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Human anatomy is an essential component of the medical curricula. Anatomy education has been significantly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to explore student's perceptions on a blended learning approach using Checklist-based Active Learning in Anatomy Demonstration Sessions (CALADS) as a method in comparison to the two previously used methods; namely face-to-face Structured Problem-Related Anatomy Demonstrations (SPRAD) and online anatomy learning. A comparative, cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted. The survey was composed of 13 questions that explored preference of learning anatomy in demonstration sessions of 4th year pre-clerkship students who have had their anatomy learning through face-to-face SPRAD in year 2 (before the COVID-19 pandemic), online in year 3 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), and CALADS method in year 4. Descriptive statistics were used, and the level of significance was set at P0.05. The survey exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.953). Validity of the survey was established through exploratory factor analysis. The preferred method for more than half of the students was the CALADS method. Face-to-face SPRAD came next and lastly came the online method. However, more students preferred the online method in comparison to face-to-face method for "learning radiological anatomy". There were no statistically significant differences between male and female students regarding any of the survey questions. CALADS method, as a hybrid, student-centered, interactive learning method of learning practical anatomy, was preferred by pre-clerkship students as a more effective method in understanding anatomy than face-to-face and online learning methods.

Introduction: The strategy of utilizing primary medical care to promote oral health is particularly necessary and especially through infant oral health measures (IOH). Pediatricians and family physicians were knowledgeable about some aspects of ECC and infant oral health but were uncertainly identifying dental caries and the early signs of ECC. The majority of physicians reported that they play an important role and are involved in promoting the oral health of children in their practices. Aim: This cross-sectional study was designed to assess baseline knowledge of infant oral health IOH among healthcare professionals. Design: An online self-reported cross-sectional survey was designed to assess awareness about IOH. A total number of 449 healthcare professionals (dentists, physicians, nurses and dental assistances), working in facilities dealing with infant health responded to the survey in various countries. The survey was consisting of 12 questions regarding IOH. A score of 70% or more was considered as a “pass” score based. Results: Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed for all groups and subgroups based on their responses which reflect their awareness of IOH. Around 53% of health professionals (n= 242) were able to achieve pass scores, while 47% of health professionals (n=207) did not achieve it. Regarding demographic and occupational characteristics there was a significant difference in pass rate about age (p< 0.001) being lower in the age group below 30 years. We also found a significant difference in pass rate in relation to gender and type of job (p< 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in relation to the duration of the experience (p> 0.05). Conclusion: There is a need for continuous education and training programs on updated oral health measures for all healthcare providers. This study calls for further research to evaluate the role of various factors involved in IOH care and to effectively educate all healthcare providers.

A study was carried out for two seasons (2020/21 and 2021/22) to examine the effect of various natural extracts individually or in combination on the drought resistance of Iris tingitana cv. Wedgewood. A mixture of sand and clay (1:1 v/v) was prepared as a growth media. The treatments were (0, 25, and 50 % water drought) with liquid active biostimulants (garlic and seaweed) five times intervals after two weeks from bulb germination. The results revealed that plants at different soil moisture with various biostimulants succeeded in producing flowers of the best quality. Water drought at 25% also increased chlorophyll (a & b) and carotenoids in leaves, while drought at 0% recorded the highest increase in gibberellic acid. At 25% drought, vegetative growth and flower parameters were at their highest levels. Moreover, water drought at 50 % increased abscisic acid (ABA), proline, and catalase. Additionally, increases in vegetative growth, the number of leaves, flower parameters, chlorophyll (a & b), and carotenoids in leaves were noted as a result of applying seaweed extract at a concentration of 10 mL L-1; however, the best results for gibberellic acid were obtained using the highest concentration of garlic extract (500 mL L-1). The interactions between treatments indicated the superiority of growing bulbs at 25 % water drought with applying seaweed extracted at 10 mL L-1 that improved vegetative growth and most of the flower parameters. Meanwhile, treating plants at 25 % water drought with either seaweed at 5 mL L-1 or garlic extract at 500 mL L-1 realized the higher chlorophyll (a & b), carotenoids, and gibberellic acid (GA3) content.

Background: A cochlear implant (CI) is a greatly effective therapy for severe to profound deafness. This study aims to examine the prevalence of otitis media (OM) in children after CI and its impact on the device’s integrity with reporting the various management policies and results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 307 children, aged one to five years, who had CIs performed by the surgical team between January 2016 and December 2019. A detailed pre, intra, and postoperative data collected from these patients’ medical records was reviewed retrospectively by the same surgical team. Results: There is a statistically significant difference in the distribution of OM in the operated ears; the p value was

Hepatic fibrosis is one of the major worldwide health concerns which requires tremendous research due to the limited outcomes of the current therapies. The present study was designed to assess, for the first time, the potential therapeutic effect of rupatadine (RUP) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis and to explore its possible mechanistic actions. For the induction of hepatic fibrosis, rats were treated with DEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, and on the 6th week, RUP (4 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for 4 weeks. Treatment with RUP ameliorated changes in body weights, liver indices, liver function enzymes, and histopathological alterations induced by DEN. Besides, RUP amended oxidative stress, which led to the inhibition of PAF/NF-κB p65-induced inflammation, and, subsequently, prevention of TGF-β1 elevation and HSCs activation as indicated by reduced α-SMA expression and collagen deposition. Moreover, RUP exerted significant anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic effects by suppressing Hh and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways. Our results highlight, for the first time, a promising anti-fibrotic potential of RUP in rat liver. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect involve the attenuation of PAF/NF-κB p65/TGF-β1 and Hh pathways and, subsequently, the pathological angiogenesis (HIF-1α/VEGF). Graphical abstract

Background: The most frequent post-cesarean consequences include pain and anxiety which is uncomfortable for women and has increased the use of natural remedies such as deep tissue massage. Aim: To investigate the effect of deep tissue massage on post-cesarean women's pain and anxiety. Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized to accomplish this study. Setting: The study was conducted at the postpartum department at Sohag University Hospital. Subjects: Included 100 post-cesarean women of a convenient sample assigned into two equal groups study and control) were enrolled in the previously selected setting. Tools: I: Demographic and obstetric assessment sheet, II: Visual Analogue Scale, and III: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: a highly statistically significant difference was found in post-cesarean women's pain and anxiety between the two groups p

This work is interested with a thermoelastic response in a micro-stretch half-space submerged in an unlimited non-viscous fluid under rotation, the medium is studied using the theory of Green-Naghdi (G-N III) and the model of three-phase-lag (3PHL). The governing equations are formulated in the context of G-N theory and the 3PHL model. Analytical solution to the problem is acquired by utilizing the normal mode method. The magnesium crystal element is utilized as an application to compare the predictions induced by rotation on microstretch thermoelastic immersed in an infinite fluid of G–N theory with those for the 3PHL model. Rotation has been noticed to have a major effect on all physical quantities. Comparisons were also made for three values of wave number b and three values of the real part frequency ω0.

Background: Warts are viral cutaneous infections caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), presented by verrucous growth over the skin surface. The cell mediated immune response is considered to play a crucial role in HPV clearance. The viral load and number of lesions increase when there is an imbalance between the T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 immune responses. Interleukin (IL)-19 is a cytokine that belongs to interleukin 10 cytokines family and constitutes a sub-family with IL-20, IL-22 and IL-24. IL-19 is mainly produced by activated monocytes and to a lesser extent by B-cells, keratinocytes and fetal membranes. IL-19 was found to shift T-cell maturation away from the pro-inflammatory T-helper 1 cells toward the anti-inflammatory T-helper 2 cells. It induces IL-4 and IL-13 production in T cells and apoptosis in monocytes. Aim: This study aimed to measure serum level of IL-19 in patients with warts compared to healthy controls and to find out the correlation between this level and number, size and clinical types of warts. Methods: The study included 50 patients with warts and 50 control subjects. Serum concentration of IL-19 was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results: Interleukin-19 serum level was significantly lower in patients with warts than in controls (P < 0.003). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between IL-19 serum level and the number of warts (P = 0.027). Conclusion: Serum level of IL-19 was significantly lower in patients with warts, and this low level might be crucial for an effective cell mediated immunological response to HPV.

Water is very important for all aspects of life on earth, agriculture is one of the fields that really need large amounts of water because of the use of water in the process of plant photosynthesis. Water that has good quality is if the water is not excessively polluted by harmful chemicals or minerals. One indicator that water is polluted is a change in temperature and pH (acidity) of the water. Temperatures that are too hot in the water will interfere with the growth of plants and other microorganisms. While the normal pH of water has a pH that ranges from 6.5 to 7.5. The quality of water and soil is very important in agriculture. The level of acidity (pH) and soil temperature are one of the things that affect plant fertility. Therefore, the quality of water and soil on agricultural land is one of the important things that needs special attention in its management. One solution so that water and soil quality can be monitored and managed efficiently is to utilize a Wireless Sensor Network based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The use of the ESP8266 Module as a WIFI module, is widely used by Internet of Things-based applications because the price is cheap so it reduces a lot of costs and has a fairly good speed of 80 MHz. This study aims to develop the concept of a Wireless Sensor Network by utilizing the ESP8266 module to monitor pH values using a pH Meter Analog Kit sensor and temperature from agricultural land using a DS18B20 Waterproof sensor and can be monitored at any time using a smartphone.

Canagliflozin (CAN), a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, is an anti-hyperglycemic drug that has been approved to treat diabetes. This study evaluated the beneficial effects of CAN on cerebral cortex intoxication induced by cisplatin (CIS).Rats were allocated into four groups: normal control, CAN (10 mg/kg, P.O.) for 10 days, CIS (8 mg/kg, i.p.) as a single dose on the 5th day of the experiment, and CAN + CIS group.In comparison with CIS control rats, CAN significantly mitigated CIS-induced cortical changes in rats' behavior in the open field and forced swimming assessment as well as histological structure. Biochemically, CAN administration efficiently decreased lipid peroxidation biomarkers MDA and boosted the antioxidant status via a remarkable increase in the cortical reduced glutathione (GSH) content as well as enzymatic activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mediated by up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ), and silent information regulator (SIRT1)/forkhead box-O3 (FOXO-3) signals. Additionally, pretreatment with CAN significantly decreased cortical myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite (NODue to the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of CAN, our findings showed that CAN could be a good candidate for the protection against CIS-induced cortical intoxication in the patient receiving CIS.

Cardiac toxicity is a serious adverse effect of cisplatin (CIS). Lansoprazole (LPZ) is a proton pump inhibitor with promising cardioprotective effects. Our study planned to examine the cardioprotective effect of LPZ against CIS-induced cardiac injury. To achieve this goal, 32 male rats were randomly allocated into four groups. CIS, 7 mg/kg, was injected i.p. on the fifth day of the experiment. LPZ was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The present study revealed that CIS injection induced a remarkable cardiac injury evidenced by an increase in serum ALP, AST, CK-MB, LDH, and troponin-I levels. The cardiac oxidative damage was also observed after CIS injection and mediated by downregulation of GSH, SOD, GST, Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin levels associated with the upregulation of MDA content. Besides, CIS injection caused a significant inflammatory reaction mediated by alteration of cardiac NF-κB, STAT-3, p-STAT-3, and IκB expressions. Additionally, cardiac Ang-II expression was significantly increased in CIS control rats, while Ang 1-7 expression was significantly reduced relative to normal rats. In contrast, LPZ administration remarkably ameliorated these changes in the heart of CIS-intoxicated rats. Collectively, LPZ potently attenuated cardiac toxicity induced by CIS

Objectives The present research focused on estimating, for the first time, the potential protective effects of bromelain against D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats as well as identifying the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) as a reference drug or bromelain (20 and 40 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered for 10 days, and on the 8th day of the experiment, a single dose of galactosamine (400 mg/kg/i.p.) induced acute liver injury. Key findings Pretreatment with bromelain improved liver functions and histopathological alterations induced by galactosamine. Bromelain ameliorated oxidative stress by inducing SIRT1 protein expression and increasing LKB1 content. This resulted in phosphorylating the AMPK/GSK3β axis, which stimulated Nrf2 activation in hepatic cells and thus increased the activity of its downstream antioxidant enzymes [HO-1 and NQO1]. Besides, bromelain exerted significant anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing hepatic contents of TNF-α, NF-κB p65, as well as caspase-8 and caspase-9. The protective effects of bromelain40 were proved to be better than silymarin and bromelain20 in most of the assessed parameters. Conclusions Our results highlight the significant hepatoprotective effects of bromelain against acute liver injury through modulation of SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK, GSK3β/Nrf2 signalling in addition to NF-κB p65/TNF-α/ caspase-8 and -9 pathway.

The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and correlates of relapse among patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic.This retrospective study included 90 adults who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. The participants were evaluated using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Compliance Rating Scale (CRS) and World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic.The mean score of CRS was decreased after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic compared to before COVID 19 (The relapse rate had increased among patients with schizophrenia during COVID-19 pandemic. Non-compliance with medications and lack of family support were the main correlates of relapse in schizophrenia.Key PointsPatients with schizophrenia are at high risk for relapse during Covid-19 pandemic.Non-compliance with medications, lack of family support, COVID-19-related illness or death of family members and following the news of the pandemic are correlates of relapse in patients with schizophrenia.Psychoeducation, availability of medications and mental health services and family support may help to prevent relapse in patients with schizophrenia during pandemics.Prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.

Several studies demonstrated the efficacy of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in warts eradication. Nevertheless, the precise induced immune mechanisms are undetermined. Injected PPD is hypothesized to induce a delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with cytokines release. Interleukin (IL)-18 has a major role in defense against viral infection via inducing interferon-γ release from T-helper 1 and natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, IL-18 triggers Fas ligand expression on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells enhancing their cytotoxicity against virally infected cells.The aim of this study was to assess the role of IL-18 in the response to intralesional PPD injection in patients with warts.The study included 25 patients with warts and 25 HCs. Patients underwent PPD skin test, and only patients with positive tests were included and received intralesional PPD injections starting 72 h after the test then every 2 weeks until wart clearance or a maximum of 3 sessions. Serum IL-18 level was measured via enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay in patients (pre-treatment and 2 weeks after the last injection) and HCs.After 3 sessions of injection, six (24%) patients were designated responders, nine (36%) patients showed partial response, and 10 (40%) patients were designated non-responders. Serum IL-18 level, post-treatment, was significantly higher than pre-treatment level (p = 0.025) and level in HCs (p = 0.036). Furthermore, the post-treatment level was significantly higher in responders than non-responders (p = 0.025).IL-18 is probably implicated in the immune mechanisms induced by PPD injection that cause eradication of warts.

Psoriasis Vulgaris is a common immune-mediated skin disease. Its high prevalence, disability, chronicity, disfiguration, and associated comorbidities make it a challenge for physicians. Topical agents remain the mainstay of treatment for patients with mild to moderate psoriasis.To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of topical methotrexate 1% gel (MTX) versus topical calcipotriol 0.005% cream (CPL) in the treatment of localized plaque psoriasis.This prospective comparative study included 40 patients with localized plaque psoriasis instructed to apply MTX to one side (group A) and CPL to the other side lesions (group B) twice daily for 12 weeks. Clinical and dermoscopic evaluations before, weekly during and after 3 months of treatment were done. The immunohistopathological assessment was done for skin biopsies from 10 patients in each group before and after treatment.At the end of 12 weeks, there was marked-complete improvement in 97.5% of group A lesions treated with MTX 1% gel compared with 37.5% of group B lesions treated with calcipotriol 0.005% cream (p 0.001). There was a very high statistically significant improvement in erythema that was cleared totally in 67.5% vs 22.5%, scaling in 75% vs 17.5%, and infiltration in 72.5% vs 27.5% in group A vs B, respectively (p 0.001). These results were confirmed by dermoscopic and immunohistopathological findings.Methotrexate 1% gel is a marvelous promising well-tolerated effective topical agent that can be used safely in the treatment of localized plaque psoriasis.

Mohamed Hany Shehata,1,2 Archana Prabu Kumar,3 Ahmed Mohammed Al Ansari,3 Abdelhalim Deifalla,4,5 Hani Salem Atwa3,5 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; 2Helwan University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; 3Medical Education Unit, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; 4Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; 5Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal, University, Ismailia, EgyptCorrespondence: Archana Prabu Kumar, Medical Education Unit, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain, Tel +973 33854782 ; +919962006869, Email archanaprabukumar@gmail.com; archanak@agu.edu.bhBackground: World Health Organization Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) cooperate with the WHO on a range of strategic areas such as nursing, nutrition, mental health, chronic diseases, education, and health technologies, depending on their speciality areas. As of 2021, WHO has 47 CCs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) collaborating on diverse areas. Four CCs in the EMR located in Egypt, Kingdom of Bahrain, Sudan, and Pakistan focus primarily on medical education (ME).Objective: The objective of this review of the literature is to describe the best practices in ME based on published research from the four WHOCCs in EMR. The secondary objective is to classify them based on the level of Kirkpatrick’s model (KM) of educational outcomes.Methods: The contributions of WHOCCs are categorised in to five domains namely “Curriculum Development and Course Design”, “Student Assessment”, “Quality, Accreditation, and Program Evaluation”, “Teaching and Learning” and “Innovation in Medical Education”. Initial extraction yielded 96 articles for review, while the second level of analysis reduced the number of publications to 37 based on the date of publication within the last 5 years. Numerous best practices in ME emerged from the recently published works of these WHOCCs in the areas of learning and teaching, curriculum development, innovations in medical education, quality, and assessments in medical education. Literature from the WHOCCs on assessment and curriculum design are limited, possibly indicating opportunities for additional research.Conclusion: The researchers conclude that the WHOCCs in the EMR show transformational impact on all principal areas of research and at multiple levels.Keywords: WHOCC, ME, EMR, best practice, research domains, educational outcomes

Introduction Hemogram parameters have been recently proposed as markers of inflammation in various studies from different parts of the world. Two of these hemogram parameters are red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV). Aim To evaluate the relation between RDW and MPV with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. To assess whether RDW and MPV can be used to follow disease activity in RA patients. Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study that was carried out on 60 rheumatoid arthritis patients who fulfilled the ACR/EULAR2010 classification criteria of RA attending to Rheumatology and Rehabilitation inpatient and outpatient clinics at Zagazig University Hospitals. All cases were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations; differential complete blood picture (CBC), acute phase reactants (CRP and ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Disease activity was measured by disease activity score 28 (DAS28). Results The cut-off levels of RDW and MPV were 14.85 and 11.25. Patients with RDW > 14.85 had higher Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28; p = 0.0003), ESR (p = 0.0001) and CRP (p = 0.0001). RDW was positively correlated with disease activity markers (ESR, CRP and DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. But, DAS28 was not different between patients with MPV > 11.25 and Conclusion RDW was strongly correlated with disease activity. Also, RDW was better than ESR and CRP in detecting RA disease activity. According to these findings we suggest that RDW can be used in clinics to follow disease activity. In addition, RDW is widely available; as it's usually included in routine complete blood picture and there will be no need for further cost.

Introduction: Complex urological anomalies often require continued care as patients reach adulthood. Adequate transition for adolescents with ongoing urological care needs is critical to allow for seamless care in adult hospitals. Studies have shown that this can lead to improved patient and parental satisfaction, and lower utilisation of unplanned inpatient beds and emergency department visits. There is currently no ESPU-EAU consensus on the adequate mechanism and very few individual papers examining the role of urological transition for these patients in a European setting. This study aimed to identify current practice patterns in paediatric urologists providing adolescent/transitional care, to assess their opinions towards formal transition and to look for variations in care. This has implications for long-term patient health and specialist care. Methods: An 18-item cross-sectional survey was compiled and pre-approved through the EAU-EWPU and ESPU board offices prior to dissemination to all registered ordinary members affiliated with the ESPU. This was created using a mini-Delphi method through the EWPU research meetings to provide current semi-quantitative data relating to current opinions and attitudes of this cohort. Results: A total of 172 respondents (55% paediatric general surgery; 45% urology) across 28 countries completed the survey. The majority of respondents were in practice >10 years and spent >80% time in paediatric urology. There was no formal transition process according to 50% respondents and over half of those that did have less than 1/month, with 70% units had no designated corresponding adult service. Furthermore, 93% paediatric believe a formal transition service to be very important, using a multidisciplinary framework. A pareto chart demonstrated 10 specific conditions to be of most interest in transition to adulthood. Conclusion: This is the first study to assess the requirements of paediatric urologists for adequate transitional care, however due to the nature of the survey's distribution, this was a non-scientific poll based on a convenience sample of respondents. It is critical that dual-trained or adult-trained urologists with a specific interest in paediatric urology work with current paediatric urologists in a multidisciplinary fashion to facilitate early transition based on the adolescent's developmental and biopsychosocial requirements. National urological and paediatric surgical societies need to make transitional urology a priority. The ESPU and EAU should collaboratively consider developing transitional urology guidelines to allow a framework by which this can occur.[Formula

The dual-phase-lag (DPL) model is applied to study the influence of rotation on a two-dimensional micro-elongated thermoelastic medium problem. Mechanical force along with the layer of the elastic half-space interface and micro-elongated thermoelastic half-space is applied. The analytic expressions for displacement component, temperature distribution, micro-elongational scalar and stress components have been derived and represented graphically. The rotation has been studied in the presence DPL model and Lord-Shulman theory.

Most existing applications have a large number of evolving data streams. Clustering data streams is still a critical problem for these applications as the data are evolving and changes over time. Most existing algorithms are unsupervised learning in which background information is useless. This paper proposes an active clustering algorithm for data stream based on the affinity propagation method, referred to as AAPStream. The affinity propagation aims to identify exemplars and create clusters based on these exemplars. Thus, the objective is to get the most informative exemplars to create the streaming model and predict the new arrival data. We conduct a set of experiments on real-world datasets to compare our algorithm with a state-of-the-art algorithm, and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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To evaluate whether p53, cyclin A and ki67 immunohistochemical (IHC) assay can be used as predictors for Wilms' tumor (WT) unfavorable outcomes.It is a non-concurrent cohort study including patients who underwent nephrectomy for WT from January 2000 to December 2015 in a tertiary referral center. Over a 5- year follow-up, unfavorable events, including relapse and cancer-specific mortality (CSM), were recorded. P53, cyclin A, and ki67 IHC assay were carried out for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded WT samples.After excluding those who did not meet the inclusion criteria, 75 patients were enrolled. Of the patients, 15/75 (20%) experienced WT relapse while 11/75 (14.6%) died of WT over five years. Unfavorable histology (UFH), including prominent blastemal components and anaplasia, was found in 15/75 (20%) children.Cyclin A immunopositivity was associated with high rates of relapse and CSM. P53 and ki67 positive IHC assay did not show any statistically significant association with unfavorable outcomes. Other risk factors e.g. advanced staging, UFH, extracapsular extension, tumor rupture, lymphadenopathy, and venous thrombosis were not associated with poor prognosis. However, the presence of residual tumors was accompanied by lower survival rates.Cyclin A IHC assay can be used as a predictor of WT recurrence and CSM. Further studies with prospective patterns and a larger sample size are needed.

Introduction Breast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most common cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. S100A9 and S100A8 are calcium-binding proteins involved in BC metastasis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound proteins that play a vital role in immune systems and carcinogenesis through inflammatory cytokines. Objectives We aimed to evaluate of S100A8, S100A9 and TLR5 in breast carcinoma by IHC, their gene expression by PCR and investigate their correlation with clinicopathological characters and hormone status. Materials and methods This study was done in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pathology Departments, Zagazig University, Egypt. Biopsy was taken from 72 patients with invasive breast carcinoma cases admitted to Surgery Department, Zagazig University, between January 2018 and January 2021. 72 breast biopsies were obtained from adjacent normal breast (as a control). IHC, gene expression by q real-time PCR using S100A8, S100A9 and TRL5. Results Positive S100A8, S100A9, TLR5 were 81.9%, 76.4%, 86.1% respectively with statistically significant association between advanced stage, presence of lymph node metastasis, ER.PR status and HER2 negative expression. Conclusiones Based on our findings, we postulated that S100A8, S100A9, TLR5 play an important role in progression of BC and can be used as novel molecular targets for earlier BC detection and prediction for future therapies in breast carcinoma.