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Banking is a popular topic for empirical and methodological research that applies operational research (OR) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods. This article provides a comprehensive and structured bibliographic survey of OR- and AI-based research devoted to the banking industry over the last decade. The article reviews the main topics of this research, including bank efficiency, risk assessment, bank performance, mergers and acquisitions, banking regulation, customer-related studies, and fintech in the banking industry. The survey results provide comprehensive insights into the contributions of OR and AI methods to banking. Finally, we propose several research directions for future studies that include emerging topics and methods based on the survey results.

An increasingly important form of electronic currency is the ‘stablecoin’. Unlike other high-profile ‘cryptocurrencies’, such as Bitcoin, stablecoins claim to be matched by a corresponding amount of secure assets in a national currency to which the stablecoin can be converted at par. These crypto-assets, however, create significant legal and economic problems. Notably, issues about trust in both issuers and backing assets, the risk of runs, and particular challenges associated with public and private law regimes resist the adoption of stablecoin both in Europe and beyond. This article draws from previous experiences to analyse these issues and propose solutions. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, the article argues that the legal and economic issues surrounding today’s stablecoins could be addressed using the lessons from prior centuries.

Background: India, being one among the fastest growing economies in the World, yet there exists an enormous gap in having access to formal credit when compared to advanced countries. Banks and financial institutions are continuously striving to fill this gap with the aid of introducing new payment merchandise and units that would make accessibility to credit less difficult. Historically, formal credit was only restricted to financial products like home, car and private loans, but now it's been shifted to instruments such as credit cards. Credit cards have witnessed big scale issuance and increase in usage. Despite the fact that, traditionally India has been a debit card marketplace, the boom in credit card market has modified this narrative and credit cards have been prominently used in recent times. Objective: This paper aims at sectoral analysis of the credit card industry in India by considering top three credit card issuers i.e., HDFC bank, SBI Cards, and ICICI Bank. Methodology: In order to study the credit card industry in India, its growth and usage, secondary data from various sources were analysed. A SWOT analysis was conducted to depict the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of credit card industry. Findings and Conclusion: Sectoral analysis of HDFC, SBI and ICICI bank indicates that usage and growth of credit cards in India has tremendously increased over the years. However, India has a long way to go and potential to explore the credit card market. Security issues has always been a concern in the credit card market. Credit cards have proved to be convenient in managing ones expenses, at the same time it needs to be used carefully in order to avoid debt traps, in case of over spending. Paper Type: Case Study based research analysis on credit cards industry by highlighting about 3 major credit card issuers i.e., HDFC bank, ICICI Bank and State Bank of India.

Through a close reading of scattered, disparate, and largely unconnected secondary sources, supplemented with the analysis of primary sources, and backed by economic theory, this paper explores the origins, development, and socio-economic impact of so-called cosignatory lending institutions. These historical institutions were designed to issue small loans to small businesses and households and shared a reliance on cosigners to secure loans and on weekly instalments to repay them. Their shared lending format was flexible enough to display regional variations and this enabled cosignatory lending institutions to operate in societies characterized by notable differences in wealth and economic structure. It also allowed cosignatory lending institutions to fare better in a more urbanized, heterogeneous context than the more well-known credit cooperatives. As such, this systematic overview helps us better understand how credit markets were made more inclusive in urban contexts, which historical circumstances played a role in this, and perhaps even whether and how the success of cosignatory lending institutions may be replicated in present-day developed and less-developed economies.

Driven by digitalization, the emergence of startups, and regulatory changes, the banking industry is undergoing a “fintech revolution” where the competitive advantages of incumbents are disrupted. In response, banks collaborate with startups by organizing accelerators and incubators to promote corporate innovation. A critical challenge is achieving a strategic fit with startups. In this research, a longitudinal case study of Nordea, the largest retail bank in the Nordics, was conducted. Three startup programs between 2015 and 2018 during a major fintech boom were investigated, and how the programs implement corporate sponsorship and enable corporate innovation was analyzed. We found that achieving a strategic fit was an iterative process fueled by the accumulation of technological and market knowledge from the startups, where Nordea adjusted its mode of startup collaboration according to the phase of the disruption to meet its evolving learning goals.

Background/Purpose: Banks no longer view fintech companies as competitors but rather as enablers. Fintech encompasses the use of digital technology to power new business models based on a large array of innovative ideas to serve customers faster and better. It has introduced new services to match customers’ needs at the lowest cost. Methodology and Design: This study primarily uses secondary data, where data is gathered from many sources like e-newspaper clippings, RBI publications, websites, and other research articles. The study attempts to examine fintech and banking with reference to the Union Bank of India. Findings: The partnering of banks and fintech can harness the recent changes in tech-savvy customer behaviour. The study examines Fintech and Banking partnerships using ABCD analysis. The major challenges are security issues, system slowdown, and lack of trust and banks must address them by enhancing the fintech services' capabilities and increasing the service's utility to meet the demands of all consumer groups. Originality/Value: This paper examines the integration of Fintech and the Union Bank of India. Paper Type: Company Analysis Case Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the Turkish Financial Reporting Standard (TFRS) 9-Financial Instruments on the level of loan loss provisions in the Turkish banking system. In this context, the effect of TFRS 9 on mandatory and discretionary loan loss provisions is tested with data obtained from the annual financial statements and independent audit reports of 25 banks that had non-performing loan portfolios in 2017 and 2018. It is concluded that the amount of mandatory provisions, the ratio of provisions to total assets and, similarly, discretionary provisions increased significantly after the implementation of TFRS 9., Bu çalışmanın amacı 1 Ocak 2018 tarihinden itibaren zorunlu uygulamanın başladığı Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standardı (TFRS) 9-Finansal Araçlar Standardının Türk bankacılık sisteminin karşılık ayırma düzeyine olan etkisinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye’de 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında faaliyet gösteren ve bu dönemde takipte kredisi bulunan 25 bankanın yıllık finansal tablolarından ve bağımsız denetim raporlarından alınan verilerle bankacılık sektöründe TFRS 9 uygulamasının zorunlu ve ihtiyati kredi zarar karşılıklarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Her iki karşılık tutarının da uygulama sonrası artış gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuca ek olarak kredi zarar karşılıklarının aktife oranının da arttığı yönünde anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilirken, ayrılan ihtiyati karşılıkların da arttığı tespit edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, pandemi koşullarının gözlendiği ilk yılda Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların başarı sıralamasında nasıl bir değişiklik izlendiği TOPSİS yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu yolla bankalar üzerinde pandemi etkilerinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada öncelikle TOPSİS yöntemine ilişkin bilgiler verilmiş, ardından bu yöntem kullanılarak Türk bankacılık sektörü üzerinde yürütülen çalışmalara ilişkin bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taramasında tespit edilen önemli noktalar da aynı başlık altında değerlendirilmiştir. Son kısımda Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 27 mevduat bankasının pandemi öncesi ve pandemi dönemi performansları risk-getiri bakış açısıyla analiz edilmiştir. Yürütülen çalışma sonunda, özellikle yabancı sermayeli bankaların risk-getiri yapılarının pandemiden diğer bankalara kıyasla daha olumsuz etkilendiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın, BDDK’nın BASEL’e dayanarak çıkardığı düzenlemelerde yer alan risk tanımlarını ve bu kapsamda yapılan risk ölçümlerini TOPSİS modeline dahil etmesi açısından öncü bir çalışma olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca pandemi dönemini önceki dönem ile TOPSİS yöntemi üzerinden karşılaştıran az sayıdaki çalışmadan biridir., In this study, the change in the ranking of banks, which are operating in Turkey, in the first year of the pandemic conditions is analyzed using the TOPSIS method. In this way, it is aimed to understand the effects of the pandemic on banks. For this purpose, first, some information on the TOPSIS method is presented, and then a literature review is performed on the studies carried out on the Turkish banking sector using this method. The important findings identified in the literature review are evaluated under a different sub-title. In the last part, the pre-pandemic and pandemic performances of 27 deposit banks operating in Turkey are analyzed from a risk-return perspective. At the end of the study, it is concluded that the risk-return structures of foreign banks are affected more negatively from the pandemic compared to other banks.The study is considered to be a pioneering study in terms of including the risk definitions in the regulations issued by the BRSA based on BASEL and the risk measurements made in this context into the TOPSIS model. In addition, it is one of the rare studies that compares the pandemic period with the previous period through the TOPSIS method.

This study aims to examine the intention of social aid beneficiaries to use banking Self-Service Technology (SST). In general, the social aid beneficiaries have limitations in accessing banking technologies. Therefore, research on the determinants of the intention of social aid beneficiaries in using banking SST is considered necessary. The independent variables used in this study are attitude, coercive pressure, normative pressure, mimetic pressure, and perceived costs, while the dependent variable is the intention to use banking SST. Respondents in this study are social aid beneficiaries who have used banking services. The research hypotheses are tested using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) analysis with WarpPLS 7. The results of this study indicate that attitude, normative pressure, mimetic pressure, and perceived costs have a significant positive effect on the intention to use banking SST, while coercive pressure has a significant negative effect on the intention to use banking SST.

The banking industry has witnessed a significant transformation in recent years due to rapid advancements in digital technology. One of the key aspects that have revolutionized the sector is personalization. By leveraging customer data and advanced analytics, banks are now able to deliver tailored experiences and services to individual customers. This article explores the concept of personalization in the banking industryhttps://inoxoft.com/blog/personalization-in-banking-industry-best-examples-of-digital-evolution/ and highlights some of the best examples of digital evolution in this domain. Customized Product Offerings: Banks are utilizing customer data to create personalized product offerings that cater to the unique needs of individuals. For instance, by analyzing transaction history and spending patterns, banks can recommend personalized investment options, loan products, or insurance plans. This level of customization enhances customer satisfaction and improves the overall banking experience. Targeted Marketing and Communication: Digital platforms have enabled banks to deliver targeted marketing campaigns and personalized communication to customers. By leveraging customer data and utilizing techniques such as predictive analytics, banks can identify customer preferences and tailor their marketing messages accordingly. This approach not only improves customer engagement but also increases the effectiveness of marketing efforts. Personalized Financial Advice: With the help of digital tools and algorithms, banks can provide personalized financial advice to their customers. By analyzing a customer's financial situation, goals, and risk tolerance, banks can offer tailored recommendations for investment strategies, retirement planning, and wealth management. This level of personalization empowers customers to make informed financial decisions and achieve their financial objectives. Enhanced Digital Banking Experience: Digital evolution in the banking industry has resulted in the development of advanced mobile and online banking platforms. These platforms are designed to provide personalized user experiences by understanding customer preferences and behavior. Features such as personalized dashboards, targeted financial insights, and real-time notifications contribute to a seamless and personalized banking experience. Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: Banks are increasingly incorporating chatbots and virtual assistants into their customer service channels. These AI-powered tools can understand customer queries, provide instant responses, and offer personalized assistance. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, chatbots can learn from previous interactions and continuously improve their ability to provide personalized and relevant support to customers. Personalization has emerged as a key driver of digital evolution in the banking industry. By leveraging customer data, advanced analytics, and digital tools, banks can deliver customized experiences, targeted marketing, personalized financial advice, and enhanced digital banking platforms. These advancements not only improve customer satisfaction but also enable banks to build stronger and more profitable relationships with their customers. As technology continues to evolve, personalization in the banking industry is likely to become even more sophisticated, leading to a more customer-centric and efficient banking ecosystem.

Metrics are now one of the most widely used and effective decision making tools. They make it easy to understand large amounts of data and convey information, however, metrics can be both beneficial and harmful depending on their sourcing and use. The technical and social aspects of this thesis portfolio center around the use and outcome of metrics based on financial data. The technical report focuses on a newer, beneficial use of metrics in software engineering: using a finance platform’s performance metrics to increase speed and accuracy to increase revenue and client productivity. The results of the technical project will be beneficial to engineers interacting with the platform by adding a way to easily track performance and quantifiably justify the adoption of a new platform. The STS report analyzes a potential harmful effect of metrics, examining how while metrics generated by banks’ loan approval machine learning algorithms speed up decision making processes, they also disproportionately reject minority applicants. The analysis in the STS research can point out one of the drawbacks of using metrics without vetting the process with which they were calculated and understanding the social context within which it is used. It is important to analyze how biases in society can be displayed in data, which is used to create metrics that inform decisions that impact society, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of marginalization. The combination of the technical research and STS research will explore an avenue of increasing speed and efficiency in many aspects of society while providing a framework on how to be cognizant of the effects that metrics may have on their users.

This paper proposes a novel methodology to calibrate the magnitude of the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) using market-based stress tests. The macroprudential authority in our paper aims to contain the possibility of a breach of a minimum capital ratio in the event of a severe system-wide shock within a certain permissible failure probability. We apply the methodology by stress-testing major banks in six advanced economies on a quarterly basis over a period of 27 years. The estimates suggest that the cap on the CCyB should not be less than around 1.7 percent of total assets. Its potential normal-times level is estimated at approximately 0.8 percent of total assets.

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Financial instruments are the subject of considerable interest. The supply of promissory notes has attracted the attention of financial historians, political economists and antiquarians, alike. We consider bank notes as a mechanism for building corporate identity. The article focuses on the bank notes that were issued in the early nineteenth century by newly established joint stock banks in the English provinces. Despite not having a legal personality, which could be separated from the bank’s owners, the banks did not use symbols of the owners, such as family crests or other personal means, to communicate their identity. The article shows that these notes displayed symbols of a collective culture and regional identity. We argue that this was crucial to building the bank’s position within the local commercial community and in generating a persona which customers could trust.

This paper uses risk-shifting models to analyze some potential policy responses to asset price booms and bubbles. We argue that the presence of risk shifting can generate many of the features of such booms and so is a reasonable framework to explore these issues. Our analysis offers several insights. First, we find that determining whether there is indeed a bubble in asset markets is unimportant, since risk-shifting leads to the same inefficiencies regardless of whether it gives rise to a bubble or not. Second, while risk shifting offers a reason for intervention, we find the leading proposals for interventions against booms have ambiguous welfare implications in our model. Specifically, we show tighter monetary policy may exacerbate some inefficiencies due to risk shifting even as it mitigates others, and that leverage restrictions may fan asset prices and exacerbate excessive leverage rather than curb it.

The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated the operating environment for banks around the world. Determining the drivers of digitalization of banking services based on the principles of corporate social responsibility of banks makes it possible to find a way out of the crisis. The objective of the study is to develop a model for clustering banks in terms of the level of digitalization on the principles of corporate social responsibility.In this study, a twofold model has been proposed: the first part includes the calculation of the level of digitalization of banking, and the second part includes mathematical simulation of the clustering of bank digitalization level. This study reveals new possible solutions to the digitalization of banking in the face of new threats. In particular, factor analysis identifies the main factors, cluster analysis ranks banks into three categories (A, B, C) of service digitalization, and a dendrogram identifies digitalization drivers. The model was tested on 22 banks. Eight per cent of the banks are rated A “Very good” and B “Good”. 92% have Level C “Satisfactory”. The results of the study prove that the model should be validated. It should be confirmed that the application of the developed methodology for increasing the digitalization of banking services will increase customer loyalty by 15%, improve sustainability by reducing risk by 10%, and make banks attractive for investment by 15-20%.

This study is aimed at evaluating the correlation between determinants of non-cash payments (ATMs, number of bank branches, and number of mobile phone users) and various economic indicators (broad money, inflation, consumer prices) as well as further studying which of the factors and to what extent influence each other in different periods. Non-cash payments are provided by ATMs. The sample considers panel data on nine developing countries. The data for calculation were taken from The World Bank, for Kazakhstan – from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data collected during the study were analyzed using the SPSS software. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used. The results obtained in the empirical study briefly showed that the alternative hypothesis is confirmed for the period 2004–2009 (that the existing relationships are significant), at the same time, the null hypothesis was confirmed in terms of the level of significance for the period 2019–2020. Accordingly, this study showed that modern developments differ from those provided earlier and financial technology transformation is still in the process. The results of this study also indicated the need for further studies of non-traditional measures of financial development, which can lead to sustainable economic growth in the post-crisis period. AcknowledgmentsThe study was carried out within the framework of program targeted IRN OR11465433 funding by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Development of the concept and mechanisms of balanced territorial development of the economy and society of Kazakhstan”.

At the onset of the COVID-19 economic crisis, as in other crisis episodes, we observed a rapid appreciation of "safe haven" currencies. We quantify currency-induced balance sheet valuation effects for aggregate external positions as well as for broadly defined asset classes for the first quarter and the full year 2020. To do so, we use new data on the currency composition of cross-border assets and liabilities for 46 countries. In contrast with past financial crises, many emerging markets did not experience losses on their aggregate external balance sheets despite facing a domestic currency depreciation. This was partly due to currency-induced valuation gains on equity positions offsetting losses on debt positions, and partly due to reduced currency mismatch on their external debt positions. We conduct the stock-flow reconciliation of net international investment positions to measure overall valuation effects and compute the proportion that is due to changes in currency values. For about half of the countries in our sample, currency-induced valuation effects were substantial, representing over 50 percent of total valuation effects in 2020Q1 and the full year 2020.

Banking system is an important part of the financial system of each country. The operating efficiency in the commercial banking system will provide the tools and financial products more attractive and relevant to the needs of actors in the economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the efficiency of 26 Vietnamese commercial banks. The paper uses a quantitative method with the nonparametric frontier analysis, data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, to measure the efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks. The paper adopts an intermediation approach as the banks are viewed as financial intermediaries providing financial services and payment services to entities in the economy. Research findings reveal that Vietnamese commercial banks have effectively leveraged the positive impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, since the average efficiency in 2020 improved over the pre-pandemic period in 2019 on the same models for comparison and estimation. Based on such findings, the study makes some suggestions and recommendations to help Vietnamese commercial banks increase their operational efficiency in the context of the prolonged pandemic. AcknowledgmentThe author wishes to acknowledge support from the Banking University – Ho Chi Minh City. This research was made possible thanks to all valuable support from relevant stakeholders.

Based on stakeholders’ theory, our paper investigates the relationship between customer complaints and bank performance. We use a unique hand-collected database of customer complaints published by the Banking and Financial Ombudsman (BFO) and the financial data of the universe of Italian banks during the 2010-2017 period and employ a fixed effect panel data model and two-step system GMM estimation. We first confirm that higher complaints scaled by bank size reduce profitability and increase bank risk. Then, we show that bank institutional form affects this outcome. In contrast to cooperative banks, the performance of commercial banks is negatively influenced by customer complaints. Moreover, in contrast to medium and large banks, small banks’ profitability is not affected by customer complaints. We also found that a bank’s decision to settle customer complaints has a positive impact in the long run. The results are consistent when using normalized variables for size and different robustness checks. Consequently, managerial and policy implications related to customer complaints are proposed. Indeed, commercial banks must protect relational capital with customers by strengthening dialogue among the compliance function, complaints office and commercial areas to proactively manage the risk of complaints and improve performance. Policy makers should enhance banking transparency and simultaneously promote greater financial education of clients, which can foster trust in banks and their stability.

The goal of the following text is to analyze the changes in television advertising in the banking and automobile sectors, according to the social context. The hypothesis is that communication is significantly influenced by the situational context, causing differences between the advertising of the two sectors. A multimodal discourse analysis is used, comparing twenty commercials from the banking and automobile sectors in 2019 and 2020, the period during which the lockdown due to COVID-19 took place. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis tables were developed with which to analyze general data such as the value proposition or target audience of the advert, or other special data like the text (verb tenses, rhetorical figures…), the image and the sound used. The fact that context is decisive in communication is made evident, and since this is different in every sector, the communication strategy is clearly different as well. However, the points that the two sectors have in common are remarkable: these range from talking about brands and products, to speaking for and about people.

This study aims to analyze the relationships between corporate governance instruments on the wealth of financial intermediaries in wide-ranging. The data employed in this study are secondary data from nine (9) commercial banks and covered the years 2013-2020. The approach used in data processing is a 2SLS estimation and multilevel mixed-effects for the dependent variable natural logarithm of total assets. The results provided by the econometric analysis show that board size, sovereign committees, Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non-Performing Loans (NPL’s), and equity to liabilities have an important impact on the protection of the assets of financial institutions. While surprising results have been generated in the composition of the board structure in terms of gender diversity, they have turned out to be insignificant. The originality and value of this study lie in the approach of including the characteristics of the board, as well as the combination of some financial indicators different from previous studies, which makes more comprehensive the study of the impact of board composition on increasing the wealth of banks.

This paper analyses the concentration of the banking system in Croatia and the impact of concentration on stability of the economic system as a whole over the period since 2002 to 2017. The level of concentration is usually related to the competitiveness of a particular sector, in this case the banking system, which affects the development and health of the country's entire economic system. The banking system, as the basis for the development of all other sectors of the economy, has been analysed here in the context of the concentration trend and efficiency in the selected time period using selected concentration indices: Concentration Ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the Gini coefficient and the entropy measure using the variables of total assets of banks, loans granted, and received deposits. This research concludes that in the considered period of nearly 20 years, Croatia was among the EU countries with increased concentration level of the banking system.

We conduct a Monte Carlo experiment using an ad-hoc New Keynesian model and a tractable agent-based model to generate artificial credit cycle episodes. We show that fluctuations in the implicit measures of the natural rate of interest obtained using a conventional trivariate Kalman filter on these artificial datasets occur in the vicinity of credit cycle peaks without any underlying changes in fundamentals (that is the agents’ type or their behaviour). The empirical analysis confirms that the measures of the natural interest rate tend to increase prior to a credit cycle peak and decrease afterwards. We conclude that a decline in the estimated natural rates of interest does not necessarily indicate changes in macroeconomic fundamentals. Instead, it may simply reflect the innate properties of the measurement technique in the vicinity of credit cycle peaks.

This paper investigates inconsistencies between countries’ official exchange rate regime declarations (the so-called de jure exchange rate regimes) and their actual policy (de facto exchange rate regimes). These exchange rate regime gaps decrease the credibility of monetary policy and are considered an overall negative economic phenomenon. In this paper, I attempt to disclose the determinants of these gaps using the data on several de facto classifications and a wide array of explanatory variables of economic and institutional nature. The results suggest that a number of macroeconomic factors such as foreign exchange reserves, current account balance and economic openness influence the probability of monetary authorities breaking commitment to their official exchange rate regime. At the same time, I also discover that the exchange rate regime gaps are less frequent in more democratic and institutionally advanced countries although the results tend to differ depending on the de facto classification used and the nature of gap (either de jure floating – de facto fixed or de jure fixed – de facto floating).

This study examines the liquidity dynamics of banks in emerging market economies. Using annual data of 91 commercial banks from 11 countries, the study established that banks in emerging markets have target liquidity ratios they pursue and partially adjust due to market frictions. Overall, risk aversion and prudence play a significant role in explaining the liquidity dynamics by banks in emerging market economies.

Smart contracts are one of the digital technologies that have the potential to significantly alter the way market participants interact. It is emphasized in the research that a smart contract is a specialized computer protocol that allows negotiating parties to exchange assets between themselves: stocks, money, or property without involving a third party as an intermediary. It should be noted that smart contracts also have a wide area for use not only in the financial sector, but also in other sectors of the economy, and the global trend towards digitalization is one of the fundamental drivers of the development of this tool. The most recognizable technology for the operation of smart contracts today is blockchain. It is mentioned that blockchain guarantees the reliability and security of the concluded contracts in terms of their confidentiality, immutability, and permanence. Four basic stages of a blockchain-based smart contract were revealed. It is stated in the article that one of the most promising applications for smart contracts is the automation of the provision of banking services, such as supply chain financing, mortgage lending and small business lending. The automatic implementation of the full lending process, from application to credit risk assessment, mortgage renewals, title transfer, and mortgage servicing and securitization, can be facilitated by sharing borrower information and digital versions of multiple registries and title documents.It is emphasized that smart contracts have a number of advantages over traditional paper-based contracts. It's important to remember that no matter how advanced technology gets, there's always the risk of IT-system vulnerabilities. The future of smart contracts in banking was forecasted. Many banking processes and legal agreements will be substituted by blockchain-based finance solutions in the future; however the shift will be slow. Incumbent banking institutions are unlikely to completely relinquish control of their databases from unknown third parties. Most likely, groups of banking institutions will use authorized blockchains, and customers will only interact with trusted nodes, and not directly with the ledger.

Islamic stock market is apparently different from the conventional stock market due to the prohibition of unlawful goods and excessive risk-taking behavior. This study explores the extent to which the Indonesian Islamic and conventional stock returns' volatility responds to the macroeconomic indicators. This study employs Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) and Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) and uses monthly time-series data covering 2001: M1 - 2019: M12. The volatility of stock returns is measured using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH). By employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), the results validate the evidence of the long-run relationship between the stock market's volatility and macroeconomic variables. A rising in money supply and an economic upturn reduce the volatility of conventional stock returns but only an expansionary money supply diminishes the volatility of Islamic stock returns. Conversely, high inflation and sharp depreciation of the Rupiah boost the stock returns' volatility. The results further show an interesting finding that the Islamic stock market's volatility is more responsive to changes in macroeconomic indicators than the volatility of their counterpart conventional stock market. Policymakers should take strict rules during the worst economic conditions to minimize the negative impact of the instability of macroeconomic variables.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decline in social welfare. In such a situation, community philanthropy, including from the Muslim community, becomes critical. This study aims to explore the charitable behavior of Muslims in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Tobit regression was used to analyze data from online surveys to determine the pattern changes of donations during the pandemic as well as the factors affecting the amount of donation. This study uncovered that Zakat Management Organizations (BAZNAS and LAZ) were some of the main choices for distributing zakat and alms (sedekah) during the pandemic. It was found that the factors with a positive and significant effect on the probability of increasing the percentage of donations were education, length of stay, and expenses. The results of this study contribute to the policy of developing the Zakat Management Organization as institutions trusted by the community in distributing zakat funds. This study supports the fundraising of the zakat organizations in terms of offering valuable insights and clear description about the Indonesian people’s charitable behavior. More importantly, this study suggests that improving the quality of education is crucial to increase community awareness in performing Islamic philanthropy such as giving zakat, sedekah, and waqf.

This study investigates the determinants of the profitability of U.S. banks. Employing quarterly data, this paper further examines the historical and recent trends for all U.S. banks from 1996 to 2019 in the relationship between return and assets (ROA) and other bank internal (or endogenous) profitability contributors such as net interest margin (NIM), loan loss reserves, ratio of non-performing loans to gross loans, and external (or exogenous) macroeconomic variables, such as the 30-year average mortgage rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) economic growth rate, unemployment rate, interest rate, inflation rate and openness (i.e., exports + imports/GDP) by using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator technique. The results reveal that bank-specific variables, including net interest margin, loan loss reserves and non-performing loans, have a significant impact on bank profitability in the United States. Similarly, the results show that macroeconomic variables, namely the average mortgage rate, economic growth, and unemployment rate, exert significant effects on the U.S. banks’ profitability. The results further indicate that changes in openness are detrimental to bank profitability. The implications are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between bank growth and the retained earnings amount for Jordanian banks between 2010 and 2020. The method to be used is regression models. Bank growth is measured using the change in total assets; income retention is measured by subtracting dividends from earnings per share and by deducting dividend per share from the operating cash flow on the accrual basis and cash basis. In addition, another specification will be used to the association between the growth of a bank’s total assets and income retention using the percentage change in the growth of a bank’s total assets and income retention on the accrual and cash basis. The findings of pooled OLS regression models and random effect models show that there is no relationship between income retention using the accrual basis and the bank total assets growth (Adj-R2 was –005). There is a significant relationship between income retention using the cash basis and the bank growth in total assets (Adj-R2 was 14%). There is no significant association between change in income retention using the cash basis and the bank growth in total assets, and bank size affects the relationship between income retention and bank growth in total assets. Users of financial statements need to be aware of the association between the several variables used in this study to make sound decisions.

Credit activities in the banking sector, especially People's Credit Banks during the COVID-19 pandemic are allegedly experiencing a level of sluggishness and indications of the emergence of credit problems, especially in legal certainty for parties who bind themselves to credit so as to give birth to achievements that must be carried out in accordance with the agreed time period. certain. If there are parties who are found to have violated their achievements or do things that should not have been done outside the agreement, then the violators are declared to have committed wan achievements. The purpose of this study is to find out what settlements can be made if the debtor breaks his promise (wan achievement), and to analyze the obstacles in credit settlement at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri. The research method used is descriptive analytical research method with an empirical juridical approach. The result of this research is that the procedure for granting credit at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri consists of four stages, namely the credit application stage, the credit analysis stage, the credit decision stage and the credit disbursement stage. Takeover of collateral as a credit settlement process if the debtor breaks his promise (wan achievement). Obstacles in credit settlement at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri are normative barriers (related to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection), internal barriers (poor system performance from banking institutions) and external obstacles (arising from the debtor himself).

Investors make solid decisions when evaluating their investments based on positive indicators the firm may show in the future, rather than based on its past performance. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the relationship between performance criteria and the most significant value-based criterion; Economic Value Added (EVA). Further, it evaluates the impact of future EVA values on the bank value. Panel Data Analysis and the OLS Regression model are used to estimate the regression equation. The analysis is performed using data of 10 banks on the BIST Banks Index over the period 2011 to 2020. Furthermore, the EVA criterion was converted into standardized EVA(SEVA) by dividing EVA by total assets. The OLS regression analysis results revealed that the model’s explanatory power for the SEVA variable is 71.92%. The three variables that have positive correlation with SEVA are earnings per share (EPS) and TOBINQ rates at the 1% significance level and the price to sales growth rate with a degree of significance at 10%. Regarding the Panel Data Analysis results, while the explanatory power of the SEVA variable is 72.14%, its association with the EPS and TOBINQ criteria was found to be significant at the 1% significance level. The empirical investigations reveal that the model developed using the future SEVA as a proxy for bank value is found to be promising, and it is accepted that the SEVA variable can be used instead of the bank value.

Education financing is a key retail banking product for most commercial banks and a lifeline for large numbers of students seeking professional courses. This study aimed to identify the impediments in the successful delivery of this loan product in India, where it is marketed majorly by public sector banks under a common scheme devised by the government. The study adopted a qualitative approach to probe behavioral issues related to the credit appraisal process, which is the most suitable approach for unstructured exploratory design. Since credit managers in banks work with applicants for education loans, their insight becomes essential to understanding the issues plaguing with the smooth implementation and delivery of this scheme. Thus, ten public sector bank managers working in different geographical locations were selected using a homogeneity purposive sampling technique. The study collected 41 responses, which were then divided into 4 major categories. The responses were simultaneously transcribed manually to ensure that data remained close to the original verbatim of the participant. All transcribed interviews were imported into ATLAS.ti 8 Software for analysis. The 4 observational categories lead to a broad understanding that product accessibility, operational hurdles, scheme features and limitations in bad loan recovery are key bottlenecks in managing education loans. These responses had over 80% commonality on key issues of product feature and cost. It was concluded that education financing can perform better by improving access, rationalizing interest rates and liberalizing repayment terms. These findings can be used as input for tweaking the product for better performance.

The aim of the article: The aim of the article is to evaluate and analyze the dynamics of electricity prices for households in the European Union member states (EU-27) in the period 2011–2020. The study also focuses on the key components of electricity prices in the countries analyzed. The discussed issues are important from the socio-economic point of view. It refers to the issue of sustainable development, where electricity prices are addressed in relation to the problem of energy poverty of households. Methodology: The study is of a theoretical and analytical character. In addition to the review of available dnational and foreign literature, Eurostat data on electricity prices for households in the EU-27 were analysed. Moreover, the paper presents the application of a selected cluster analysis method, i.e. the k-means method, to assess the situation of the EU-27 countries in terms of electricity prices for households in the analysed period of 2011–2020. Results of the research: The result of the analyses undertaken is a presentation of the share of VAT and other taxes and levies in the price of electricity for households. The analyses showed differences between the countries in the structure of establishing the electricity price for households. Only in three countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia) it was found that there was no share of other taxes and levies in the electricity price. In turn, the applied k-means method contributed to obtaining the division of countries into four groups reflecting the differentiation in terms of the amount of electricity price for households in the period under study.

Blockchain is being promoted as the platform to disrupt business as usual in many transaction-heavy sectors. Questions remain about the future standards of blockchain, their feature set, functionality, and the willingness of organisations to disrupt their existing revenue streams via blockchain. The most significant near-term promise that affords industry is the cost and complexity savings via the standardization of their technology infrastructure stacks. This paper explores the benefits available of reduced costs and complexity via the adoption of blockchain.

The aim of this paper is to detect the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on several labor market indicators and to identify the heterogeneity of these effects across different demographic groups in the Turkish labor market. To this aim, we use the quarterly Turkish household labor force surveys which cover the period between 2005 and 2020. We find that pandemic decreased employment and labor force participation of almost all groups. The effect on women was more prominent in comparison with men. We also find heterogeneity with respect to age. Finally, our results show that the least educated were more negatively affected by the pandemic.

The purpose of this paper is to explore electronic payments, which are considered one of the most important tools in financial technology. Hence, electronic payments play a great role in enhancing the financial performance of the Bank of Palestine. The study uses three dependent variables such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and earnings per share (EPS). The study methodology employs a descriptive and analytical approach to investigate the bank’s data during the period of 2010–2019. Hence, the findings show that electronic payment methods have an important impact on the bank’s financial performance, through the return on assets and equity indicators, which helps to reduce costs and thus increase profits. However, there is no statistically significant effect on the earnings per share. What is more, the Bank of Palestine uses a wide variety of electronic payment methods. Thus, the study suggests the necessity to increase the effectiveness of the information security from fraud risks, in addition to activating supervisory and regulatory authorities (such as the Palestinian Monetary Authority), to strengthen the application of electronic payment tools. Acknowledgment Special thanks to Palestine Technical University Kadoorie for their valuable and continuous support.

The rapid growth of financial deepening raises the problem of its effect, beneficial for economic development. This paper aims to demonstrate the relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita growth, GNI per capita) and financial depth (domestic credit to private sector and credit availability) in 142 countries, split into four income groups, over 2000–2020, using correlation analysis and data from the World Bank and the IMF. Besides, a comparative analysis of domestic credit to the private sector, economic freedom, Gini index, total government expenditure and national savings of countries that increased their income group status over 2011–2020 is presented. Financial deepening (increased credit availability and expansion of domestic credit to the private sector) encourages economic growth (via GNI per capita and GDP per capita growth). Although the presence of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita growth) and financial depth (domestic credit to private sector and credit availability) over 1991–2020 is insufficient, there is a linear relationship between GNI per capita and credit availability, between credit availability and domestic credit to the private sector for the same sample of countries over 2000–2020. Meanwhile, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the correlation between GNI per capita and GDP per capita growth. Given the revealed linear correlation between domestic credit to the private sector and GNI per capita, financial deepening positively impacts income growth, and this dependence strengthens with increasing income levels. Target values of domestic credit to the private sector are proposed for the income group transition. AcknowledgmentThe paper was funded as a part of the “Relationship between financial depth and economic growth in Ukraine” research project (No. 0121U110766), conducted at the State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine”.

The objective of this study is to provide more empirical evidence on the impact of the capital adequacy ratio, as well as control and micro variables, on the financial stability of commercial banks in emerging markets such as Vietnam. The study analyzes the impact of the capital adequacy ratio on the financial stability of 18 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2010–2020 using the Generalized method of moments (GMM) model. Empirical research results show that the capital adequacy ratio has a positive correlation with the financial stability of Vietnamese commercial banks during the study period. Besides, the study also uses control variables such as Profitability through ROA and ROE, Bank Size (SIZE), Loans to Assets Ratio (LTA), Deposits to Assets Ratio (DTA), and Loan Loss Ratio (LLR), to analyze their impact on the financial stability of Vietnamese commercial banks. Based on the above results, the study proposes some policy implications to enhance the financial stability of Vietnamese commercial banks using the capital adequacy ratio and the control variables from the GMM model that are statistically significant. The paper also pointed out four limitations of the study in terms of data, research samples, methods and research models, so that further research can be more complete. AcknowledgmentThe author wishes to acknowledge support from the Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. This research was made possible thanks to all valuable support from relevant stakeholders.

The purpose of the article is to verify how the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic outbreak influenced the decisions to apply the countercyclical capital buffer in the EEA and whether, based on the experience gained so far in applying the countercyclical capital buffer in the EEA, it is possible to clearly distinguish between the models of its application. Methodology used to achieve this, was to built the field of research and to perform a comparative analysis of macroeconomic data on the application of the above-mentioned instrument in the EEA during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Results of the research are two methods and two variants of the application of the countercyclical capital buffer that were distinguished and named, indicating the benefits and challenges of using each of them. Moreover, the limited usefulness of the standardized and additional gap was confirmed in the light of the conducted research, available in the literature. The article concludes with recommendations for further research.

The purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate relevance of global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) in the context of Polish financial sector. This aspect is often overlooked, as there are no G-SIBs based in Poland. Methodology: Abovementioned aim is fulfilled by aims of providing an overview of the international characteristics and regulation of G-SIBs, describing the interrelations between these entities and institutions operating in the Polish market, and by showing how these connections can change the financial sector in Poland both directly and indirectly. The analysis is based on international standards on G-SIBs published by the Financial Stability Board and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, as well as on EU legal acts implementing these documents. Additional sources on the „indirect” functioning of G-SIBs in Poland encompass annual reports of the entities linked to them, management reports on their activities, as well as articles and Internet data. Results of the research: G-SIBs influence Polish financial sector in several different ways. First, G-SIB-oriented regulation and supervision has an impact on Polish entities that are linked to them. Second, even indirect presence of G-SIBs is economically significant.

Although mobile banking is one of the online banking services that makes it easy for consumers to conduct financial transactions, research on Islamic mobile banking in developing countries with a Muslim majority is still relatively insignificant. Not all Muslim consumers are interested in or intend to use conventional mobile banking services. Therefore, the aim of this study is to integrate the TAM theory and the construct of religiosity to examine consumer intentions to use Islamic mobile banking services. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire of 482 Muslim consumers in Indonesia using convenience sampling techniques. The collected data were then analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM-AMOS). The results of this study showed that perceived ease of use cannot influence the perceived usefulness and attitudes of variables towards Islamic mobile banking. While perceived usefulness has been proven to influence attitudes toward Islamic mobile banking and may be the largest contributor to increased intentions to use Islamic mobile banking. On the other hand, this study reveals that the influence of religiosity can positively and significantly foster consumer sensibility and intention to use Islamic mobile banking.

This article provides an account of the relationship between imperial Ethiopia and Eritrea in the realm of banking governance from the start of the federation to the last years of the imperial regime. It looks in particular at the relationship between the Ethiopian administrations and an Italian bank, Banco di Roma, which had its headquarters in Eritrea from 1948 to 1967 before moving to Addis Ababa. The struggle for control of the economic flows generated by the Italian bank is an index of the changes in centre–periphery linkages between Addis Ababa and the sub-regional centre of Asmara. Archival evidence highlights the multifaced nature of Ethiopian governance and the role performed by the Italian institution in providing alternative sources of diplomatic leverage and wealth accumulation to the Eritrean elite. It is argued that the extraterritorial status enjoyed by Banco di Roma until 1967 was actively tolerated by a section of the Ethiopian establishment, which resorted to an established pattern of imperial governance based on flexibility in return for tribute. This centre–periphery arrangement was harshly opposed by prominent Ethiopian officials from the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Ethiopia, who struggled to enforce tighter government control over capital flows within and across the country's borders. The National Bank's final success in the quest for financial centralization drained significant resources out of Eritrea, with adverse effects on the preservation of the pax aethiopica in the former Italian colony.

Transparency and disclosure are pivotal to attenuate the adverse effects of information asymmetries that strongly influence the relationship between banks and their stakeholders (Levine, 1997) and to ensure an adequate and efficient functioning of both banking and financial markets. Among the most important benefits of transparency in the banking sector, it is noteworthy to mention its reduction effect on the cost of capital; its relationship with higher levels of stakeholders’ and investors’ trust (Botosan & Plumlee, 2002; Eng & Mak, 2003); the more effective bank lending activity (Zelenyuk et al., 2020); and the higher levels of financial stability (Nier, 2005).

We zitten midden in een andere grote revolutie genaamd BLOCKCHAIN, een gedistribueerde database die een steeds groter wordende lijst met records bijhoudt, blokken genaamd. Dit innovatielandschap vertegenwoordigt slechts 12 jaar werk door een elitegroep van nerds, cryptografen en wiskundigen. In de toekomst zal blockchain elk menselijk streven doordringen, waardoor processen efficiënt en slim worden. Naarmate het volledige potentieel van deze doorbraken in de samenleving wordt gerealiseerd, zullen dingen geleidelijk anders gaan gebeuren – internationale geldovermakingen zullen sneller en betrouwbaarder zijn; verificatie zal eenvoudig zijn; identiteit zal globaal, gedecentraliseerd zijn; en geen mens - of het nu gaat om beheerder, manager, industrieel, start-up, werkgever, dienstverlener, pedagoog, student of gebruiker - zal onberoerd blijven. Het is duidelijk dat de wereld deze technologie met open armen zal moeten omarmen. Met het oog hierop is de auteur er vast van overtuigd dat elk deel van de samenleving bewust moet worden gemaakt van blockchain, of het nu gaat om een beginnende technoloog, een startende liefhebber of een niet-technische gebruiker van gedecentraliseerde apps. Dit artikel, dat is overgenomen uit het boek 'Blockchain for Real World Applications' , geschreven door Rishabh Garg en gepubliceerd door John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA, biedt een diepgaand inzicht in het blockchain - ecosysteem, architectuur, Ethereum , Hyperledger en cryptocurrencies , gevolgd door een uitgebreide discussie over mogelijke toepassingen van blockchain, zoals cryptografie, cyber-beveiliging, identiteitsbeheer, referentieverificatie, baancertificering, gezondheidszorg, gezond-heidsmonitoring op afstand, orgaantransplantatie, genomica, farmaceutische toeleveringsketen, voedsel en civiele voorraden, enz. Live schermafbeeldingen en bijbehorende codecellen, tussen de tekst, zullen de lezers helpen om bankieren, zakendoen, gedecentraliseerde financiën, voorspellingsmarkt, portefeuillebeheer, kwadratische financiering, crowdfunding, e-commerce enz. te begrijpen met een de novo nadering. De inhoud biedt een praktisch stapsgewijs mechanisme voor elke lezer om zijn eigen op inhoud gebaseerde opslagsysteem te implementeren. Onze aanpak is om u te helpen deze revolutionaire technologie te bedienen door u kennis te laten maken met elk detail. Met deze nieuwe technologie onder uw controle, krijgt u net zo gemakkelijk toegang tot de functies van blockchain als het bedienen van een eenvoudige mobiele app. Doe dus mee met de blockchain-revolutie; leren decentrale applicaties te ontwikkelen; en loop voor op je collega's., {"references":["Rishabh Garg, 2016. Generic Information Tracker. 2nd India International Science Festival, New Delhi India.","Rishabh Garg, 2017. Hi-Tech ID with Digital Tracking System, National Conference on Application of ICT for Built Environment.","Rishabh Garg, 2018. Digital ID with Electronic Surveillance System. Innovation registered with National Innovation Foundation, Autonomous Body of Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.","Rishabh Garg, 2018. Multipurpose ID: A Digital Identity to 1.34 Billion Indians. Ideate for India – Creative Solutions using Technology. National e-Governance Division, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India.","Rishabh Garg, 2019. Multipurpose ID: One Nation - One Identity, Annual Convention – Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). National Conference on Recent Advances in Energy, Science & Technology (39).","Rishabh Garg, 2020. Digital Identity and Access Management through Distributed Ledger Technology. Research Project, Department of Higher Education, Government of MP.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain based Decentralized Applications for Multiple Administrative Domain Networking. BITS – Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus India, 01-69.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain based Identity Solutions. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (In Press).","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain Ecosystem for Education and Employment Verification. 13th International Conference on Network & Communication Security, Toronto Canada.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Digital Identity Leveraging Blockchain. Barnes & Noble, Basking Ridge, New Jersey US, 01-124.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Distributed Framework for Real World Applications. Barnes & Noble, Basking Ridge, New Jersey US, 01-126.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Global Identity through Blockchain. International Webinar on Blockchain. Scholars Park, India, 01-60.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Self Sovereign Identities. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 01-78.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Samostoqtel'nye lichnosti: Cifrowaq identifikaciq s ispol'zowaniem blokchejna. Scienca Scripts, Russia, 01-108.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identidades auto-soberanas. Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento, Spain, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identidades de Soberania Própria. Edições Nosso Conhecimento, Portuguese, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identità auto sovrane. Edizioni Sapienza, Italy, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identités auto-souveraines. Editions Notre Savoir, France, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Souveräne Identitäten. Verlag Unser Wissen, Germany, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg R, 2022. A Technological Approach to Address Deficiencies in UID (Aadhaar). 3rd International Conference on Big Data, Blockchain and Security, Copenhagen Denmark.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Decentralized Transaction Mechanism based on Smart Contracts. 3rd International Conference on Blockchain and IoT, Sydney Australia.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Distributed Ecosystem for Identity Management. Journal of Blockchain Research. 1(1): 51-63.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Ethereum based Smart Contracts for Trade and Finance. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 16 (11): 619-629.","Rishabh Garg, 2023. Blockchain for Real World Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. US, 01-388."]}

Wy binne yn 'e midden fan in oare grutte revolúsje neamd BLOCKCHAIN, in ferspraat databank dy't ûnderhâldt in hieltyd groeiende list fan records, neamd blokken. Dit ynnovaasjelânskip fertsjintwurdiget mar 12 jier wurk troch in elite groep geeks, kryptografen en wiskundigen. Yn 'e kommende tiid sil blockchain elke minsklike efterfolging permeate, wêrtroch prosessen effisjint en tûk wurde. As it folsleine potensjeel fan dizze trochbraken yn 'e maatskippij realisearre wurdt, sille dingen stadichoan oars begjinne te barren - ynternasjonale jildtransfers sille flugger en betrouber wêze; ferifikaasje sil maklik wêze; identiteit sil wrâldwiid, desintralisearre wêze; en gjin persoan - oft administrator, manager, yndustrieel, start-up, wurkjouwer, tsjinstferliener, oplieding, studint of brûker, sil bliuwe ûnoantaaste. Fansels sil de wrâld dizze technology mei iepen earms moatte omearmje. Mei it each op dit is de auteur sterk fan betinken dat elke seksje fan 'e maatskippij bewust wurde moat fan blockchain, of it no is in opkommende technolooch, in start-up-entûsjast of in net-technyske brûker fan desintralisearre apps. Dit artikel, dat is extracted it boek, 'Blockchain for Real World Applications, skreaun troch Rishabh Garg en publisearre troch John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA , jout in yngeande begryp op it blockchain ekosysteem, arsjitektuer, Ethereum, Hyperledger en cryptocurrencies, folge troch in wiidweidige diskusje oer potinsjele gebrûk fan blockchain lykas kryptografy, cyberfeiligens, identiteitsbehear, credential ferifikaasje, wurksertifikaasje, sûnenssoarch, sûnensmonitoring op ôfstân, oargeltransplantaasje, genomics, farmaseutyske leveringsketen, iten en sivile foarrieden, ensfh. Live skermôfbyldings en byhearrende koade-sellen, foarsjoen tusken de tekst, sille de lêzers helpe om bankieren, bedriuw, desintralisearre finânsjes, foarsizzingsmerk, portefúljebehear, kwadratyske finansiering, crowdfunding, e-commerce ensfh te begripen mei in de novo oanpak. De ynhâld biedt in praktysk stap-wize meganisme foar elke lêzer om har eigen ynhâld-basearre opslachsysteem út te fieren. Us oanpak is om jo te helpen dizze revolúsjonêre technology te betsjinjen troch jo yn elk detail te yntrodusearjen. Mei dizze nije technology ûnder jo kontrôle kinne jo tagong krije ta de funksjes fan blockchain sa maklik as it operearjen fan in ienfâldige mobile app. Dus, doch mei oan 'e blockchain-revolúsje; learje hoe't jo desintralisearre applikaasjes ûntwikkelje kinne; en gean foarút op dyn leeftydsgenoaten., {"references":["Rishabh Garg, 2016. Generic Information Tracker. 2nd India International Science Festival, New Delhi India.","Rishabh Garg, 2017. Hi-Tech ID with Digital Tracking System, National Conference on Application of ICT for Built Environment.","Rishabh Garg, 2018. Digital ID with Electronic Surveillance System. Innovation registered with National Innovation Foundation, Autonomous Body of Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.","Rishabh Garg, 2018. Multipurpose ID: A Digital Identity to 1.34 Billion Indians. Ideate for India – Creative Solutions using Technology. National e-Governance Division, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India.","Rishabh Garg, 2019. Multipurpose ID: One Nation - One Identity, Annual Convention – Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). National Conference on Recent Advances in Energy, Science & Technology (39).","Rishabh Garg, 2020. Digital Identity and Access Management through Distributed Ledger Technology. Research Project, Department of Higher Education, Government of MP.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain based Decentralized Applications for Multiple Administrative Domain Networking. BITS – Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus India, 01-69.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain based Identity Solutions. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (In Press).","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Blockchain Ecosystem for Education and Employment Verification. 13th International Conference on Network & Communication Security, Toronto Canada.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Digital Identity Leveraging Blockchain. Barnes & Noble, Basking Ridge, New Jersey US, 01-124.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Distributed Framework for Real World Applications. Barnes & Noble, Basking Ridge, New Jersey US, 01-126.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Global Identity through Blockchain. International Webinar on Blockchain. Scholars Park, India, 01-60.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Self Sovereign Identities. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 01-78.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Samostoqtel'nye lichnosti: Cifrowaq identifikaciq s ispol'zowaniem blokchejna. Scienca Scripts, Russia, 01-108.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identidades auto-soberanas. Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento, Spain, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identidades de Soberania Própria. Edições Nosso Conhecimento, Portuguese, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identità auto sovrane. Edizioni Sapienza, Italy, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Identités auto-souveraines. Editions Notre Savoir, France, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg, 2021. Souveräne Identitäten. Verlag Unser Wissen, Germany, 01-104.","Rishabh Garg R, 2022. A Technological Approach to Address Deficiencies in UID (Aadhaar). 3rd International Conference on Big Data, Blockchain and Security, Copenhagen Denmark.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Decentralized Transaction Mechanism based on Smart Contracts. 3rd International Conference on Blockchain and IoT, Sydney Australia.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Distributed Ecosystem for Identity Management. Journal of Blockchain Research. 1(1): 51-63.","Rishabh Garg, 2022. Ethereum based Smart Contracts for Trade and Finance. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 16 (11): 619-629.","Rishabh Garg, 2023. Blockchain for Real World Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. US, 01-388."]}