.................................................... Pseudione nephropsi - Ventral surface of pleopods smooth....................................................................... 2 2. Coxal plates on both sides of the pereomeres 1���4............................................... P. tanimbarensis - Coxal plates only on one side of pereomeres............................................................... 3 3. Marsupium incompletely closed, maxilliped palp extending beyond the distal margin....................... P. atlantica - Marsupium completely closed, maxilliped palp deeply inset in the distal margin not extending beyond it..................................................................................................... P. ivanklini sp. nov., Published as part of Horch, Amanda Porciuncula, Huber, Augusto Frederico, Araujo, Paula Beatriz & Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, 2018, A new species of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 (Isopoda, Cymothoida, Bopyridae) parasitizing the lobster Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 245-252 in Zootaxa 4461 (2) on pages 251-252, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1460056

Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. (Figs 1–4) Type material. Holotype. Brazil: mature female (15.1 mm TL), Thiago EJ II, lance 15, rede 1 and 2 (32°44.08’S, 50°23.01’W), 350 m, 30/VII/2016, coll. Ribeiro, ICMBio/CEPSUL, infesting right branchial chamber of male Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 (50.8 mm CL; UFRGS 6584) (MZUSP 38163). Paratypes. Mature male (4.7 mm TL), same data as holotype (MZUSP 38164); mature female (12.5 mm TL) and mature male (6.0 mm TL), Thiago EJ II, lance 30 (32°24.77’ S, 50°13.61’ W), 435 m, 16/II/2018, coll. Luiz Moro, ICMBio/CEPSUL, infesting left branchial chamber of female N. aculeata (42.6 mm CL; UFRGS 6585) (MZUSP 38165). Etymology. Named in honor of the Brazilian carcinologist Ivanklin Soares Campos Filho from the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, who has contributed to the taxonomy of Brazilian isopods. Diagnosis. Female: nearly symmetrical, broadest at pereomere 3. Cephalon bearing narrow frontal lamina extending slightly beyond pereonal margin. Maxilliped palp deeply inset in sinuous distal margin of largest article and not extending beyond it. Oostegite 1 posterior lobe inner margin concave with irregular border and inner upper margin projected anteriorly, sinuous internal ridge with seven lobes. Male: pereon broadest across pereomeres 5–7, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Pleomeres 4–6 fused. Description. Female holotype (Figs. 1B, 2): body length 15.1 mm, maximal width 9.8 mm at pereomere 3, head length 2.6 mm, head width 3.9, pleon length 4.6 mm. Body outline elongate-oval, body axis distorted 14° dextrally; all body regions and pereomeres distinctly recognized. No apparent pigmentation. Cephalon suboval, deeply inset in first pereomere; frontal lamina fully developed and narrow, completely covering front of head and slightly extending beyond its sides (Fig. 2A); eyes absent (Fig. 2A); antennula of three articles (Fig. 2C), antenna of five articles, all covered by fine scales (Fig. 2D); barbula with four projections with elongated angled outer projection and three small inner projections (Fig. 2E). Maxilliped subquadrate with two articles; largest article bears long setae on the inner distal margin; palp unsegmented and deeply inset in sinuous distal margin of largest article not extending beyond it and bearing eight long setae; spur long and sharp (Fig. 2F, G, H). Pereon elongate, broadest at pereomere 3, gradually tapering in both sides anteriorly and posteriorly; dorsolateral bosses on pereomeres 1–4 on both sides; tergal projections weakly developed in pereomeres 1–4 and on right side, well developed with acute margins in pereomeres 5–7; small coxal plates on the right side of pereomeres 1–4 (Fig. 2A); oostegites 2–5 with little tuberculate projections on lateral margins (Fig. 2B); marsupium completely closed (Fig. 1B, 2B); oostegite 1 anterior lobe suboval, posterior lobe inner margin concave with irregular border and inner upper margin projected anteriorly, sinuous internal ridge with seven small lobes (Fig. 2I, J). Pereopod 1 slightly shorter (Fig. 2K), pereopods 2–7 gradually increasing in size especially the ischia (Fig. 2L). Pleon with five distinct pleomeres plus pleotelson; pleomeres 1–5 with extended lanceolate lateral plates with margins weakly crenulated; five pairs of biramous pleopods also lanceolate with endopods at least half of size of exopods and weakly crenulated, exopods crenulated; uropods uniramous and similar to size and shape to pleopods (Fig 2B). Male paratype (Fig. 1B, C; 3): body length 4.7 mm, maximal width 1.7 mm at pereomeres 5–6, head length 0.5 mm, head width 1.2 mm, pleon length 1.3 mm. All body regions and pereomeres distinct except pleomeres 4–6, forming the pleotelson. No apparent pigmentation. Sides of body almost parallel. Cephalon suboval, distinct from first pereomere and narrower than pereon (Fig. 3A, B). Eyes absent (Fig. 3B). Antennula of three articles (Fig. 3C); antenna of five articles (Fig. 3D), extending beyond margins of head (Fig. 3B). Simple setae present distally in articles 2–3 and 1–5 of antennula and antenna, respectively. Pereon broadest across pereomeres 5–7, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly; median-posterior margin of pereomeres 1–2 directed anteriorly, straight on pereomeres 3–4 and posteriorly on pereomeres 5–7; distolateral margins rounded (Fig. 3A, B). Pereopods 1–3 subequal in size and shape and more robust than pereopods 4–7, which are also subequal in size and shape, more elongated and all with marked decrease in dactylus size when compared to pereopods 1–3 (Fig. 3E, F). All articles distinctly separated (Fig. 3E, F). Pleon with first three pleomeres distinct and last three fused with telson (Fig. 3A, B). Pleomeres 1–3 slightly sloped and tapering posteriorly, with rounded distolateral margins; pleotelson narrower than rest of body, with bilobate posterior margin (Fig. 3A, B); pleopods and uropods absent (Fig. 3A, B). Remarks. Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. is the fourth species of Pseudione found parasitizing Nephropidae, in the present case, Nephropsis aculeata (Fig. 1A). The other species were associated with the genera Nephropsis Wood-Mason, 1872 and Metanephrops Jenkins, 1972 (Table 1). In addition, Markham (1999) commented that Bouvier (1925) recorded an unidentified bopyrid from N. aculeata in the Caribbean. The overall body shape of females is morphologically similar to the other species (Table 1). However, close analysis reveals differences between them, including comparison with the most morphologically similar species P. tanimbarensis Markham, 1999. These include differences in the antennae, barbula, maxilliped, oostegite 1 and pleopods. The antennae in Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. have five articles (eight in P. tanimbarensis); barbula with longer outer projection; maxilliped with palp deeply inset in the sinuous distal margin of the largest article not extending beyond it (vs. palp not inset and slightly extending beyond the distal margin); oostegite 1 inner margin with irregular border and sinuous internal ridge with seven distinct lobes (vs. straight contour in inner margin and internal ridge with few tiny lobes); and pleopods more crenulated (Table 1). The male of Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. is similar to P. atlantica Bourdon, 1971 and P. tanimbarensis regarding the absence of pleopods. However, it differs from P. tanimbarensis by having the antennae with five articles (vs. six); and differs from P. atlantica in having the pereon broadest across pereomeres 5–7 (vs. all pereomeres subequal). This is the southernmost record of Pseudione (~32° latitude). Distribution. This species is recorded only from southern Brazilian waters (Fig. 4).

Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. (Figs 1���4) Type material. Holotype. Brazil: mature female (15.1 mm TL), Thiago EJ II, lance 15, rede 1 and 2 (32��44.08���S, 50��23.01���W), 350 m, 30/VII/2016, coll. Ribeiro, ICMBio/CEPSUL, infesting right branchial chamber of male Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 (50.8 mm CL; UFRGS 6584) (MZUSP 38163). Paratypes. Mature male (4.7 mm TL), same data as holotype (MZUSP 38164); mature female (12.5 mm TL) and mature male (6.0 mm TL), Thiago EJ II, lance 30 (32��24.77��� S, 50��13.61��� W), 435 m, 16/II/2018, coll. Luiz Moro, ICMBio/CEPSUL, infesting left branchial chamber of female N. aculeata (42.6 mm CL; UFRGS 6585) (MZUSP 38165). Etymology. Named in honor of the Brazilian carcinologist Ivanklin Soares Campos Filho from the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Para��ba, Brazil, who has contributed to the taxonomy of Brazilian isopods. Diagnosis. Female: nearly symmetrical, broadest at pereomere 3. Cephalon bearing narrow frontal lamina extending slightly beyond pereonal margin. Maxilliped palp deeply inset in sinuous distal margin of largest article and not extending beyond it. Oostegite 1 posterior lobe inner margin concave with irregular border and inner upper margin projected anteriorly, sinuous internal ridge with seven lobes. Male: pereon broadest across pereomeres 5���7, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Pleomeres 4���6 fused. Description. Female holotype (Figs. 1B, 2): body length 15.1 mm, maximal width 9.8 mm at pereomere 3, head length 2.6 mm, head width 3.9, pleon length 4.6 mm. Body outline elongate-oval, body axis distorted 14�� dextrally; all body regions and pereomeres distinctly recognized. No apparent pigmentation. Cephalon suboval, deeply inset in first pereomere; frontal lamina fully developed and narrow, completely covering front of head and slightly extending beyond its sides (Fig. 2A); eyes absent (Fig. 2A); antennula of three articles (Fig. 2C), antenna of five articles, all covered by fine scales (Fig. 2D); barbula with four projections with elongated angled outer projection and three small inner projections (Fig. 2E). Maxilliped subquadrate with two articles; largest article bears long setae on the inner distal margin; palp unsegmented and deeply inset in sinuous distal margin of largest article not extending beyond it and bearing eight long setae; spur long and sharp (Fig. 2F, G, H). Pereon elongate, broadest at pereomere 3, gradually tapering in both sides anteriorly and posteriorly; dorsolateral bosses on pereomeres 1���4 on both sides; tergal projections weakly developed in pereomeres 1���4 and on right side, well developed with acute margins in pereomeres 5���7; small coxal plates on the right side of pereomeres 1���4 (Fig. 2A); oostegites 2���5 with little tuberculate projections on lateral margins (Fig. 2B); marsupium completely closed (Fig. 1B, 2B); oostegite 1 anterior lobe suboval, posterior lobe inner margin concave with irregular border and inner upper margin projected anteriorly, sinuous internal ridge with seven small lobes (Fig. 2I, J). Pereopod 1 slightly shorter (Fig. 2K), pereopods 2���7 gradually increasing in size especially the ischia (Fig. 2L). Pleon with five distinct pleomeres plus pleotelson; pleomeres 1���5 with extended lanceolate lateral plates with margins weakly crenulated; five pairs of biramous pleopods also lanceolate with endopods at least half of size of exopods and weakly crenulated, exopods crenulated; uropods uniramous and similar to size and shape to pleopods (Fig 2B). Male paratype (Fig. 1B, C; 3): body length 4.7 mm, maximal width 1.7 mm at pereomeres 5���6, head length 0.5 mm, head width 1.2 mm, pleon length 1.3 mm. All body regions and pereomeres distinct except pleomeres 4���6, forming the pleotelson. No apparent pigmentation. Sides of body almost parallel. Cephalon suboval, distinct from first pereomere and narrower than pereon (Fig. 3A, B). Eyes absent (Fig. 3B). Antennula of three articles (Fig. 3C); antenna of five articles (Fig. 3D), extending beyond margins of head (Fig. 3B). Simple setae present distally in articles 2���3 and 1���5 of antennula and antenna, respectively. Pereon broadest across pereomeres 5���7, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly; median-posterior margin of pereomeres 1���2 directed anteriorly, straight on pereomeres 3���4 and posteriorly on pereomeres 5���7; distolateral margins rounded (Fig. 3A, B). Pereopods 1���3 subequal in size and shape and more robust than pereopods 4���7, which are also subequal in size and shape, more elongated and all with marked decrease in dactylus size when compared to pereopods 1���3 (Fig. 3E, F). All articles distinctly separated (Fig. 3E, F). Pleon with first three pleomeres distinct and last three fused with telson (Fig. 3A, B). Pleomeres 1���3 slightly sloped and tapering posteriorly, with rounded distolateral margins; pleotelson narrower than rest of body, with bilobate posterior margin (Fig. 3A, B); pleopods and uropods absent (Fig. 3A, B). Remarks. Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. is the fourth species of Pseudione found parasitizing Nephropidae, in the present case, Nephropsis aculeata (Fig. 1A). The other species were associated with the genera Nephropsis Wood-Mason, 1872 and Metanephrops Jenkins, 1972 (Table 1). In addition, Markham (1999) commented that Bouvier (1925) recorded an unidentified bopyrid from N. aculeata in the Caribbean. The overall body shape of females is morphologically similar to the other species (Table 1). However, close analysis reveals differences between them, including comparison with the most morphologically similar species P. tanimbarensis Markham, 1999. These include differences in the antennae, barbula, maxilliped, oostegite 1 and pleopods. The antennae in Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. have five articles (eight in P. tanimbarensis); barbula with longer outer projection; maxilliped with palp deeply inset in the sinuous distal margin of the largest article not extending beyond it (vs. palp not inset and slightly extending beyond the distal margin); oostegite 1 inner margin with irregular border and sinuous internal ridge with seven distinct lobes (vs. straight contour in inner margin and internal ridge with few tiny lobes); and pleopods more crenulated (Table 1). The male of Pseudione ivanklini sp. nov. is similar to P. atlantica Bourdon, 1971 and P. tanimbarensis regarding the absence of pleopods. However, it differs from P. tanimbarensis by having the antennae with five articles (vs. six); and differs from P. atlantica in having the pereon broadest across pereomeres 5���7 (vs. all pereomeres subequal). This is the southernmost record of Pseudione (~32�� latitude). Distribution. This species is recorded only from southern Brazilian waters (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Horch, Amanda Porciuncula, Huber, Augusto Frederico, Araujo, Paula Beatriz & Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, 2018, A new species of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 (Isopoda, Cymothoida, Bopyridae) parasitizing the lobster Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 245-252 in Zootaxa 4461 (2) on pages 246-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1460056, {"references":["Markham, J. C. (1999) Crustacea Isopoda: Bopyridae in the MUSORSTOM collections from the tropical Indo-Pacific. II. Species in subfamily Pseudioninae infesting non-anomuran hosts. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 180, 253 - 265.","Bouvier, E. L. (1925) Les Macroures Marcheurs. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877 - 78), in the Caribbean Sea (1878 - 79), and along the Atlantic coast of the United States (1880), by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake. \", Lieut. - Com. C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard College, 47 (5), 399 - 472.","Bourdon, R. (1971) Epicarides nouveaux pour la cote occidentale d'Afrique equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Serie A, 33, 371 - 391."]}

Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3, 8) Parastacus brasiliensis.— Vilella et al., 2004: 22. Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão (UTM 574562/6731725), 23/V/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (MZUSP 36515). Paratypes: 1 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3581); 2 - one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3893); 3 - one female, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3894); 4 - one female, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3895); 5 - one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3896). Etymology. Named in honor of the Emeritus Professor Ludwig Buckup from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.He was one of the pioneers of carcinological studies in Brazil, dedicating several years of his life to the study of decapod crustaceans, especially conducting research on the biology and taxonomy of freshwater crayfish. Diagnosis. Narrow cephalon front with a short triangular rostrum.Rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine. Suborbital angle 90°. Postorbital carinae weakly prominent. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide. Telson with acute distal margin. Mandible with caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp, incisive lobe with ten teeth. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin. Chelipeds large and globose with the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 89% of RL), short (10% of CL), reaching proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 1 A–C). Dorsum straight, apex inverted U-shaped, ending in an upward blunt spine (Fig. 1B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral carinae almost straight, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 1B, C); sides convergent and basis slightly divergent (Fig. 1B). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 63.41% of CL. Eyes small (CMW65%of OW); suborbital angle 90° and unarmed (Fig.1C). Front narrow (FW 36% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 71% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 1 A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and wide (CD 42% of CL; CW 45% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 1A). Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide (31% of CL) (Fig. 1A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 65% of CL; PW 83.4% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 1A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe not overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 1 D–F). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 90% of TeL), with small sharp spines on lateral margins; acute distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae; dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 1G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest (Fig. 1G); exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with four dorsolateral spines (outer) and four dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and six dorsolateral spines (outer) and five dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 1G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a blunt conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and small median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight with serrate setae, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 2A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5 and with a slightly concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 small and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes separated and clearly visible (Fig. 2B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with one small sharp spine (Fig. 2A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace. Antennal scale widest distally at midlength, reaching midlength of third antennal article, ASW 42.7% of ASL (Fig. 2A, D), lateral margin curved with strong spine and distal margin straight. Coxa with prominent carina above nephropore and a blunt spine laterally displaced. Basis unarmed (Fig. 2A). Mandible:cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp. Incisive lobe with ten teeth. The fourth tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 2E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 2F); dorsal surface glabrous (Fig.2G). Crista dentata bearing 27 and 30 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simples setae. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 2F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, globose (RPrT 29.4% of RPrL; LPrT 29.3% of LPrL) (Figs. 1A; 2H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 17 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.5% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 53.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 16 tubercles, outer 17 and mesial 26, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 16 and mesial 21, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spine absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove (Fig. 1A; 2I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, distally increasing in size; inner surface with up to nine small mesial tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 2I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 49.3% of length in right cheliped and 49.5% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 2H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 2H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 57.6% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 57.5% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 2I). Cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 2H). Fixed finger and dactylus both bearing seven teeth, the third teeth is the largest. (Fig. 2H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple long setae (Fig. 2J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.46 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 2B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 39.11 mm and TL 74.76 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.28 to 39.11 mm (22.42 ± 9.44 mm). FW/CW: 0.37 ± 0.02 (min: 0.35; max: 0.41). RL/RW: 1.2 ± 0.1 (min: 1.08; max: 1.33). MCW/OW: 0.72 ± 0.1 (min: 0.55; max: 0.82). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens. CW/PW: 1.17 ± 0.04 (min: 1.12; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.08 ± 0.26 (min: 0.73; max: 1.46) (Tab. 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark brown to reddish brown. Chelipeds brown with dark brown fingers. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light brown to dark brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan light brown to reddish brown (Fig. 3C). Remarks. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis in having a wide pleon, large chelipeds, rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine and a pentagonal anteromedian lobe of epistome. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is also similar to P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus in having the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 7). Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species by the large and globose chelipeds with tufts of plumose setae in the cutting edge of fingers, which are more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 7A) and telson subrectangular with acute distal margin (Fig. 1A, G). It was observed that the distal margin of the telson is rounded in smaller specimens (Paratype 1–5; Tab. 1). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes, the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.76 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. Carvão stream is included in the Serra Geral Biological Reserve (Vilella et al., 2004), with headwaters located about 800 m above sea level (a.s.l.; Fig. 3A, B). This stream is nearly 3.5 km of length with a catchment area of approximately 6 km ² and the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation including Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, 1898 and grasslands (Araucaria Forest province) (IBGE, 1990; Vilella et al., 2004; Sydow et al., 2008; Morrone, 2014). The substrate of the creek is basaltic with arenite in the lower portions (Vilella et al., 2004) (Fig. 3A, B). Data concerning burrow morphology and burrowing behavior are not available since they were not recorded when the specimens were collected. However, it is possible that the new species shows some level of burrowing activity especially considering that the burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus (Buckup and Rossi, 1980). . Distribution. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is so far recorded in Carvão stream in the municipality of Maquiné, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 301.885 km ² (Fig. 8), indicating that this species can be included in the Endangered – EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km ² (IUCN, 2012). The species is categorized as EN under the subitem “a”: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem “b” (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. Both subitems are compatible with the threats existing in the species occurrence area: a small fragment of a stream with approximately 6 km ² of catchment area (Vilella et. al., 2004). The region of Maquiné basin is impacted mainly through the substitution of natural vegetation by agriculture (Becker et al., 2004). Conservation in the Maquiné basin is of fundamental importance since the region constitutes the southern limit of dense Ombrophylous Forest (Atlantic Forest) and all associated animals and plants (Bencke and Kindel, 1999; Becker et al., 2004). We suggest therefore that the conservation status of this species be classified as ENDANGERED B1ab(iii).

Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. (Figs. 4���8) Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Morro Grande, Bacia do Rio Ararangu�� (28��41���57.44���S 49��48���8.81���W), 20/VIII/2015, coll. C. Feltrin & F.H. Llanos (MZUSP 36516). Paratypes: 1 ��� Brazil, Santa Catarina: one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6303); 2A and 2B ��� two males, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6304); 3 ��� one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6305); 4 ��� one male, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6306); 5 ��� one juvenile, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6506). Etymology. Latin: pili = hair; carpus = an article of the cheliped. Diagnosis. Wide front with a short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex inverted U-shaped and unarmed. Suborbital angle> 90��. Postorbital carinae weakly proeminet. Cervical groove weekly V-shaped. Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide. Mandible with caudal process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin. Epistome with the anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide. Antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine. Distal portion of the cheliped carpus with tufs of longs e simple setae. Chelipeds laterally flattened with the cutting edge of the fingers densely covered by setae. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, wider than long (RL 64.86% of RW), short (8.87% of CL), reaching the proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 4 A���C). Dorsum apex inverted ���U���-shaped, apex lacking spine (Fig. 4B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral sides convergent and rostral basis parallel. Carinae almost straight, prominent and large, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 4B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 65.1% of CL. Eyes large (CMW 81.9% of OW); suborbital angle>90��, unarmed (Fig. 4 A���C). Front wide (FW 49.2% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 57.5% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 4 A���C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 51 % of CL; CW 40% of CL). Cervical groove weekly V-shaped (Fig. 4A). Branchiocardiac grooves conspicuous (Fig. 4A). Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide (34.8% of CL) (Fig. 4A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (AL 72.3% of CL; AW 92% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 4A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 4D). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal portion, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 81.7% of TeL), with inconspicuous sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 4G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest; exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsalcarina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with three dorsolateral spines (outer) and two dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and two dorsolateral spines (outer) and three dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 4G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a sharp conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and large median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight, reaching the median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 5A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5, separated to each other and with a slightly concave surface, median keel not inflated; SLP7 largest, close to each other and with surface slightly concave, median keel not inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and SLP6 and with a slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes close to each other and clearly visible (Fig. 5B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with small sharp spine (Fig. 5A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace; antennal scale widest distal at midlength, almost reaching the end of third antennal article, ASW 59% of ASL (Fig. 5A, D), lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine and distal margin emarginated. Coxa with prominent carina and blunt spine above nephropore. Basis unarmed (Fig. 5A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 5E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface covered by tufts of long and simples setae (Fig. 5F), dorsal surface glabrous (Fig. 5G), crista dentata bearing 23 and 24 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface follows the same pattern that of ischium. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 5F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): laterally flattened and subequal (RPrT 30.1% of RPrL; LPrT 31.8% of LPrL) (Fig. 5A, H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 13 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.2% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 54.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 12, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 13, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove and the distal margin covered with tuffs of long and simple setae (Fig. 5A, H, I); internal dorsolateral margin without tubercles; inner surface without tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 5I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 47.7% of length in right cheliped and 49.8% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 5H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 5H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 51.9% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 58.2% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 5I). Cutting edge of fingers densely covered by tufts of long and simple setae. Fixed finger and dactylus bearing eight teeth, being the fourth teeth the largest. (Fig. 5H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple and long setae (Fig. 5J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.69 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 5B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r.Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 21.63 mm and TL 44.78 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.90 to 33.54 mm (22.65 �� 7.76 mm). FW/CW: 0.46 �� 0.06 (min: 0.35; max: 0.56). RL/RW: 1.22 �� 0.1 (min: 0.76; max: 1.54). MCW/OW: 0.82 �� 0.1 (min: 0.69; max: 0.96). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.10 �� 0.07 (min: 01.08; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.15 �� 0.25 (min: 1.00; max: 1.65) (Tab. 2). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark reddish brown to light reddish brown. First pair of pereiopods dark reddish brown dorsally and reddish brown in ventral and lateral surfaces. Dactylus dark reddish brown in the proximal portion and reddish brown distally. Pereiopod pairs 2���5 light reddish brown to reddish brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan reddish brown (Fig. 6C). Remarks. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. buckupi sp. nov. in having the rostral apex inverted U-shaped and short rostral carinae. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is also similar to P. buckupi sp. nov., P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus by the presence of tufts of long and simple setae on the cutting edge of fingers of chelipeds (Fig. 7). Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus spp. in having the epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide (Fig 5A), antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine (Fig. 5D), mandible incisive lobe with the first tooth from the anterior margin being the largest and the presence of tufts of long and simple setae in the distal portion of carpus (Fig. 5I). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.69 mm) covered by a calcified membrane (Fig. 5B). The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. All animals were collected in the headwaters of Manoel Alves stream which is considered a first order stream. Based on photographs (Fig. 6A, B), it is possible to infer that the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation, gravel and rocks probably from basaltic origin. Despite the absence of information on burrowing behavior and burrow morphology, the possibility of the species shows some burrowing ability, cannot be discarded since according to Buckup and Rossi (1980) burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus. Distribution. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is so far recorded in the headwater of Manoel Alves stream in the municipality of Morro Grande, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 1,037.123 km �� (Fig. 8), indicating that this species should be included in the Endangered ��� EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km �� (IUCN, 2012). This classification as EN takes into consideration the subitem ���a���: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem ���b��� (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. The region of Ararangu�� River basin is target of industrial and agricultural waste (Ara��jo et. al., 1989). The Ararangu�� River basin is recognized as an endemic area of fish species (Malabarba and Isaia, 1992; Reis and Schaefer, 1998), as Hollandichthys taramandahy Bertaco & Malabarba, 2013 (Lambari- striped). Unfortunately, the area shows high level of anthropogenic disturbances, as the deforestation of riparian forest (Bertaco and Malabarba, 2013). However, we do not have enough surveys to make that claim yet for the state of Santa Catarina. Consequently, the EOO for P. pilicarpus sp. nov. could be underestimated in our study. Taking this into account, we decided to classify this species as DATA DEFICIENT., Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil, pp. 1-18 in Nauplius 26 on pages 10-17, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2018015, http://zenodo.org/record/3571255, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. 1879. On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Societyof London, 1878: 752 - 788.","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. 1991. Anew generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104: 800 - 811.","Buckup, L. and Rossi, A. 1980. O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revistabrasileira de Biologia, 40: 663 - 681.","Ribeiro, F. B.; Buckup, L.; Gomes, K. M. and Araujo, P. B. 2016. Two new species of South Americanfreshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 4158: 301 - 324.","Martens, E. von. 1869. Sudbrasilianische Suss- und Brackwasser- Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen des Dr. Reinh. Hensel. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 35: 1 - 37.","IUCN - International Unionfor Conservationof Nature. 2012. IUCNRed List Categoriesand Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 p.","Malabarba, L. R. and Isaia, E. A., 1992. The freshwaterfishfauna of the rio Tramandai drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a discussion of its historical origin. Comunicacoesdo Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grandedo Sul, Serie Zoologia, 5: 197 - 223.","Reis, R. E. and Schaefer, S. A., 1998. New cascudinhos from Southern Brazil: systematics, endemism, and relationships (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Hypoptopomatinae). American Museum Novitates, 3254: 1 - 25.","Bertaco, V. A. and Malabarba, L. R. 2013. Anew species of the characid genus Hollandichthys Eigenmann from coastal rivers of southern Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes) with a discussion on the diagnosis of the genus. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11: 767 - 778."]}

Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3, 8) Parastacus brasiliensis.��� Vilella et al., 2004: 22. Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o (UTM 574562/6731725), 23/V/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (MZUSP 36515). Paratypes: 1 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: one male, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3581); 2 - one male, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3893); 3 - one female, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3894); 4 - one female, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3895); 5 - one male, Maquin��, Arroio Carv��o, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3896). Etymology. Named in honor of the Emeritus Professor Ludwig Buckup from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.He was one of the pioneers of carcinological studies in Brazil, dedicating several years of his life to the study of decapod crustaceans, especially conducting research on the biology and taxonomy of freshwater crayfish. Diagnosis. Narrow cephalon front with a short triangular rostrum.Rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine. Suborbital angle 90��. Postorbital carinae weakly prominent. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide. Telson with acute distal margin. Mandible with caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp, incisive lobe with ten teeth. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin. Chelipeds large and globose with the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 89% of RL), short (10% of CL), reaching proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 1 A���C). Dorsum straight, apex inverted U-shaped, ending in an upward blunt spine (Fig. 1B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral carinae almost straight, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 1B, C); sides convergent and basis slightly divergent (Fig. 1B). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 63.41% of CL. Eyes small (CMW65%of OW); suborbital angle 90�� and unarmed (Fig.1C). Front narrow (FW 36% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 71% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 1 A���C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and wide (CD 42% of CL; CW 45% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 1A). Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide (31% of CL) (Fig. 1A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 65% of CL; PW 83.4% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 1A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe not overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 1 D���F). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 90% of TeL), with small sharp spines on lateral margins; acute distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae; dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 1G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest (Fig. 1G); exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with four dorsolateral spines (outer) and four dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and six dorsolateral spines (outer) and five dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 1G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a blunt conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and small median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight with serrate setae, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 2A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5 and with a slightly concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 small and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes separated and clearly visible (Fig. 2B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with one small sharp spine (Fig. 2A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace. Antennal scale widest distally at midlength, reaching midlength of third antennal article, ASW 42.7% of ASL (Fig. 2A, D), lateral margin curved with strong spine and distal margin straight. Coxa with prominent carina above nephropore and a blunt spine laterally displaced. Basis unarmed (Fig. 2A). Mandible:cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp. Incisive lobe with ten teeth. The fourth tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 2E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 2F); dorsal surface glabrous (Fig.2G). Crista dentata bearing 27 and 30 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simples setae. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 2F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, globose (RPrT 29.4% of RPrL; LPrT 29.3% of LPrL) (Figs. 1A; 2H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 17 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.5% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 53.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 16 tubercles, outer 17 and mesial 26, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 16 and mesial 21, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spine absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove (Fig. 1A; 2I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, distally increasing in size; inner surface with up to nine small mesial tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 2I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 49.3% of length in right cheliped and 49.5% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 2H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 2H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 57.6% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 57.5% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 2I). Cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 2H). Fixed finger and dactylus both bearing seven teeth, the third teeth is the largest. (Fig. 2H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple long setae (Fig. 2J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.46 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 2B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 39.11 mm and TL 74.76 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.28 to 39.11 mm (22.42 �� 9.44 mm). FW/CW: 0.37 �� 0.02 (min: 0.35; max: 0.41). RL/RW: 1.2 �� 0.1 (min: 1.08; max: 1.33). MCW/OW: 0.72 �� 0.1 (min: 0.55; max: 0.82). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens. CW/PW: 1.17 �� 0.04 (min: 1.12; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.08 �� 0.26 (min: 0.73; max: 1.46) (Tab. 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark brown to reddish brown. Chelipeds brown with dark brown fingers. Pereiopod pairs 2���5 light brown to dark brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan light brown to reddish brown (Fig. 3C). Remarks. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis in having a wide pleon, large chelipeds, rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine and a pentagonal anteromedian lobe of epistome. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is also similar to P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus in having the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 7). Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species by the large and globose chelipeds with tufts of plumose setae in the cutting edge of fingers, which are more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 7A) and telson subrectangular with acute distal margin (Fig. 1A, G). It was observed that the distal margin of the telson is rounded in smaller specimens (Paratype 1���5; Tab. 1). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes, the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.76 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. Carv��o stream is included in the Serra Geral Biological Reserve (Vilella et al., 2004), with headwaters located about 800 m above sea level (a.s.l.; Fig. 3A, B). This stream is nearly 3.5 km of length with a catchment area of approximately 6 km �� and the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation including Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, 1898 and grasslands (Araucaria Forest province) (IBGE, 1990; Vilella et al., 2004; Sydow et al., 2008; Morrone, 2014). The substrate of the creek is basaltic with arenite in the lower portions (Vilella et al., 2004) (Fig. 3A, B). Data concerning burrow morphology and burrowing behavior are not available since they were not recorded when the specimens were collected. However, it is possible that the new species shows some level of burrowing activity especially considering that the burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus (Buckup and Rossi, 1980). . Distribution. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is so far recorded in Carv��o stream in the municipality of Maquin��, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 301.885 km �� (Fig. 8), indicating that this species can be included in the Endangered ��� EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km �� (IUCN, 2012). The species is categorized as EN under the subitem ���a���: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem ���b��� (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. Both subitems are compatible with the threats existing in the species occurrence area: a small fragment of a stream with approximately 6 km �� of catchment area (Vilella et. al., 2004). The region of Maquin�� basin is impacted mainly through the substitution of natural vegetation by agriculture (Becker et al., 2004). Conservation in the Maquin�� basin is of fundamental importance since the region constitutes the southern limit of dense Ombrophylous Forest (Atlantic Forest) and all associated animals and plants (Bencke and Kindel, 1999; Becker et al., 2004). We suggest therefore that the conservation status of this species be classified as ENDANGERED B1ab(iii)., Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil, pp. 1-18 in Nauplius 26 on pages 3-8, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2018015, http://zenodo.org/record/3571255, {"references":["Vilella, F. S.; Becker, F. G.; Hartz, S. M. and Barbieri, G. 2004. Relation between environmental variables and aquatic megafauna in a first order stream of the Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil. Hydrobiologia, 528: 17 - 30.","Huxley, T. H. 1879. On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Societyof London, 1878: 752 - 788.","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. 1991. Anew generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104: 800 - 811.","IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. 1990. Rio de Janeiro, Geografia do Brasil; Regiao Sul, 419 p.","Sydow, V. G.; Vilella, F. S.; Hartz, S. M. and Rodrigues, G. G. 2008. Ichthyocladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) on loricariid fishes in Atlantic Forest streams: influence of host size and corporal region on larval attachment. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 20: 333 - 337.","Morrone, J. J. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782: 1 - 110.","Buckup, L. and Rossi, A. 1980. O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revistabrasileira de Biologia, 40: 663 - 681.","IUCN - International Unionfor Conservationof Nature. 2012. IUCNRed List Categoriesand Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 p.","Becker, F. G.; Irgang, G. V.; Hasenack, H.; Vilella, F. S. and Verani, N. F. 2004. Land cover and conservation state of a region in the southern limit of the Atlantic Forest (river Maquine basin, Rio Grandedo Sul, Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64: 569 - 582.","Bencke, G. A. and Kindel, A. 1999. Bird counts along an altitudinal gradient of Atlantic forest in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ararajuba, 7: 91 - 107."]}

Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. (Figs. 4–8) Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Morro Grande, Bacia do Rio Araranguá (28°41’57.44”S 49°48’8.81”W), 20/VIII/2015, coll. C. Feltrin & F.H. Llanos (MZUSP 36516). Paratypes: 1 – Brazil, Santa Catarina: one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6303); 2A and 2B – two males, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6304); 3 – one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6305); 4 – one male, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6306); 5 – one juvenile, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6506). Etymology. Latin: pili = hair; carpus = an article of the cheliped. Diagnosis. Wide front with a short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex inverted U-shaped and unarmed. Suborbital angle> 90°. Postorbital carinae weakly proeminet. Cervical groove weekly V-shaped. Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide. Mandible with caudal process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin. Epistome with the anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide. Antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine. Distal portion of the cheliped carpus with tufs of longs e simple setae. Chelipeds laterally flattened with the cutting edge of the fingers densely covered by setae. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, wider than long (RL 64.86% of RW), short (8.87% of CL), reaching the proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 4 A–C). Dorsum apex inverted “U”-shaped, apex lacking spine (Fig. 4B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral sides convergent and rostral basis parallel. Carinae almost straight, prominent and large, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 4B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 65.1% of CL. Eyes large (CMW 81.9% of OW); suborbital angle>90°, unarmed (Fig. 4 A–C). Front wide (FW 49.2% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 57.5% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 4 A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 51 % of CL; CW 40% of CL). Cervical groove weekly V-shaped (Fig. 4A). Branchiocardiac grooves conspicuous (Fig. 4A). Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide (34.8% of CL) (Fig. 4A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (AL 72.3% of CL; AW 92% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 4A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 4D). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal portion, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 81.7% of TeL), with inconspicuous sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 4G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest; exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsalcarina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with three dorsolateral spines (outer) and two dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and two dorsolateral spines (outer) and three dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 4G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a sharp conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and large median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight, reaching the median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 5A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5, separated to each other and with a slightly concave surface, median keel not inflated; SLP7 largest, close to each other and with surface slightly concave, median keel not inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and SLP6 and with a slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes close to each other and clearly visible (Fig. 5B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with small sharp spine (Fig. 5A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace; antennal scale widest distal at midlength, almost reaching the end of third antennal article, ASW 59% of ASL (Fig. 5A, D), lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine and distal margin emarginated. Coxa with prominent carina and blunt spine above nephropore. Basis unarmed (Fig. 5A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 5E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface covered by tufts of long and simples setae (Fig. 5F), dorsal surface glabrous (Fig. 5G), crista dentata bearing 23 and 24 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface follows the same pattern that of ischium. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 5F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): laterally flattened and subequal (RPrT 30.1% of RPrL; LPrT 31.8% of LPrL) (Fig. 5A, H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 13 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.2% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 54.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 12, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 13, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove and the distal margin covered with tuffs of long and simple setae (Fig. 5A, H, I); internal dorsolateral margin without tubercles; inner surface without tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 5I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 47.7% of length in right cheliped and 49.8% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 5H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 5H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 51.9% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 58.2% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 5I). Cutting edge of fingers densely covered by tufts of long and simple setae. Fixed finger and dactylus bearing eight teeth, being the fourth teeth the largest. (Fig. 5H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple and long setae (Fig. 5J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.69 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 5B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r.Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 21.63 mm and TL 44.78 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.90 to 33.54 mm (22.65 ± 7.76 mm). FW/CW: 0.46 ± 0.06 (min: 0.35; max: 0.56). RL/RW: 1.22 ± 0.1 (min: 0.76; max: 1.54). MCW/OW: 0.82 ± 0.1 (min: 0.69; max: 0.96). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.10 ± 0.07 (min: 01.08; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.15 ± 0.25 (min: 1.00; max: 1.65) (Tab. 2). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark reddish brown to light reddish brown. First pair of pereiopods dark reddish brown dorsally and reddish brown in ventral and lateral surfaces. Dactylus dark reddish brown in the proximal portion and reddish brown distally. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light reddish brown to reddish brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan reddish brown (Fig. 6C). Remarks. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. buckupi sp. nov. in having the rostral apex inverted U-shaped and short rostral carinae. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is also similar to P. buckupi sp. nov., P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus by the presence of tufts of long and simple setae on the cutting edge of fingers of chelipeds (Fig. 7). Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus spp. in having the epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide (Fig 5A), antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine (Fig. 5D), mandible incisive lobe with the first tooth from the anterior margin being the largest and the presence of tufts of long and simple setae in the distal portion of carpus (Fig. 5I). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.69 mm) covered by a calcified membrane (Fig. 5B). The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. All animals were collected in the headwaters of Manoel Alves stream which is considered a first order stream. Based on photographs (Fig. 6A, B), it is possible to infer that the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation, gravel and rocks probably from basaltic origin. Despite the absence of information on burrowing behavior and burrow morphology, the possibility of the species shows some burrowing ability, cannot be discarded since according to Buckup and Rossi (1980) burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus. Distribution. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is so far recorded in the headwater of Manoel Alves stream in the municipality of Morro Grande, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 1,037.123 km ² (Fig. 8), indicating that this species should be included in the Endangered – EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km ² (IUCN, 2012). This classification as EN takes into consideration the subitem “a”: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem “b” (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. The region of Araranguá River basin is target of industrial and agricultural waste (Araújo et. al., 1989). The Araranguá River basin is recognized as an endemic area of fish species (Malabarba and Isaia, 1992; Reis and Schaefer, 1998), as Hollandichthys taramandahy Bertaco & Malabarba, 2013 (Lambari- striped). Unfortunately, the area shows high level of anthropogenic disturbances, as the deforestation of riparian forest (Bertaco and Malabarba, 2013). However, we do not have enough surveys to make that claim yet for the state of Santa Catarina. Consequently, the EOO for P. pilicarpus sp. nov. could be underestimated in our study. Taking this into account, we decided to classify this species as DATA DEFICIENT.

Genus Brasiloniscus gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9 BFCE 119-2473-4F76-A071-56FB5259350A Brasiloniscus Lemos de Castro, 1973: 3. [unavailable name] Brasiloniscus – Leistikow & Wägele 1999: 42. — Schmalfuss 2003: 57. — Schmidt 2003:79. — Schmidt & Leistikow 2004: 17. — Campos-Filho et al. 2017c: 70. Braziloniscus [sic] – Souza-Kury 1998: 665 [catalogue]. Type species Brasiloniscus maculatus (Lemos de Castro, 1973), by present designation. Diagnosis Exoantennal conglobation; pereonite 1 with dorsal v-shaped median depression on anterior portion, epimeron with schisma and dorsolateral furrow to fit antennae during conglobation; pereonites 1–3 epimera with ventral lobes slightly developed; pleon outline continuous with that of pereonite 7, neopleurae 3–5 well developed and rectangular; telson triangular, proximal portion wider than distal one; antenna partially covering eyes during conglobation, flagellum of three articles, second and third divided by slender suture, sometimes inconspicuous; uropod protopod subrectangular, exopod inserted on outer distal groove, distally; pleopod exopods with respiratory areas Atracheodillo - type. Remarks The characters used by Lemos de Castro (1973) to define the genus, such as cephalon with large frontal shield, pereonite 1 epimeron with well-developed dorsolateral furrow, pereonites 2 and 3 epimera with ventral lobes, and neopleurae 3–5 with distal portion not narrowed, are in fact characteristics observed at the family level, since these are also present in Pudeoniscus. The genus Brasiloniscus gen. nov. differs from Pudeoniscus in having the pereonite 1 epimeron with lateral schisma and ventral lobe well developed, cephalon with frontal shield larger and antennal flagellum with articles subequal in length.

Brasiloniscus verrucosus (Lemos de Castro, 1973) gen. et comb. nov. Figs 3–4, 7B Brasiloniscus verrucosus Lemos de Castro, 1973: 9, fig. 5. Brasiloniscus verrucosus – Leistikow & Wägele 1999: 42. — Schmalfuss 2003: 57. Material examined Paratypes BRAZIL: 1 ♀, state of Rio de Janeiro, Fazenda Cachoeirinha do Cedro, Rubião, 3 Feb. 1959, Lemos de Castro and A. Coelho leg. (MNRJ 6214); 1 ♀, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, 1000 m, Apr. 1947, P. Wygod leg. (MNRJ 6215). Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Maximum body length: 8 mm. BODY. Habitus in lateral view as in Fig. 3A. Material depigmented due to long preservation in ethanol 70% (Fig. 7B). Dorsum (Fig. 3A) with well-developed ribs and tubercles on median and paramedian areas of pereonites; noduli laterales short, inserted far from lateral margin and in each pereonite progressively near to posterior margin. CEPHALON (Fig. 3B–C). Lateral lobes slightly bent upwards, frontal shield with lateral sides concave; eyes consisting of 15 ommatidia. PEREON. Pereonite 1 epimeron with strong dorsolateral furrow with posterior margin elongated, ventral lobe of schisma narrow, directed backwards, dorsal lobe subrectangular slightly directed outwards, surpassing lateral margin of inner lobe. Pereonites 2 and 3 with ventral lobes rounded, more conspicuous on pereonite 2 (Fig. 3A, D). PLEON (Fig. 3E). Neopleura 5 not surpassing distal margin of uropod protopod; telson with shallow dorsal depression, lateral sides concave. ANTENNULA (Fig. 3F). Proximal and distal articles similar in length, distal article with subapical aesthetascs. ANTENNA (Fig. 3G–H). Fifth article of peduncle longer than flagellum. Flagellum with third article slightly longer than second. MOUTH. Buccal pieces (not drawn) as in B. maculatus. PEREOPODS 1–7 (Fig. 4A–C). With sparse setae on sternal margin, carpus 1 with distal seta serrate at apex, longitudinal antennal grooming brush; dactylus with inner claw not surpassing outer claw, dactylar and ungual setae simple. FEMALE PLEOPOD 1–5 EXOPODS. As in Fig. 4D–H. Uropod (Fig. 3E) endopod about twice as long as exopod. Remarks Lemos de Castro (1973) provided the description of this species based on females. Even though the respiratory area can be seen, it is not possible to compare the male characters. Also, as mentioned by Lemos de Castro (1973), B. verrucosus gen. et comb. nov. differs from B. maculatus gen. et comb. nov. by the distinct dorsal tuberculation, the shape of telson with distal portion narrower, the shape of schisma on pereonite 1, and the shape of ventral lobes on pereonites 1 and 2. All these characteristics were confirmed here, however male characters remain unknown.

Brasiloniscus littoralis gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5C0F5435-A652-4345-AF75-76D746432BFE Figs 5–6, 7C Diagnosis Body with dorsal surface slightly tuberculate, telson triangular with lateral sides concave and distal portion narrow, dactylar seta with fringe of small setae on apex, male pleopod 1 exopod as long as wide with deep re-entrance on distal portion, and male pleopod 1 endopod with distal portion acute bearing a slight lobe on inner margin. Etymology The new specific epithet refers to the Latin adjective ‘littoralis’, used to describe the seashore/coast, in reference to the locality where the specimens were collected. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: 1 ♂, state of Rio de Janeiro, Trindade, 23°19′47.71″ S, 44°42′20.59″ W, on tree bark, 6 Dec. 2013, G.M. Cardoso and I.S. Campos-Filho leg. (MZUSP 36181). Paratypes BRAZIL: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as for holotype (MZUSP 36182). Description MEASUREMENTS. Maximum body length: ♂ 7 mm. BODY. Habitus in lateral view as in Fig. 5A. Color dark brown with yellow spots, one line on epimera (Fig. 7C). Dorsum (Fig. 5A) with ribs on pereonites, covered by fan-shaped scale-setae (Fig. 5B); noduli laterales short, inserted at same distance from lateral margin and in each pereonite progressively near to posterior margin. CEPHALON (Fig. 5C–D). Lateral lobes slightly bent upwards, frontal shield with lateral sides concave; eyes consisting of 15–20 ommatidia. PEREON (Fig. 5A, C–E). Pereonite 1 epimeron with strong dorsolateral furrow, schisma with inner lobe rounded and not surpassing outer lobe on posterior margin. Pereonite 2 with ventral lobe well developed. PLEON (Fig. 5F–G). Neopleura 5 shorter than distal margin of uropod protopod; telson with shallow dorsal depression and apex rounded. ANTENNULA (Fig. 5H). Proximal and distal articles similar in length, distal article with subapical aesthetascs and distal tip. ANTENNA (Fig. 5I –J). Fifth article of peduncle longer than flagellum. Flagellum with second article longer than third article, bearing one pair of lateral aesthetascs. MOUTH. Buccal pieces (Fig. 5K–P) as in B. maculatus gen. et comb. nov., except left mandible with 2+1 penicils, maxillula inner branch with distal tip and maxilliped endite with two hooks on distal margin. PEREOPODS 1–7 (Fig. 6B–D). Merus and carpus with sparse setae on sternal margin; carpus 1 with distal seta serrate at apex and longitudinal antennal grooming brush; dactylus with inner claw not surpassing outer claw, dactylar seta simple with fringe of small setae on distal portion, ungual seta simple. UROPOD (Fig. 6A). Protopod as long as endopod, endopod twice as long as exopod. PLEOPOD EXOPODS. Respiratory areas as in diagnosis. Male PEREOPOD 7 (Fig. 6D). Ischium as long as base, propodus twice as long as carpus. GENITAL PAPILLA. As in Fig. 6E. PLEOPODS. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 6F–G) exopod slightly wider than long, deep re-entrancy on distal margin, inner and outer margins rounded, outer and distal margins bearing setae; endopod twice as long as exopod, distal portion directed outwards with small inner lobe and narrow apex. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 6H) exopod with outer margin sinuous bearing many setae; endopod longer than exopod. Pleopod 3 exopod (Fig. 6I) triangular, outer margin concave bearing many small setae. Pleopods 4–5 exopods (Fig. 6J–K) rhomboid, outer margin slightly concave bearing small setae along the margin. Remarks The new species resembles B. maculatus gen. et comb. nov. in the shape of body and male pleopod 1; it can be easily distinguished in the shape of the telson, pereopod 7 base without lobe on distal sternal margin, and dactylar seta with fringe of thin setae on the distal portion. As mentioned previously, the male of B. verrucosus gen. et comb. nov. remains unknown, which makes a comparison with the new species difficult. However, B. littoralis gen. et sp. nov. is distinguished from B. verrucosus gen. et comb. nov. in the absence of dorsal tuberculation (see also Fig. 7B–C).

Brasiloniscus maculatus (Lemos de Castro, 1973) gen. et comb. nov. Figs 1–2, 7A Brasiloniscus maculatus Lemos de Castro, 1973: 6, figs 3–4. Brasiloniscus maculatus – Leistikow & Wägele 1999: 42. — Schmalfuss 2003: 57. — Schmidt & Leistikow 2004: 17. Material examined Paratypes BRAZIL: 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, state of São Paulo, Ilha da Vitória, 30 Mar. 1965, K. Lenko leg., on tree bark (MNRJ 6212). Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Maximum body length: 15 mm. BODY. Habitus in lateral view as in Fig. 1A. Material depigmented due to long preservation in ethanol 70% (Fig. 7A). Dorsum covered by fan-shaped scale-setae and polygonal pattern scales (Fig. 1B), schisma with overlapping scales (Fig. 1C), ribs slightly developed on median and paramedian areas of pereonites, more evident on pereonites 1–5; noduli laterales 1–7 short, inserted at same distance from lateral margins and in each pereonite progressively near to posterior margin. CEPHALON (Fig. 1D–E). Lateral lobes slightly bent upwards, frontal shield with lateral sides almost straight; eyes consisting of 20–25 ommatidia. PEREON. Pereonite 1 epimeron with inner lobe of schisma rounded. Pereonites 2 and 3 with ventral lobes rounded, more conspicuous on pereonite 2 (Fig. 1F). PLEON (Fig. 1G–H). Neopleura 5 not reaching distal margin of uropod protopod; telson with shallow dorsal depression, lateral sides concave. ANTENNULA (Fig. 1I). Distal article with subapical aesthetascs. ANTENNA (Fig. 1J–K). Fifth article of peduncle twice as long as flagellum. Flagellum with second and third articles subequal in length. MOUTH. Mandible with molar penicil with about eight branches, left mandible (Fig. 1L) with 2+2 penicils, right mandible (Fig. 1M) with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 1N) inner endite bearing two hairy penicils; outer endite of 4+6 teeth, five of them with cleft apex. Maxilla (Fig. 1O) bilobate, strong suture line, outer lobe wider than inner lobe, both covered with setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 1P) palp with two long setae on proximal article; endite subrectangular, median seta strong, surpassing distal margin, distal portion bearing many small setae. PEREOPODS (Fig. 2A–C, J). With sparse setae on sternal margin, pereopod 1 carpus with distal seta serrate at apex and longitudinal antennal grooming brush; dactylus with inner claw not surpassing outer claw, dactylar and ungual setae simple. UROPOD (Fig. 1G–H). Endopod about twice as long as exopod. PLEOPOD EXOPODS. Respiratory areas as in diagnosis, exopods 1–4 with well-developed respiratory areas, reduced on exopod 5. Male PEREOPOD 7 (Fig. 2C). Base with lobe on distal sternal margin. PLEOPODS. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 2D–E) exopod with deep re-entrancy on distal margin, inner margin rounded, inner and distal margin bearing setae; endopod twice as long as exopod, distal portion directed outwards with small inner lobe and narrow apex. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 2F) exopod triangular bearing setae; endopod slender, longer than exopod, reaching pleopod 4. Pleopod 3–5 exopod (Fig. 2G–I) rhomboid bearing small setae on outer margin; exopod 5 with transverse fringe of thin setae. Remarks Lemos de Castro (1973) mentioned the absence of respiratory area on pleopod exopods. However, the examination of the type material revealed the presence of uncovered respiratory areas in all pleopod exopods. New illustrations are provided here along with characters that were not mentioned in the original description., Published as part of Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Campos-Filho, Ivanklin Soares & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, Taxonomic revision of Brasiloniscus (Oniscidea, Pudeoniscidae) with description of a new species, pp. 1-16 in European Journal of Taxonomy 434 on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.434, http://zenodo.org/record/1255007, {"references":["Lemos de Castro A. 1973. Pudeoniscidae, familia nova, com descricao de um genero novo e tres especies novas de isopodos terrestres (Isopoda, Oniscoidea). Boletim do Museu Nacional 287: 1 - 10.","Leistikow A. & Wagele J. 1999. Checklist of the terrestrial isopods of the New World (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16: 1 - 72.","Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde 654: 1 - 341.","Schmidt C. & Leistikow A. 2004. Catalogue of genera of the terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). Steenstrupia 28 (1): 1 - 118."]}