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Background: Diabetes is a chronic condition in that Type II diabetes (Formerly called as Non-Insulin Dependent) is the most prevalent, generally affecting adults, diabetes frequently reduces HDL (good) cholesterol levels while raising triglycerides and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels. Both of these factors raise the likelihood of heart disease and stroke. The Indian system of traditional medicine, Ayurveda, also uses curry leaf as a common treatment. Curry leaves can prevent several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and heart disease, because they are rich in antioxidants like beta-carotene,also rich in fibre and vitamin C. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of curry leaves powder on reducing blood glucose and lipid profile among the clients with Type II diabetes with mild elevated lipid level in the experimental group. To compare the post-test level of blood glucose and lipid profile between the experimental and control group. Methodology: Research approach: quantitative approach, quasi experimental research design was used for 60 samples by Nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Result: on comparing the pre and post-test of blood glucose and lipid profile in relation to administering of curry leaves powder among Type II Diabetic Patients in experimental group, the percentage of reduction for fasting blood glucose is 5.72%, For Postprandial blood sugar is 6.39%, for total Cholesterol is 3.68%, for HDL the increased rate is 7.13%, for LDL the decreased percentage is 6.36%, and for Triglyceride the decrease percentage is 9.04%.

Clinical picture preparation is that the method and procedure acclimated make the photos of the physical body [organs] for clinical purposes (clinical methodology looking to uncover analyze or inspect ailment) or clinical sciences(including the investigation of ordinary life structures and physiology). The segment of biomedical imaging nearby Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine [DICOM] gives the fundamental standard to scientists to acknowledge similarity and improve work process productivity between imaging frameworks and other data frameworks in social insurance conditions around the world. Here during this report, the ID of disease tissues is finished by Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and development of malignancy tumors [Benign and Malignant] in the human lung is examined and suspected obsessive district which will be influenced by this tissues on the grounds that the time advances would be anticipated.

Childhood obesity is an important predisposing factor for most non-communicable diseases. Irrespective of the age and gender, the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity has attained alarming levels not only in developed countries but also in developing countries among all socio-economic groups. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached alarming levels, affecting virtually both developed and developing countries of all socio-economic groups, irrespective of their age and gender. Hence, the present study was aimed to identify the anthropometric measurements of selected overweight and obese school-going adolescents from different schools from Madurai district Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 514 adolescents (312 Girls and 202 Boys) aged 13-18 years participated from government and private schools. Mean height, weight and BMI were calculated and compared with (National centre for Health Statistics) NCHS standard references. The mean height, weight and BMI were found to be increasing as the age increases of both genders. Body Mass Index of Girls (34.18 – 35.24)was found to be higher than boys (33.49 – 32.89) of the same age group. The School-going adolescents of both genders, in general, have short stature at all ages as compared to NCHS reference data. The prevalence of Overweight 95 (18.48%) and obese 315 (61.28%) was found to be higher in Nuclear families, but there was no statistical association between family type and BMI (X2 = 2.575, p > .05). A significant relationship was found between the Body Mass Index of the adolescents and Father’s Educational qualification (p=.00) and Mother’s Occupation (p=.008). Nutrition education can play an important part in reducing the incidence of overweight/obesity and its associated complications.Extensive trials with a healthy school environment as an intervention may pave the way for developing new strategies to reduce the overweight and obesity in school-going adolescents.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the latest technology which provides the best and cheaper solution for a broad range of computer programs from healthcare to agriculture to (related to surrounding conditions or the health of the Earth) and military operations. India is basically a country with (good) enough valuable things from nature and focussed on farming adding/giving to its (process of people making, selling, and buying things) and (the social level people are at based on how much money they have). In the farming-based (surrounding conditions) watching/supervising area, WSN plays a big part because of its (producing a lot for a given amount of money) and comfortable use/military service of WSN. WSN is in need to (make something as small as possible/treat something important as unimportant) the energy use through (not operating or working now, but able to), transmission, etc. It needs/demands added/more energy (producing a lot with very little waste) way of doing things with data (quality of being very close to the truth or true number) leads to long life for watching/supervising farm-related field. A powerful tool that can create huge and (many different kinds of people or things) data including farming-based datasets is Association Rule Mining (ARM). A topic that is of attention in data mining of late is ranking of association rules. This work deals with farming-based sensor network which measures temperature, soil moisture, humidity and ARM based on ranking.

The ever increasing consumption and subsequent disposal of electronic goods is a major concern to the environment since most electronic goods contain non-biodegradable components. Regulations on disposal of e-goods and increasing environmental awareness on their use and disposal will necessitate finding alternative materials for electronic goods in the near future. One approach of making electronic goods more environmentally friendly is by developing biodegradable electronic components using natural cellulose and protein fibers. In fact, several studies have been done on using natural fiber-based materials for various electronic components. The presence of various functional groups that are amicable to modifications and the ability to be easily fabricated into various shapes and sizes are some of the advantages of using natural fibers for electronic and electrical applications. However, natural fibers and fibrous materials have considerably high variations in their properties which makes it difficult to precisely control the properties of the products developed. Also, the type of electronic components and the fabrication and testing conditions also vary significantly between reports which makes it difficult to make a comparison between studies Dielectric materials are one of the most common and critical components in electronic goods. A comprehensive report on the type of natural fibers used in the development of dielectric materials and their electrical properties would be useful to select the appropriate fibers and conditions for specific applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the various types of natural fibers used to develop composites for dielectric applications. Dielectric constants of fibers and composites made from the fibers with and without chemical modifications and at various frequencies and fiber contents have been discussed.

In this paper, a partial ground is used as a planar at the base with a rectangular patch in which the antenna designed as a meander line antenna is presented. The main goal is to obtain wider bandwidth that covers the ISM band frequency which perfectly operates for MIMO applications. Here a meander line antenna is printed on a microstrip patch with a matched feed and partial ground at the bottom operating at 2.45 GHz. Thus a dual band is obtained with maximum bandwidth. At the end of the receiver a filter can be placed in order to remove the noise and sends the signal without any interference. So, a filter is added at the meander line antenna substrate. A dual band of 1.73–2.77 GHz and a return loss of −22 dB and −45 dB is obtained. The gain of 2.26 dBi at 1.73 GHz and 3.69 dBi at 2.77 GHz is acquired. Obviously the proposed antenna design offers much flexibility to the available frequencies mainly for MIMO applications and wireless local area networks.

In this paper, a compact, flexible textile meander line antenna is discussed for wearable applications using two different ground structure. They are coplanar waveguide ground structure and partial ground structure. Coplanar waveguide ground plane is placed above the substrate along with patch and partial ground plane is placed below the substrate of the two similar MLA structure. As MLA requires only small space, it is preferable for wearable applications. For wearable antenna, the substrate should be flexible and easy to wear. So here, Jean material is used as a substrate. These proposed antenna is designed at operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. Hence, the simulated results such as reflection coefficient, VSWR, radiation pattern, bandwidth of the antenna are discussed.

This articles describes the design of four patch antennas for heart attack detection. The intend method starts with patch antenna. The antenna is premeditated using ADS (advanced design software). Four patch antennas inverted f antenna, inverted L shape antenna, T shape patch antenna and I shape patch antenna were designed. Out of these four patch antenna, the functional characteristics of inverted f and inverted L antenna are good, these two antennas are chosen for monitoring heartrate. The electrical movement of heart is measured by ECG sensor the signal is transmitted via antenna to the smartphones. In proposed design the gain of antenna is increased from −1 to 3 db. The return loss obtained for intended design is very less. The fabricated antenna is deliberate by means of network analyzer. The measured results and simulated results varies due to cable loss. The virtual result of inverted F antenna is 2.4 Ghz. The virtual result of inverted L antenna is 2.41 Ghz. The working frequency of all the four patch antenna is 2.45 Ghz.

One of the prevalent medical issues that deserve global attention is adverse pregnancy outcomes and preterm low birth weight deliveries which have a significant impact on neonatal health. Periodontitis has been implicated as a significant risk factor for adverse effects in pregnancy. Elevated levels of periodontal pathogenic bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines which are pathognomonic features of periodontitis are believed to cause placental infection and premature rupture of the amniotic membrane consequently leading to preterm delivery. The role of CD14+CD16+ monocytes as a causal link between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes has not been researched so far, although an elevation of these cells has been independently demonstrated in both conditions. With the available background information, this hypothesis attempts to derive a mechanistic link between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes through the participation of CD14+CD16+ monocytes.

Biodegradable composites with desirable dielectric constants were obtained using banana fibers as reinforcement and wheat gluten as matrix. Dielectric materials play a critical role in many integrated circuits and microelectronics. Most dielectric materials are made from ceramics and synthetic polymers which are heavy, expensive, have limited range of dielectric values and also not biodegradable. Unlike previous reports that have developed partially biodegradable composites for dielectric applications, we have used protein and a natural fiber as matrix and reinforcement, respectively resulting in composites that are completely biodegradable. In addition, the thickness of the composites was varied which creates air gaps and influences the dielectric properties. Mechanical and electrical properties of the composites were studied at ambient and higher temperatures. Flexural and tensile properties were significantly influenced by the ratio of matrix and reinforcement and thickness of the composites. Dielectric values obtained ranged from 2 to 49 depending on the frequency. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dissipation factor decreased whereas conductivity increased with increasing frequency for all the samples. Biodegradable composites suitable for various electronic applications can be obtained with desired dielectric values by varying the composite fabrication conditions.

An attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the corrosion resistance of rebar. Corrosion behavior of samples subjected to deep cryogenic treatment and samples tempered after deep cryogenic treatment was studied by linear polarization method. The Vickers hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the samples were also measured. The possible mechanism for increase in corrosion resistance has been explained based on Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) study. The morphology of the corroded surfaces of the samples was studied using Atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that there is 69 % improvement in corrosion resistance because of deep cryogenic treatment, further it was seen that the increase in corrosion resistance was due to the contribution of increased pearlite phase. Deep cryogenic treatment had no adverse effect on ultimate tensile strength and hardness, which are crucial properties to be considered for rebar.

Power-line communication is an efficient energy-controlled networking technology, which is used in Smart Grid, Smart Cities, Smart Buildings and smart home applications. This technology is very efficient, low cost, requires no rewiring, making the installation system very simple in any smart home applications. More energy management technologies are in progress in various countries due to demand in increased power consumption with limited natural resources. Automating equipment will lead to efficient energy management with huge saving on the monthly electricity tariff. One of the drawbacks of the existing PLC systems in a very challenging communication environment is the use of high-frequency carrier wave which tends to cause noise and interference in the power line and thus needs improvement. This paper presents a new, simple, cost-effective approach which eliminates use of high-frequency carrier wave to reduce the wastage of power in the domestic energy consumption. Here, automation of two loads for lighting application using LabVIEW by sending the data bits using NI myDAQ controller is demonstrated. The system developed uses firing angle controller to trigger the TRIAC at different firing angles to automate the two loads.

In the present investigation, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Solanum indicum Linn berries were studied. The total antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was investigated in linoleic acid emulsion system. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract was also determined by a colorimetric method. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by administering CCl4 dissolved in Tween 80 for 14 days. Animals treated with the vehicle alone served as control (Group I). Another group of animals were given orally CCl4 at a concentration of 2ml/kg body weight once daily (Group II) for 14 days. The experimental animals were pre-treated with the extract of Solanum indicum (at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days and the treatment continued for another 7 days along with CCl4 (Group III). The same method was followed for Group IV animals except that they were treated with the standard drug, silymarin (50 mg/kg body weight). The animals were sacrificed on 15th day and the degree of liver protection was determined by estimating the levels of serum marker enzymes such as alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The biochemical parameters like total protein, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and urea were also estimated. The results revealed that S.indicum Linn berries extract possessed significant inhibitory activity on peroxides formation in linoleic acid emulsion system in a dose-dependent manner. A marked elevation of serum marker enzyme levels in CCl4 treated rats was observed, which was returned to near normal values in the drug treated animals. The results of this study strongly indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of the plant extract is possibly related to its marked antioxidant activity.

A cognitive radio (CR) technology enables all the users to utilise spectrum without interference. There will be a spectrum sensing for all the non-authorised users to perceive the other possibilities of getting a channel. The traffic feature will be unknown to be a priori to design the spectrum predictor with the back propagation (BP) neural network (NN) model and the multi-layer perceptron (MLP).This work proposed an optimised neural network to obtain improved results. The BP algorithm will not require prior knowledge of the real world problems that are trapped within the local minima. This is used widely to solve the problems and found in literature as an evolutionary algorithm like the bacterial foraging optimisation algorithm (BFOA) used for the MLP NN for enhancing the process of learning and improving the rate of convergence as well as accuracy of classification. Performing this spectrum predictor will be analysed using some extensive simulations.

Placement of mushroom electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures at the inset feedline of patch antenna operating at 4.8 GHz is analysed in this study. Proposed design for (i) single patch and (ii) two-element patch array exhibits significant improvement in return loss, bandwidth and mutual coupling loss. Parametric analysis confirms that the optimal position of EBG structures is at a distance of 1.5 mm on both sides of the feedline. It is established that the return loss increases by 8 dB and bandwidth increases by 3.2% for single patch with EBG structures at the feedline. A 6% reduction in antenna size is realised when compared with conventional placing of EBG. Likewise in double patch, placing the EBG structures on either side of the corporate feedline improves the return loss by 2.5 dB and a 12% reduction in size is achieved when compared with customary positioning of EBG. Bandwidth improves by 4.82%. The superior reduction of mutual coupling of double patch with inset edge feed having EBG structures at feedline, in addition to single-column mushroom EBG structures placed between the patches is demonstrated. The mutual coupling loss increases by 3.5 dB and a size reduction of 20% is accomplished. In antenna arrays, EBG structures at the feedline considerably reduce side lobe level and back lobe level and improve directivity, because of optimal radiation patterns. Simulations are validated experimentally.

Buoys are floating devices, used to capture various parameters of the ocean environments through different mechanisms. The modular architecture of the buoys is highly dynamic depending on the type of buoys. This work focuses on the interfacing system between the image acquisition and transmission modules of data buoys. The major requirement between the image acquisition and the transmission process is a good compression of the captured image. Also, to enhance the compatibility of the transmission process with available satellite resources the compression ratio has to be highly increased to match with the standards of satellite communication. Existing conventional compression algorithms like Joint Picture Expert Group (JPEG), Set Partition In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) etc., failed to give the required compression ratio. This work aims to develop an efficient low power, high compression image interfacing system. The developed system captures the image and compresses it in such a way that the compressed output image becomes compatible for satellite communication. The major contribution of this work is the design and implementation of Fast Fractal Image Compression Algorithm which is based on Iterated Function System (IFS) to achieve the expected high compression ratio. The results obtained ensure the feasibility of high compression ratio. Future work aims to embed the fast fractal algorithm in the Blackfin processor ADSP BF-527.

Background/Objectives: To analyze and monitoring the activity of nodes using an IDS Intrusion Detection System which provide security to the system. Findings: In this research, a network building was made with simple node formation with a fitting technique. So that it is easy for a user or beginner to understand the asymptotic dominion factors, due to the wide growth of nodes on network. Intrusion detection system is made of several nodes. These nodes are grouped and combined as a network. Since each node in a network has unique characteristics they may have high chance of attack from malware during the communication between systems. Applications/Improvements: Network of topology is done by creating and connecting various sub networks. Sub networks traffic is cleared and monitored with the package of IDS. It works on synchronous message transfer mode which provides acknowledgement to sender and receiver. All sub networks is managed by its corresponding system and further provide update to the master node on the network. Due to this broadcast of messages all other nodes may be in safe state of avoidance from attacker.

Background/Objectives: To analyze the behaviors of Forager ants and to utilize some form of memory as a warning system of possible harm to all other members of a colony. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Ants acquire experiential memory within a generation. Experience is shared among members of the colony. For instance, knowledge about an unsuitable leaf is shared by means of avoidance, which is subsequently reinforced by autocatalysis. The loss of avoidance thus marks the loss of past knowledge of the unsuitability of a set of leaves. Findings: In this research, the highly social behavior of ants, a colony appears to act as a collective entity that is more than the sum of its parts. An individual ant to possess the level of intelligence that enables complex decision-making, the colony made up of such individuals appear to exhibit such complex task. The interactions between individual ants in the colony seem to synchronize with each other and align with group tasks. Ants interact with one another by means of basic signaling protocols, such as trophallaxis among leaf-cutting ants. Applications/Improvements: The system has capacity of the ant colony to exhibit transitions from one collective decision and colony memory to the next. The colony of leaf-cutting antscan switch from avoidance to acceptance of leaves which had been deemed unsuitable due to the presence of unwarranted chemical compounds. The transition is not as gradual as one would expect but rather abrupt as evident in the intake rates measured.

Background/Objectives: To analyze the Nutrient diffusion through an ant colony is a complex process of transmitting information from one node to another. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Ants have a special mode of transmission known as trophallaxis, which involves the transfer of liquid-based food from one ant's mouth to another. The worker ants may be categorized into two types: forager and non-forager, both of which are involved in the food transfer. Findings: In this research, by considering trophallaxis, the diffusion of the food signal through the ant colony is modelled as a two-type branching process. Analytic results based on asymptotic estimates of the branching process are here shown to be consistent with empirical results gathered from mini-colony experiments. The division of labor in worker ants is an important feature that exhibits the sociality of the colony. Indeed, resource allocation becomes more efficient if each worker ant is able to focus on one particular task only throughout its lifetime. Applications/Improvements: The division of labor, forager ants tends to be the more “aggressive” type in terms of seeking ants from which food can be received and subsequently exchanged. Meanwhile, the non-forager ants are more specialized in nest-maintenance activities and because of their relatively smaller size are more likely to obtain nourishment by another means. The trophallactic transmission process is investigated by Moreira et al. by conducting an experiment on a mini-colony of ants consisting of a mixture of the two classes3.

Background/Objectives: To analyze and find the decision making systems in multi agent capable of solving complex problems. Method/Statistical Analysis: Multi agent systems are the collection of many individual intelligent systems. Decision making is important because a multi agent system consists of many agents that may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. In heterogeneous network agent must trust another agents in the network for sharing of messages. Hence an agent must be capable to make decision towards trusting of neighbor agents. Decision making technique plays an important role to make decision in such a situation. This is one scenario. Multiple scenarios are discussed in this paper towards the decision making capability of multi agent systems. Findings: In this research, the study of multi agent system, problem solving and decision making are considered as the two important concepts. Multi agent systems are capable of interacting with different environments like virtual environment or real time environment. In this paper a survey is done towards the decision making capability of multi agent systems. Applications/Improvements: The results from this work serve as the motivation to apply the future implementation of multi agent decision making in the complex problem solving.

The electrical properties of DC reactive sputtered zirconium-nitride metallized metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices on TiO2/p-Si and TiO2/ZrN films were studied using capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements at room temperature. Capacitances of the ZrN/TiO2/p-Si MOS device were measured in accumulation mode and inversion mode, from which flat band capacitance was found to be 2.86pF, which corresponds to flat band voltage of −1.7 V. Fixed oxide charged density and interface state density was found to be 1.63× 1010 cm−2 and 6.3× 1011 cm−2 eV−1. I-V characteristics revealed that the leakage current density was of 0.5 mA/cm2 in accumulation mode and 2 mA/cm2 in inversion mode at a field of 0.12 MV/cm, respectively. Dielectric breakdown of ZrN/TiO2/p-Si device was found to be 0.12 MV/cm in accumulation mode. Based on the C-V and I-V characteristics, the ZrN/TiO2/ZrN structure showed no variation in the capacitance value as the bias voltage was changed.

ZrN films were deposited by dc reactive magnetron sputtering on silicon substrates under optimized nitrogen partial pressure of $6 x 10^{-5}$ mbar. Structural, electrical and optical properties were systematically investigated. Films deposited at room temperature exhibited Schottky structure without any silicide interfacial layer. These films have electrical resistivity of $4.23 x 10^{-3}$ $\Omega$ cm, which were crystalline in nature, with cubic (1 1 1) orientation. Refractive index and extinction coefficient were found to be 1.95 and 0.43, respectively at a wavelength of 350 nm. Samples were annealed for 1 h in air at two temperatures, 350 and 550 $^oC.$ Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) showed alloy penetration pits. Extent of penetration was greater in the films, which were annealed at higher temperature $(550 ^oC).$ Variation in refractive index was observed in the range of 1.95–1.80 at 350 nm, for the annealed films, with increase in grain size from 7.25 to 11.10 nm. Poly-crystalline nature has been observed with (1 1 1) and (2 0 1) orientations. Resistivity is found to increase from $4.23 X 10^{-3}$ to $6.21 X 10^{-3} \Omega cm.$

This paper deals with the preparation of Zirconium Nitride films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Films were deposited on silicon substrates at room temperature. Nitrogen partial pressure was varied from $4 \times 10^{-5} to 10 \times 10^{-5}$ m bar and the effect on the structural, electrical, optical properties of the films was systematically studied. The films formed at a nitrogen pressure of $6 \times 10^{-5}$ mbar showed low electrical resistivity of $1.726 \times 10^{-3} \Omega . cm.$ The deposited films were found to be crystalline with refractive index and extinction coefficient 1.95 and 0.4352 respectively.

This paper provides an overview of the development of microstrip patch antennas. Primarily various mi- crostrip antennas that have been used in the past years have been evaluated as part of this research. Detailed analysis of the previously available microstrip antennas as well as their technologies involved. Applications of microstrip antennas, their present situation and the future trends of microstrip antennas are examined in this paper.

The insect antifeedant activity of the quinones isolated from Ventilago madaraspatana was investigated by circular leaf disc dual choice bioassay. Amongst the quinones tested, Ventiloquinone A was the most effective antifeedant against Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and Spodoptera litura.

The utility communication protocols such as DNP 3, MOD Bus, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850 standard provides methods of developing best engineering practices for substation protection, monitoring, integration, metering, testing and control. In substation automation high speed communications are required to meet the data transfer rates of the modern automatic control and monitoring systems. Ener-Vista software is used as an interface between the relay and PC. It is used to set up the relays for communication through PC as well as analyze the data communication between the relays. The frames transmitted in the network are further analyzed using Wireshark network packet analyzer software.In the near future, very high speed communication will be required to perform protection signaling. Using Ener-vista performance target response time for a command signal between two IEDs is analyzed. The standard IEC-61850 communication networks and systems will provide interoperability between the IEDs for protection, control, monitoring, metering and automation in substation. IEC 61850 is an international standard for electrical substation automation that will significantly improve the design and construction of electrical power systems in the future.

G.Rajalakshmi, D.Aruna, B. Bhuvaneswari, R.S. Venkatesan, A.Natarajan, K. Jegatheesan Research Department of Biochemistry Adhiparasakthi College of Arts and Science, KalavaiPIN632506, Vellore District, Tamilnadu, India. 2 PG & Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam-632 509. Tamil Nadu, India. Director, VI Institute of Technology, Chengalpet Taluk, Kanchipuram District603108, Tamilnadu, India.

Patch antenna arrays are used extensively due to their low profile structure, light weight and low cost. Patch antenna arrays have been widely used for a variety of wireless applications. However, a major drawback of this type of antenna arrays is mutual coupling and bandwidth. Mutual Coupling losses can be reduced effectively by placing Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, also called photonic band gap (PBG) structures. In this paper, different types of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures are proposed to be placed in between the patch antenna arrays to reduce the mutual coupling loss. These EBG structures are designed as small as possible because of system compactness. Hence the design of novel compact hybrid EBG structures are more challenging for wireless applications. In this paper various hybrid EBG structures showed with and without vias are compared with the defined antenna parameters.