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A large Brazilian agribusiness lender introduces a new contracting technology: grain warehouses. Using runner-up warehouse locations as a control group, I find that lenders' access to these warehouses permits a new debt contract, i.e. a barter credit repayable in grain, increases borrowers' debt capacity and lowers borrowing costs. The effects are stronger when price insurance is important, for municipalities with weaker courts, and for financially-constrained borrowers. Overall, evidence suggests that creditors alter their organizational design to mitigate credit market imperfections.

Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya.Methods: Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis.Results: Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermore, the species is under threat from new diseases and habitat alteration triggered by climate change.Conclusion: Founded on the current state of knowledge, there is a need for institutional development, strengthening institutional linkages, and promoting regional cooperation among Mithun rearing countries for further research and development of this unique cattle.

The article was submitted on 08.11.2021. В первой половине XIX в. чай стал важнейшим товаром в кяхтинской торговле, составляя более 90 % от общего объема импорта. Россия увеличила импорт чая, чтобы удовлетворить растущий спрос. Одновременно страна увеличила экспорт меха, шерсти и хлопка. Британская торговля с Китаем в Гуанчжоу велась путем обмена чая на контрабандный опиум. Когда династия Цин попыталась искоренить торговлю опиумом, Великобритания развязала две войны и узаконила его торговлю. В статье показано, что незаконная торговля опиумом и военные провокации Великобритании оказали значительное влияние на политику, экономику и общество Китая, а также предопределили упадок кяхтинской торговли. Запрещенный опиум стал монопольным товаром для англичан, а экспортные товары России – за исключением серебра – не могли с ним конкурировать. Незаконная продажа опиума Великобританией увеличила его потребление в Китае. Это снизило покупательную способность китайцев, ухудшив условия сбыта российской экспортной продукции. В итоге именно торговля опиумом привела к дефициту серебра и повышению стоимости серебряных монет в Китае. Китайские купцы предпочитали серебро или серебряные монеты другим товарам при торговле с Россией. В результате российское правительство одобрило обмен серебра, фактически положив конец бартерной торговле через Кяхту. During the first half of the nineteenth century, tea became an essential commodity in the Kyakhta trade, accounting for over 90 % of total imports. Russia increased tea imports to address its growing demand for tea. The country handled the increasing tea imports by simultaneously increasing the exports of fur, wool, and cotton. British trade with China in Guangzhou was for smuggled opium in exchange for tea. When the Qing dynasty attempted to eradicate opium trade, the UK waged two wars and legalised the opium trade. The UK’s illegal opium trade and military provocations had a significant impact on China’s politics, economy, and society, as well as a decisive impact on the decline of the Kyakhta trade. Opium, which was banned, became a monopoly product for the British, and Russia’s export products — except for silver — could not compete with opium. The UK’s illegal sale of opium increased China’s opium consumption. Consequently, this reduced the purchasing power of the Chinese, worsening the sales conditions of Russian export products. In the end, the opium trade led to a shortage of silver and an increase in the value of silver coins in China. Chinese merchants preferred silver or silver coins to other products when trading with Russia. As a result, the Russian government approved the exchange of silver, effectively ending barter trade throughout Kyakhta. This work was supported by the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund (of 2022) and the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017S1A6A3A03079318).

This article outlines the nature of exchange relations between members of the so-called Number Gangs in South Africa. Transactions between these township-based members changed after apartheid with ...

El objetivo fue analizar las expresiones económicas, políticas y culturales de las mujeres que integran el Tianguis autogestivo, feminista y disidente de la ciudad de Oaxaca, México. La investigación es cualitativa y se sustenta en las técnicas de los estudios etnográficos. El tianguis se forma por la pérdida de empleos que trajo consigo la pandemia del COVID-19 y recupera la forma original de la organización del mercado al concentrar físicamente a productores y compradores, donde el dinero como medio de intercambio se va sustituyendo paulatinamente por el trueque. El sistema hegemónico, capitalista y patriarcal extiende su dominio de manera sutil e imperceptible en la sociedad, se construye de abajo hacia arriba, pero también muestra el carácter intolerante y represivo del poder institucional, sólo así es posible explicar que las autoridades del municipio de Oaxaca desalojaran y recuperaran de manera violenta el espacio público ocupado por las tianguistas. Las mujeres han tenido que colocarse en resistencia y adoptar una posición política ante la falta de acuerdos con las autoridades municipales para poder continuar con el intercambio y venta de sus mercancías.

We are already witnessing the emergence of a new economic paradigm - the sharing economy - that will radical transform way of life of society. The new economic paradigm is based on the values of a post-modern society - the imperative of sustainable development models, the growth of meaningful consumption and the development of new types of solidarity. The diversity of business and non-profit sharing services is a result of the growing areas of the sharing economy, the improvement of the technological infrastructure. The sharing economy takes place in organized systems or networks, in which participants conduct sharing activities in the form of renting, lending, trading, bartering, donation and swapping of different physical and non-material resources. The sharing economy framework is an "umbrella" concept. This approach generates not only problems (statistical accounting, regulation, etc.), but has benefits. "Flexible" methodologies that focus on the process of changing sharing practices provide great opportunities for understanding current socio-economic changes and making trustworthy forecasts. Global and country-specific factors determinate the development of sharing projects. Specific factors can include specific tax regimes; expansion of foreign digital platforms that popularize the culture of sharing, socio-cultural practices of non-market exchanges that have developed in countries, which are easily transferred and scaled from an offline to an online, etc. Russian authorities provide the best competitive conditions for sharing services, increase participants' trust, provide information support and promotion. The lack of state support for some sharing sector (in Russia – foodsharing and crowdfunding) leads to a slower its development.

The power system reforms worldwide have commoditized electric energy and thus the electricity market has been developed. With this, trading of electric energy takes place in various time-domain like the day ahead, real-time, etc. These transactions take place through over the counter (OTC) or Power Exchange (Px) which provide to the market participants the required platform and payment security. The transactions on OTC and Px requires a third-party platform and guarantee for contract & settlement, there incurs overhead cost. Since electric energy is a fungible commodity, it can be transacted very well with the old system like barter. Energy Banking is one such mechanism wherein one utility supplies the energy to another utility that need it more and in leisure, the energy can then be provided back. The requisite security of the transactions can be provided by blockchain technology. Energy banking is presently being done only on MW quantum basis with no price tag despite the cost being dependent on the demand-supply ratio. To ensure energy banking transactions in real-time and free from the perils of financial settlements, this article suggests the use of the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model of blockchain technology for executing Smart Contracts mutually agreed upon by both parties and avoiding third parties overhead costs. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-03-03 Full Text: PDF

International audience; Mathematical programming formulations are developed for determining chains of organ-donation exchange pairs in a compatibility graph where pairwise exchanges may fail. The objective is to maximize the expected value where pairs are known to fail with given probabilities. In previous work, namely that of Dickerson et al. (Manag Sci 65(4):323–340, 2019) this NP-hard problem was solved heuristically or exactly only for limited path lengths. Although the problem appears highly nonlinear, we formulate it as a mixed-integer linear program. A computationally tractable layered formulation that approximately solves larger instances is also proposed and a computational study is presented for evaluating the proposed formulations.

Medieval Arab traders, bartering for forest products with indigenous tribes along the unending coastlines of the Malesian archipelago were first to recognise the value of the magnificent dipterocarps, for their camphor-bearing resin which they introduced to the Middle east and therefrom to Europe. Knowledge grew, and then value in international trade, reaching its peak over the last half century when, for a time, their timber comprised the leading hardwood on international markets. Now all but exhausted, the majority of the lowland forests they dominated are threatened with destruction, and their species with extinction. Their history in science and the market is reviewed, and unanswered research questions identified. Priorities in conservation methods and policies are emphasised. But time is short, as their existence retreats into the realm of paleontology: A warning to future researchers in systematics and ecology, and for the continued funding of their institutions.

Until recently, silence has shrouded the experience of sexual abuse of and sexual barter by Jewish adolescent boys during the Holocaust. Nate Leipciger’s memoir, The Weight of Freedom, published by...

PurposeThe study uses the case of an online-mediated barter economy that proliferated during the COVID-19 crisis to highlight Indigenous notions of barter, trade and exchange.Design/methodology/approachA netnographic approach was employed which involved collecting online posts and comments which were stored and analysed in NVivo. This was supplemented with field notes and reflections from authors with an intimate knowledge of the context. These were analysed thematically. The overall methodology is inspired by decolonising methodologies that seek to restore the agency of Indigenous Peoples in research towards self-determination.FindingsFindings suggest that during and beyond the crisis, social media (a new means) is being used to facilitate barter and determinations of/accounting for value within. This is being done through constant appeals to, and adaptation of, tradition (old ways). Indigenous accounting is therefore best understood as so through Indigenous accountability values and practices.Originality/valueThis paper propose a re-orientation of accounting for barter research that incorporates recent debates between the disciplines of economics and anthropology on the nature of barter, debt and exchange. The authors also propose a re-imagining of accounting and accountability relations based on Indigenous values within an emerging online barter system in Fiji during COVID-19 as “old ways and new means” to privilege Indigenous agency and overcome excessive essentialism.

One of the impacts of COVID-19 is that communities have looked for alternative means of survival as the market economy went into a major crisis and people lost their jobs For many communities in the Pacific Islands, who have relied largely on the market economy over the years, this means falling back on their communal way of life which has provided resilience for centuries The revival of various forms of communal capital such as kinship exchange, subsistence farming and strengthening of social solidarity have become features of this bourgeoning moral economy In the post-COVID era, there needs to be a major rethinking of how community-based moral economies can be mainstreamed as assurance for resilience and as a responsive mechanism against future economic calamities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Cultural Dynamics is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

The author analyzes features of inclusion of large enterprises of the agro-industrial complex into the market economy, the role of power structures in this process, and also economic results of agricultural producers. The problem is revealed through the case of the Novosibirsk region mainly on the basis of narrative sources drawn from the regional newspaper «Sovetskaya Sibir». The author also uses normative and statistical materials. It is concluded that the policy of forced formation of new types of commercial farms based on collective and state farms and competitive market relations between them did not achieve predicted results and contributed to the crisis in agricultural production. Operating in unfavorable economic conditions, enterprises resorted to barter deals, created their own processing industries, passed into administrative subordination to large industrial organizations. Activities of processing enterprises were complicated by the reduced purchasing capacity of the population, a lower volume of supplies of high-quality agricultural raw materials to the market, and competition with food producers from other regions.

The presence of money has become an important part of people's daily lives, as well as the purchasing power of the people as an important element in the smooth economic cycle. The emergence of money came from the development of transactions that initially used barter which was later replaced by currency as a medium of exchange for international trade. Money management can be done by the government by controlling money in the form of monetary policy. This policy was a benchmark for a country's economy, when the state was able to control money well, the people's economy was also prosperous. The qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. This article tried to provide views and discussion material to what extent the concept of monetary policy according to Al-Maqrizi and the implementation of his thinking was used in policymaking on people's purchasing power. The result of this research was that the concept offered by Al-Maqrizi was a concept of money that led to a moral, just, humane, and prosperous economy.The presence of money has become an important part of people's daily lives, as well as the purchasing power of the people as an important element in the smooth economic cycle. The emergence of money came from the development of transactions that initially used barter which was later replaced by currency as a medium of exchange for international trade. Money management can be done by the government by controlling money in the form of monetary policy. This policy was a benchmark for a country's economy, when the state was able to control money well, the people's economy was also prosperous. The qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. This article tried to provide views and discussion material to what extent the concept of monetary policy according to Al-Maqrizi and the implementation of his thinking was used in policymaking on people's purchasing power. The result of this research was that the concept offered by Al-Maqrizi was a concept of money that led to a moral, just, humane, and prosperous economy.

Since early nineties, Latvia has remained a net importer of agri-food products. At the same time, both exports and imports of agricultural commodities and processed food products has consistently grown, with total trade turnover increasing. The objective of the study is to determine the trends in development of barter terms of trade in Latvian agricultural commodities and food products. To reach the research objective, barter terms of trade indices were compiled with various levels of data aggregation over the period from 2002 to 2012. The research results in general show consistently higher terms of trade in agricultural commodities in comparison with terms of trade in processed food products. The differences exist between the terms of trade for the same products or product groups depending upon the level of aggregation. Trends in development of barter terms of trade indices for agricultural commodities and processed food products are different. In general, barter terms of trade for whole agri-food sector is not deteriorating. Key words: international trade, barter terms of trade, agricultural commodities, processed food products. JEL CODES: F60, Q17 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v14i3.865

The main features of international marketing as a tool to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise are considered in the article. Crisis phenomena of today's economy, long reforms of national production, the formation of a new information society and the emergence of information processes in the economy have led to the fact that future economic growth becomes possible only if the introduction and coordination of modern marketing and management tools for fuller implementation of foreign economic relations of the state, accurate consideration of production needs for domestic and foreign sales, coordination of export opportunities and import needs, providing for the production of competitive products, strengthening the impact on the international division of labor, international specialization and internationalization of production and, consequently, improving foreign economic activity . Thus, the development of marketing of international production and the movement of entrepreneurial capital cause uneven growth of economic potential of individual countries and regions. The transfer of production to certain countries leads to the fact that the shares of different groups of countries in the location of world industry do not coincide. Competition between TNCs distorts the system of international relations between the world economy. International marketing of exports and imports are two barter transactions, through which each country is organically connected with the external environment. These are components of the reproduction process, which must pass through foreign trade in order to ensure the stable creation, distribution and consumption of national GDP. The effect of international marketing of barter transactions or another country can get based on the scale of production. Foreign trade may not necessarily be mutually beneficial for all actors in the world market. Reproductive openness of the country when using international marketing depends on the availability of natural resources in the country - energy resources, raw materials for industry, food for the population. The level of reproductive openness of the state is higher, the higher the level of its technical and economic development and the smaller the value of its GDP and the availability of its own natural resources.

El contexto de crisis estructural que se ha agudizado a escala global en las últimas tres o cuatro décadas ha propiciado el surgimiento de prácticas y organizaciones sociales dedicadas a gestionar la satisfacción de necesidades al margen de los mercados convencionales, en un intento por generar comunidad y autonomía a través de la recuperación de las relaciones sociales, del medio ambiente y de la salud de la población, aspectos cada vez más afectados por el modelo de producción y consumo en masa actualmente dominante. La reciente proliferación de mercados alternativos, cooperativas de consumo, huertos comunitarios, clubes de trueque y otras propuestas que han surgido en ciudades como Guadalajara dan cuenta de las formas en que se construye cotidianamente, a partir de las decisiones de consumo, intercambio y autoaprovisionamiento, la utopía de un mundo mejor. A partir de un ejercicio de mapeo de actores de las economías alternativas de la ciudad se logró identificar la configuración de una red de espacios donde se promueven estas prácticas, así como los horizontes en los que se ancla su sentido.

In On the Origins of Money (1892), Carl Menger explains that in a barter situation, some commodities are more commonly demanded than others, are more saleable. In order to overcome the double coincidence of wants, people naturally begin trading their goods first for a more saleable good in order to then trade for their final objective. Menger (1892) describes it thus, «Men have been led, with increasing knowledge of their individual interests, each by his own economic interests, without convention, without legal compulsion, nay, even without any regard to the common interest, to exchange goods destined for exchange (their “wares”) for other goods equally destined for exchange, but more saleable.» Lud-wig von Mises restated the same insight in Human Action (1940), «[Money] is the most marketable good which people acquire be-cause they want to offer it in later acts of interpersonal exchange. Money is the thing which serves as the generally accepted and commonly used medium of exchange.» As ever more people discovered the advantages of using a more saleable good in indirect exchange, one commodity became increasingly adopted until it eventually became money, the most marketable of all goods, the good that can generally be traded for all other goods within the market. As Menger said (1892), «And so it has come to pass, that as man became increasingly conversant with these economic advantages… those commodities, which relatively to both space and time are most saleable, have in every market become the wares, which it is not only in the interest of every one to accept in exchange for his own less saleable goods, but which also are those he actually does readily accept.»

It’s well known that Carl Menger, one the most remarkable con-tributors on economic theory, and father of the Austrian School of Economics, devoted a great part of his career to research money origins. According to his studies, money, just as language and eco-nomics came from a spontaneous order, otherwise known as a creation of human interaction, yet not of human design. This means that money didn’t originate from a decree, neither was an invention of a king or governor, but it comes from the regular com-munication between individuals, to satisfy a need. Needless to be said, the necessity of exchange has continuously been present on mankind; facilitating the satisfaction of the infinite human desires. Yet coinage was not present in humanity until the VIth century B.C. in Europe and XVth century A.C. in America1 when Spaniards arrived. Then how could civilizations without a well-developed coinage system progress? The purpose of this paper is to prove and show how the Mayan monetary system could work with-out a coinage system, and how efficient this civilization was solving problems commonly found in barter and commodity money, which were their leading means in commerce.

This study aims to explain social change of post-conflict of the Wulandoni - Pantai Harapan community and what kind of cultural communication space should be built for sustainable reconciliation and peace. The two focus studies above have become very central in reading and analysing the reality of the conflict between the two villages. By using ethnographic method, this study found three things. First, the conflict between Wulandoni and Pantai Harapan villages is not a religious conflict. Even so, it cannot be denied that the discourse on religious conflict was quite developed at that time because the cultural and religious realities of the two villages were quite different. Second, the Wulandoni-Pantai Harapan conflict caused social change and the loss of kinship between the people, especially the loss of the Wulandoni barter market. Third, post-conflict reconciliation and peace efforts are immediately carried out thanks to the cultural and economic relations between the people on the south coast of Lembata Island. These social, economic and cultural kinship relationships are important pillars in creating peace and harmony between communities. This study also opens the discourse of reconciliation and peace based on local culture and economy in the south of Lembata Island.

The literature has documented two patterns of knowledge exchange: free sharing of knowledge and barter exchange. The former has been coined as collective invention, while the latter is observed in the form of R&D alliance. This study, for the first time, compares these two modes of cooperation in creating and diffusing new knowledge. Doing so, we take seriously the network character of knowledge and the skewed distribution of innovation size by proposing a novel model. In this model, knowledge is represented by distinct letters and words constructed thereof and accumulated by agents over time. Discovering new words agents recombine available knowledge pieces not randomly but following certain ideas, semi-definite structures on what words can be further constructed. We proceed by allocating agents in a network and allowing them to cooperate over direct ties either in a regime of collective invention or bilateral R&D alliances. We find networks with skewed degree distribution as most productive under R&D alliances and perfect IPR since they best concentrate scarce resources in discovering different knowledge combinations. In contrast, under collective invention and imperfect IPR, clustered networks better diffuse valuable ideas and knowledge resulting in the overall superior performance. Furthermore, under imperfect IPR, collective invention raises the inequality in payoffs among agents in networks with skewed degree distribution but reduces it for clustered topologies. The latter brings a novel explanation on why industries in the past have experienced a shift in the dominant pattern of knowledge exchange.

Direct marketing is one form of marketing that companies choose to be able to reach potential clients more quickly. This study describes the Direct Marketing Strategy of Outdoor Media Advertising Services at PT Warna Warni Media Jakarta. The research was conducted from February to April 2017 using qualitative research methods. PT Warna Warni Media, as a company engaged in outdoor media advertising services, markets its products directly. PT Warna Warni Media Jakarta has two direct marketing channels in marketing the company's products, namely through face-to-face contact with an Account Executive assisted by direct mail by Marketing Support. Over the past three months, the Direct Marketing Team has succeeded in closing deals 67 times out of 132 negotiations that have been conducted. The success of the company's direct marketing cannot be separated from the form of promotion it provides, in the form of discount, bartering and sponsorship programs

Tea, one of the oldest beverages, moisturises and soothes the throat and promotes the health and fitness of the human body. Apart from these advantages, tea is also a carrier of culture that has endured the passage of time. Tea is native to China, and Chinese tea culture, as a precious form of ethnocultural heritage, has made important contributions to global tea culture as well. Barter trade has been an important means of exchange in tea culture, and the way of bartering and the subjective and objective factors involved in the trade process have had significantly different cultural impacts. This study on the connection between the barter trade and the development of tea culture, using case studies from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China—with special reference to the time of the Opium Wars—helps to further explore the Chinese tea culture and comprehend its development in the contemporary world.

Barter and commodity markets have been ubiquitous throughout history, suggesting that humans are good at exploiting profitable exchange opportunities. This paper studies our ability to trade through a developmental approach. We present a market experiment involving children who have not yet fully developed trading habits and are relatively unfamiliar with the concept of money. Namely, we ask 117 children aged 5 to 8 to trade in situations in which efficient market outcomes can either be achieved through simple barter or else necessitate the endogenous emergence of commodity money (trade requires transitory bookkeeping losses). We find that equilibrium outcomes are frequent (74% to 82% of subgroups depending on the treatment). Pareto efficient equilibrium outcomes occur in 82% of barter economies and 53% of commodity markets. Finally, 47% of children always trade efficiently. The results indicate that many young children can engage in profitable market exchanges.

En el siglo XIX surgió la economía social como resultado de la movilización de grupos de obreros que se organizaron para generar alternativas a los trabajos que desempeñaban en una búsqueda para contrarrestar las condiciones de explotación que vivían. De esta manera, comenzaron una serie de movilizaciones sociales para buscar condiciones laborales más dignas. Aunque las expresiones más conocidas de estos emprendimientos son las cooperativas o mutualidades, existen otros movimientos que se adhieren ideológicamente a las premisas de la economía social o economías alternativas como los espacios de trueque, los mercados o tianguis alternativos. En este sentido, en el presente artículo se expone un estudio cualitativo realizado en el Estado de Aguascalientes, México. La investigación se llevó a cabo en dos espacios distintos: 1) tianguis y mercados alternativos y 2) lugares con prácticas de trueque. Se utiliza como método la teoría fundamentada. Las categorías centrales identificadas son: 1) instrumentalización de las etiquetas, 2) perfil de quien participa, 3) espacios para difundir ideología y 4) alternativo . Se observa que estos espacios funcionan principalmente como una expresión de una adhesión ideológica donde el activismo es parte fundamental de estas prácticas.

Commerce, this has been an essential aspect of every individual’s life. The history of commerce dates back to the evolution of the human race on planet earth. It all started with a barter system where give and take was the policy. As and when the human race started to evolve loopholes in the system started to grow, and slowly but steadily, complexities started growing. Commercial aspects started gaining much relevance in peoples lives. People started dividing themselves geographically and started exchanging between two distinct geographies, as and when the divisions were made, there started differences in the thoughts as to how commercial activities are ought to be conducted. While few conflicted with each other, few were drawn on similar lines to ensure smooth commercial activities. Such commercial activities slowly started forming economies of the geographies, economists who defined the way economies have to be run with their theories grew in number. This paper draws differences and similarities between thoughts that arose between Indian and western country’s economists on commerce and economic activities over various time frames.

Trade encompasses a broad spectrum of economic activities, including reciprocal gifting, barter, redistribution, buying and selling, capitalistic or profit-driven trade, mercantilism, and various combinations of these idealized types. Keywords: cultural history; folkore and mythology; Judaism; popular belief; religious history; social history

“Home swapping” has become more accessible due to a global phenomenon, known as the sharing economy. Technological advancement has removed the barriers to international trade and members of home sw...

The aim of this study was to investigate how a multilateral barter system can contribute to the pharmaceutical industry’s sustainable development strategy. The methodological approach was qualitative based on semi structured interviews. It took place on a pharmaceutical industry context of barter projects which replaced the incineration of unexpired medications with their donation to needy people and in exchange received media for future advertising campaigns. The study identified socioenvironmental motivation as a driving factor behind the decision to implement barter projects, in addition to identifying new barriers such as organizational culture and bureaucracy.

Nas operações de troca os agentes envolvidos são os produtores, as cooperativas e as empresas fornecedoras (Traders). As cooperativas atuam como intermediárias permitindo a aproximação entre os agentes e minimizando o risco de crédito. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar um modelo de gerenciamento dos riscos dessas operações. Ele foi desenvolvido com base na literatura sobre protocolos de gerenciamento de riscos, resultando em um modelo híbrido que contempla a identificação, análise e possíveis estratégias de respostas aos riscos. O modelo foi aplicado em uma cooperativa agroindustrial e contemplou as perspectivas dos agentes envolvidos. Foi utilizada análise de conteúdo de entrevistas e documentos para identificação dos riscos. Também foi feita a análise dos riscos quanto à sua probabilidade de ocorrência e impacto, permitindo assim a criação de matrizes de riscos. Com isso, foi possível avaliar as estratégias de respostas aos riscos nas perspectivas do produtor, cooperativa e Trader. Os resultados contribuem para a disseminação da prática do gerenciamento de riscos em operações de troca no agronegócio.

Local food systems are frequently endorsed as an economic development strategy by local economic development practitioners serving rural communities and regions. However, from the limited data available, local food systems are more apparent and more fully developed in urban or peri-urban areas, while scholarship on rural food systems in and of themselves is lacking. What scholarship and data does exist suggests that people in rural places may participate in local food systems in different ways than what has been documented or observed in urban food systems, and that these systems may develop and spread in unique ways requiring new conceptions of intricate flows of locally produced foods, the social, ecological and economic benefits they may have, and the barriers and opportunities they present. We draw from three interrelated literatures – sustainable development, community capitals and rural wealth to conceptualize how the flow of locally produced foods through informal or undocumented channels can contribute to the sustainable development of rural places in the U.S. Through a series of 10 focus groups in the Midwest, we found that rural consumers participate in locally based food systems in distinctive ways that may bypass formal economic channels, such as self-provisioning; sharing and reciprocity; or informal cash or barter transactions. However, many of these forms of food system participation depend upon inclusion in social networks. We conclude that development of local food systems in rural areas will require renewed efforts to consider flows of community capitals from both informal and formal channels in the food system and investment in local food systems, not just in markets and regular economic exchanges. Moreover, as scholars we need to refine our understanding of the nature of food systems in rural areas, and develop new ways of thinking about how informal production-consumption arrangements can potentially contribute to rural development.

Learning outcomes The case describes the origins of money, touching on the gold standard, the Fed’s 1942 purchase of US debt to fund the “war effort”, Bretton Woods (1944), Nixon’s 1971 pulling the currency peg and descent of money from gold to fiat. It also touches on theories of inflation and deflation, quantitative easing (QE) post the 2008 crisis and the “swamp” of (unorthodox) modern monetary theory (MMT). Aside from providing a brief history of monetary policy and economics, the case study seeks to widen students’ understanding of key economic issues including: fiat money, QE, government funding mechanisms, taxation, economic stimulation, inflation/deflation – and of course, the need for an ombudsman to limit excess. Case overview/synopsis In May 2020, South Africa’s deputy finance minister David Masondo announced that he would support the South African Reserve Bank’s lending to the government. This statement followed President Ramaposa’s earlier announcement of a R500bn COVID-19 stimulus package. The case explores the economic history of money, from barter to gold to cryptos. The case examines the origins of central banks’ printing of money, initially to support the Second World War effort and more recently the 2008 global financial crisis and now the COVID-19 crisis. In particular, the case raises the question of central bank independence – “democratically elected governments always need money, is it appropriate for central banks provide it? And are there limits?” Complexity academic level MBA and Executive Education Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 1 Accounting and Finance.

The article deals with the problem of economics and logistics, which consists in the dominant role of financial institutions over producers and the secondary role of logistics. As a solution to this problem, a new concept of logistic barter is proposed; this excludes financial (monetary) relations between manufacturers. In the new concept, financial relations between producers will be replaced by LBP, a logistics barter provider. The instrument of the new provider is the E-integrator of E-technologies. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the concept of logistic barter will dominate the economy and research is needed on the basic foundations of the economy. It is known from the course of classical economic theory that the amount of money must be equal to the volume of production and increase proportionally. The money supply revolves in the stock market and then merges into the real economy under the pretext of “earned” money, and goods are bought. A striking example are the United States, but this is an exception, because the dollar is the world’s settlement currency and a measure of value in international exchange. Consequently, they print “candy wrappers” and buy goods from other countries, the balance remains within the country. The statistics show that the United States produces 20% of the world product and consumes 40%. It should be understood that the new theory of another economy based on logistic barter presupposes a developed infrastructure, i.e. a super-system of supply chain management based on LBP providers. In this case, the logistics barter will be the central unifying link, and the LBP provider will be the main operator. The reality and possible benefits of the logistic barter with an LBP provider and an operator in the form of an E-integrator on a scale of only Russia are 12 trillion rubles of “empty” turnover of money with percentages of “earnings” for the 2nd quarter of 2017! And on a global scale it will be a huge amount.

Located along Pakistan's central Asian margins, the high mountain region of Gilgit-Baltistan borders Afghanistan and India, and since 1969 has connected Pakistan to China. In this article, I argue that over the last 50 years, expanding forms of connectivity between Pakistan and China were localized in Gilgit-Baltistan through three processes: (1) from 1969, overland connectivity between Gilgit-Baltistan and western China has enabled Pakistan to imagine and project expansive ties—and geopolitical aspirations—that transcend the border areas where the cross-border trade was initially localized; (2) unfolding ties between the two countries were accompanied by new material exchanges: initially barter trade and regulated caravans, followed by private commerce in the mid-1980s and, finally, economic corridor development under the Belt and Road Initiative; and (3) Chinese investments in Pakistan were part of a new cycle of global accumulation. Concurrently, in the wake of transnational investments, local governance in Gilgit-Baltistan adopted neoliberal administrative measures: the prioritizing of investment capitalism, the privatization of public goods and services, and securitization.

Underutilized and neglected plant species have high nutritional value, but those in higher demand have overshadowed them; their role in achieving food security is not adequately understood. Food security is a critical issue in the context of the Chepang community that possesses immense knowledge on underutilized and neglected plant species and has been exploiting these crops traditionally from the very beginning. The survey was conducted with the objective of studying and investigating the use of these plant species in that community and accessing the role of them in assuring their food security. Siddhi VDC in Chitwan district was purposively selected as the study site. A total of 32 households were randomly chosen for the household survey conducted using a semi-structured interview structure. Relevant information was also collected through key informants’ interview. It was found that the food was unavailable for 3.2 months. Out of the total population, 75% of people exploit underutilized and neglected plant species to cope with the problem of food scarcity when the stored food grains are depleted, and new harvests are not available. Among them, 25% entirely depends on underutilized and neglected plant species, whereas remaining cope with the situation either by buying the food supplies from the market or by exchanging following barter system. The data obtained show that 84.4% of people depend on the thicket as a significant source of underutilized and neglected plant species. These plant species can play a vital role to transcend the unsecured food world into a secure world. Thus, there is a need to exploit the potential of these plant species to complement the staple crops so that the food security of the Chepang community can be improved.

Using the files from the Righteous Among the Nations Department at Yad Vashem, this article explores how Jewish women in German-occupied Eastern Europe used sexual barter with Gentile men, both non-Germans and Germans, to try to survive. It proposes that sexual barter be recognized as an expression of agency. Yet sexual barter has been stigmatized and corresponding testimonies largely excluded from the archives. Indications that sexual barter had been a motivation for saving Jews were not included in submissions for the award of the status of Righteous because the criteria for that honour require that nothing can have been received in return for saving a Jew. This essay seeks to problematize this rule, which misunderstands what it was like to live in hiding for both the rescued and the rescuers.

This article is a response to two crucial ideas about progressive institutional change: the first is J. Fagg Foster’s principle of “minimal social dislocation,” which asserts that socio-economic ch...

Resumen El derecho comercial a través de la historia no ha dado cuenta de la economía solidaria, lo que ha provocado una serie de equívocos conceptuales que impiden observar que existen otras formas de interacción mercantil que no están mediadas por el intercambio monetario exclusivamente y sin que se haga referencia al trueque como única forma cooperativa, ya que ello desconoce otras formas de relaciones de cambio, tales como la donación, o la producción responsable de productos solo dirigidos al cubrimiento de necesidades básicas y no a la acumulación mercantil. En estas nuevas modalidades que podemos encontrar como el Blockchain, redes, plataformas, Apps, y otras cadenas logarítmicas que pueden ayudar a construir intercambios no capitalistas, que a su vez permitan repensar la forma de producir y consumir de las sociedades modernas. Abstract Commercial law throughout history has not accounted for solidarity economy, which has led to a series of conceptual misunderstandings. These prevent us from observing that there are other forms of commercial interaction, which are not mediated by monetary exchange exclusively, and without being referred to barter as the only cooperative form since they do not recognize other forms of exchange relationships, such as donation, or responsible production of products. The latter are only aimed at the coverage of basic needs, and not to the commercial accumulation. In these new modalities, we can find Blockchain, networks, platforms, Apps, and other logarithmic chains, which can help build noncapitalist exchanges, which in turn, allow to reconsider the way of production and consumption of modern societies.

International audience; We review and analyze evidence for an evolutionary rooting of human economic behaviors and organization in non-human primates. Rather than focusing on the direct application of economic models that a priori account for animal decision behavior, we adopt an inductive definition of economic behavior in terms of the contribution of individual cognitive capacities to the provision of resources within an exchange structure. We spell out to what extent non-human primates’ individual and strategic decision behaviors are shared with humans. We focus on the ability to trade, through barter or token-mediated exchanges, as a landmark of an economic system among members of the same species. It is an open question why only humans have reached a high level of economic sophistication. While primates have many of the necessary cognitive abilities (symbolic and computational) in isolation, one plausible issue we identify is the limits in exerting cognitive control to combine several sources of information. The difference between human and non-human primates’ economies might well then be in degree rather than kind.

Trade on the Gold Coast in the eighteenth century was dominated by non-monetized barter trade. In this paper, a large dataset of barter transactions are used to study the social embeddedness of the...

The purpose of this article is to show the state of modern exchange relations in the wedding ceremonies of the peoples of Dagestan and to trace the variants of their transformation at different stages of the wedding. Ceremonies of wedding gift exchange of Dagestanis today have similar features with traditional customs and ceremonies. However, over time, under the influence of ethno-cultural and other processes, modern exchange relations within wedding customs have undergone certain transformations, adapting to the modern way of life of the people. It is known that exchange relations are the most archaic tradition of social life of any nation, originating in ancient times. It is believed that the traditions of gift exchange were created to preserve existing or create new kinship and social relations within or between communities. However, in recent years, its main functions are increasingly becoming a thirst for profit, i.e., gift exchange acquires utilitarian functions. Many of the symbolic wedding gifts of the past have now been replaced by money, and their value is increasing every year. Since the post-Soviet period, the expressed interest and return of the peoples of Dagestan to their traditional customs and rituals (including wedding) can be traced. However, the moral and ethical side of these customs remained in the past. To solve these problems and facilitate the wedding (reduce costs) and all its stages, it is necessary to introduce into modern rites of wedding gift exchange reasonable ethical standards to regulate these rituals. It is necessary to rethink the current traditional customs of gift exchange, bringing material and moral damage to the family, to choose and preserve the most important of them, corresponding to the modern way of life of Dagestanis, discarding unnecessary and irrelevant rituals.

There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore an alternative Islamic monetary system in which money is created from supply chain grassroots based on work effort and is accessible to people as long as they offer goods and services demanded by others. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the critical realism approach and highlights the challenges with the present monetary system. It also proposes to address these challenges through an alternative monetary system in which money creation starts from the grassroots of the supply chain. The proposed system extends the real-world complementary currency concept of barter to a holistic electronic trading platform, which includes chain barter alternatives, licensed warehouses and electronic warehouse receipts within the Islamic microfinance practice, thereby facilitating cross-border trade and international trade payments. An electronic currency, valued at the worth of goods produced in the supply chain, is introduced as the medium of exchange. Findings The problem with past monetary systems can be addressed through current information technology and supply chain management to enable a monetary system and money creation based on real economic transactions. Originality/value This study proposes an alternative monetary system, which is only possible by harnessing supply chain management with money creation. The proposed monetary system may be considered, should the present system fail or need to be improved.