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A 2 K heat exchanger is essential for 2 K superfluid helium cryogenic systems, as it increases cooling capacity and improves overall system efficiency. The thermal performance of a 2 K heat exchanger is affected by many factors, such as fluid properties, operating conditions, and geometric parameters. The segmented effectiveness-NTU method approach is used to design the heat exchanger because the physical prosperities of helium vary significantly in the heat exchanger's working temperature, which greatly influences heat transfer characteristics. Meanwhile, the response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the heat exchanger. The optimum combination of geometry parameters is found based on thermal performance and fabrication. According to analyses of single and multiple geometric characteristics by RSM, the tube diameter and fin number have the most significant impact on the heat exchanger performance. Finally, the performance of the heat exchanger is verified experimentally. The experimental results are in good agreement with the present design and optimization model.

Only 3% of thyroid cancers are medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs), the rest are follicular epithelial cell derived non-MTCs (NMTCs). A dysfunctional INK4-CDK4-RB pathway is detected in most of NMTCs. DNA repair defects and genome instability are associated with NMTC dedifferentiation and aggressiveness. Whether inactivation of the INK4-CDK4-RB pathway induces NMTCs and how differentiation of NMTC cells is controlled remain elusive. In this study, we generated p18Ink4c and Brca1 singly and doubly deficient mice as well as p16Ink4a and Brca1 singly and doubly deficient mice. By using these mice and human thyroid carcinoma cell lines, we discovered that loss of p18Ink4c, not p16Ink4a, in mice stimulated follicular cell proliferation and induced NMTCs. Depletion of Brca1 alone or both p16Ink4a and Brca1 did not induce thyroid tumor. Depletion of Brca1 in p18Ink4c null mice results in poorly differentiated and aggressive NMTCs with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) features and enhanced DNA damage. Knockdown of BRCA1 in thyroid carcinoma cells activated EMT and promoted tumorigenesis whereas overexpression of BRCA1 inhibited EMT. BRCA1 and EMT marker expression were inversely related in human thyroid cancers. Our finding, for the first time, demonstrates that inactivation of INK4-CDK4-RB pathway induces NMTCs and that Brca1 deficiency promotes dedifferentiation of NMTC cells. These results suggest that BRCA1 and p18INK4C collaboratively suppress thyroid tumorigenesis and progression and CDK4 inhibitors will be effective for treatment of INK4-inactivated or cyclin D-overexpressed thyroid carcinomas.

This study aims to collect multisource data from a large sample of Hong Kong undergraduates and their friends to examine the self-other agreement and predictive validity of trait moral pride and hubris.

A crowdsourced data analysis project examining whether soccer referees are more likely to give red cards to dark skin toned players than light skin toned players

This experiment examines the impact of positive and negative affect on trust toward doctors over time.

This experiment examines how expressions of moral pride and hubris affect interpersonal perceptions and status conferral.

Recent research on moral development has documented preliminary evidence for the divergent psychological correlates of moral pride and hubris using samples of schoolchildren and adolescents (e.g., Etxebarria et al., 2014; Krettenauer & Casey, 2015; Pascual et al., 2020). This study sets out to extend this work by examining the nomological network of moral pride and hubris and exploring their divergent moral consequences on an adult sample.

This study aims to extend our previous studies by directly manipulating the emotional experience of moral pride and hubris to examine their causal impacts on intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes. Specifically, we expect that experimentally induced moral pride and hubris would shape subsequent moral behavior through activating altruistic vs. egoistic concerns. Moreover, we will use a two-stage design (e.g., Scopelliti et al., 2015; Wubben et al., 2012) to obtain interpersonal reactions to written expressions of moral pride and hubris from a matched sample of participants.

This study investigates how virtue signaling affects virtue signalers' status self-perceptions and subsequent moral disengagement, particularly in the forms of dehumanization and attribution of blame, with an experimental design.

This experiment examines the causal impacts of discrete positive affects—that is, optimism and relaxedness, on trust toward doctors over time.

In this study, we extend our previous studies by investigating the mediating role of desire for tight norms in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and preference for leader profiles.

We aim to examine how people's exposure to the Covid-19 pandemic affect their preferences for leadership profiles based on virtue, competence, and dominance. In short, we predict that the severity of the pandemic in people's local community and their perceived situational threat due to the pandemic will increase their preference for a leader profile with high virtue and competence, and moderate to high dominance.

Four inorganic-organic hybrid octa-Cu cluster sandwiched polyoxotungstates (POTs), [Cu8(H2O)2(en)4(B-α-H2SiW9O34)2] (1), [Cu8(H2O)2(en)4(B-α-H2GeW9O34)2] (2), K2[Cu8(en)4(B-α-HSiW9O34)2]·6H2O (3), and K2[Cu8(en)4(B-α-HGeW9O34)2]·2H2O (4) (en = ethylenediamine), were hydrothermally made and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Structure analysis reveals that the polyoxoanion of 1/2 is a discrete dimer built by two trivalent Keggin [B-α-XW9O34]10- (X = Si/Ge) fragments and one octa-Cu cluster, whereas 3 and 4 display a two-dimensional network built by octa-Cu-sandwiched POT units via substitution of coordinated water on polyanions of 1 and 2 and further expand into a three-dimensional framework via K cation bridges. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra reveal that 1-4 are potential semiconductor materials. Moreover, its visible light-driven catalytic H2 evolution activity, electrochemical properties, catalysis for oxygenation reactions of thioethers, and magnetic behaviors have been investigated in detail.

This study investigates the interpersonal implications of moral pride and hubris among acquaintances, beyond the thin-slicing and zero-acquaintance context. It thus enables us to examine the role of perceived moral consistency in shaping the virtue route to status in the long term. In addition, we examine whether expressions of moral hubris could lead to status via the dominance route, as we speculated earlier, and explore whether an actor’s gender could impact the interpersonal implications of moral pride and hubris.

MBLS10A-200 magnesium-lithium (Mg-Li) alloy is a novel ultralight material, with the density, tensile strength and elongation rate of 1.5 g/cm3, 160 MPa and 60%, respectively. At present, the material is increasingly widely applied in structures with complex shapes of various fields such as aeronautics, astronautics and electronic engineering. At present, the industrial circle has put forward increasingly urgent demand for the welding technique of MBLS10A-200 alloy and the protection technology for corrosion resistance of the welded joints of the alloy. However, related research is rarely reported. Laser welding of MBLS10A-200 Mg-Li alloy with 5 mm in thickness was studied to further obtain the butt joint, with the elongation rate of about 54% and the same strength as base metal (BM). Moreover, the corrosion resistance of laser welded joint was detected by using electrochemistry method. During the experiment, it can be found that the corrosion resistance of metals in the welded seam zone (WSZ) was far higher than that of the BM. The corrosion current density of metals in WSZ was about 10-5 A/cm2, which declined by two orders of magnitude compared with BMs which were about 10-7 A/cm2 and the charge transfer resistance of welded seam zone increased by 4.8 times compared with BMs.

In Part Ⅰ of this series, it can be found that the corrosion resistance of metals in the welded seam zone (WSZ) was far higher than that of the base metal (BM) of MBLS10A-200 Mg-Li alloy. Therefore, the feasibility of improving the corrosion resistance of MBLS10A-200 Mg-Li alloy through laser surface melting (LSM) was further explored. Meanwhile, laser shock peening (LSP) treatment was also used for contrast. The results showed that the surface melted zone with the corrosion resistance through LSM superior to that of metals in WSZ of MBLS10A-200 alloy through laser welding can be prepared by controlling heat input through increasing the scanning speed of laser beam, while LSP has limited impact on the electrochemical corrosion resistance of MBLS10A-200 alloy. The corrosion current density (Jcorr) of the samples subjected LSM declined by two orders of magnitude compared with the base metal (BM) while the charge transfer resistance increased by 17 times compared with BM. An analysis indicated that owing to the fast cooling rate during laser processing, the multi-phase microstructures (i.e. α phase, β phase and Li2MgAl) of BM were transformed into β single-phase microstructure in WSZ and surface melted zone. In this way, not only solid solution strengthening of the metals in WSZ was realized but also the micro-galvanic coupling generated due to the difference of electric potentials of multi-phase microstructures were reduced, thus improving the corrosion resistance of surface melted zone.

Additional file 9: Table S1. QC data of Ribo-seq and RNA-seq.

Additional file 17: Table S9. Characteristics of NSCLC patients recruited for analysis of SUVmax values of PCT-CT and DLAT IHC staining.

Additional file 15: Table S7. Enrichment results of genes with significant translation efficiency (TE) changes by KEGG analysis.

Additional file 12: Table S4. Genes with significant change in translation efficiency (TE) in PM2.5-exposed BEAS-2B cells.

Additional file 11: Table S3. Differentially expressed ribosome-associated mRNAs regulated by PM2.5 in BEAS-2B cells.

Additional file 18: Table S10. Primers and antibodies used in this study.

Additional file 16: Table S8. Results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on differentially expressed genes in translatome.

Additional file 13: Table S5. Enrichment results of differentially expressed mRNAs by KEGG analysis.

Additional file 14: Table S6. Enrichment results of differentially translated genes by KEGG analysis.

Additional file 10: Table S2. Differentially expressed mRNAs regulated by PM2.5 in BEAS-2B cells.

Biological applications of nanomaterials as delivery carriers have been embedded in traditional biomedical research for decades. Despite lagging behind, recent significant breakthroughs in the use of nanocarriers as tools for plant biotechnology have created great interest. In this Perspective, we review the outstanding recent works in nanocarrier-mediated plant transformation and its agricultural applications. We analyze the chemical and physical properties of nanocarriers determining their uptake efficiency and transport throughout the plant body.

Four inorganic-organic hybrid octa-Cu cluster sandwiched polyoxotungstates (POTs), [Cu

The discovery of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27) inhibitors has been an active area of research due to their great potential as herbicides for weed control. Starting from the binding mode of known inhibitors of HPPD, a series of HPPD inhibitors with new molecular scaffolds were designed and synthesized by hybridizing 2-benzoylethen-1-ol and isoindoline-1,3-dione fragments. The results of the in vitro tests indicated that the newly synthesized compounds showed good HPPD inhibitory activity with IC50 values against the recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana HPPD (AtHPPD) ranging from 0.0039 μM to over 1 μM. Most promisingly, compound 4ae, 2-benzyl-5-(5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4- carbonyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione, showed the highest AtHPPD inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 3.92 nM, making it approximately 10 times more potent than pyrasulfotole (Ki = 44 nM) and slightly more potent than mesotrione (Ki = 4.56 nM). In addition, the cocrystal structure of the AtHPPD-4ae complex was successfully resolved at a resolution of 1.8 A. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the two carbonyl groups of 2-benzoylethen-1-ol formed a bidentate chelating interaction with the metal ion, while the isoindoline-1,3-dione moiety formed pronounced π-π stacking interactions with Phe381 and Phe424. Moreover, water-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between Asn282 and the nitrogen atoms of the pyrazole ring of 4ae. The above results showed that the pyrazole-isoindoline-1,3-dione hybrid is a promising scaffold for developing HPPD inhibitors.

On the basis of the synergistic strategy of lacunary polyoxometalate structure-directing function and chiral ligand inducting role, two pairs of enantiomeric polyoxotungstates, (NH4)4(TMA)4[Zr4(μ3-O)2(l-/d-mal)2(B-α-HSiW10O37)2] (TMA = tetramethylammonium, mal = malate (C4H5O5); l-mal for 1a, d-mal for 1b) and (NH4)4(TMA)4[Zr4(μ3-O)2(l-/d-mal)2(B-α-PW10O37)2] (l-mal for 2a, d-mal for 2b), and a mesomeric polyoxotungstate, (NH4)3Na2K5[Zr4(μ3-O)2(l-mal)(d-mal)(B-α-SiW10O37)2] (3), were hydrothermally synthesized. 1a, 2a and 1b, 2b respectively exhibit 1-D 21 right- and left-hand helical chains formed by hydrogen-bonding interactions, and 3 forms a 3-D (3,10)-connected framework by Na+/K+ ions with {418.624.83}{43}2 topology. These homochiral compounds represent the first examples of enantiomerically pure ZrIV-substituted Keggin POMs. In this system, {Zr4(μ3-O)2(l-/d-mal)2} clusters transfer chirality from d- or l-mal to Keggin polyoxotungstate dimeric clusters, which was demonstrated by structural comparison between the homochiral architecture and mesomer as well as circular dichroism spectra of enantiomers. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra reveal that 1-3 are potential semiconductor materials. In addition, 1 and 2 exhibit second harmonic generation response with their response intensities of 0.8 times that of KDP.

BACKGROUND Consistent condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) is a key intervention in China's AIDS Control Program. Female sex workers (FSWs) in China are at increased risk for acquiring HIV/AIDS because of low knowledge about HIV transmission and inconsistent use of condoms, the grade of venues may play a role in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and consistent condom use of female sex workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 802 FSWs in 2016 in Fuyang, China. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess whether there is a need of different intervention services promotion of consistent condom use among FSWs in different-grade entertainment venues. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that knowledge scores of HIV transmission routes and peer education were associated with consistent condom use in large-size venues, while peer education was associated with consistent condom use in mid-size venues. Knowledge scores of HIV non-transmission routes, knowledge scores of AIDS prevention/control, and peer education were associated with consistent condom use in small venues. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that the strategies for strengthen interventions on health benefits of consistent condom use of FSWs should differ by size of venue.

Additional file 5. BRCA1 represses transcription of PDGFRβ and EMT-associated genes. SUM149 cells were transfected with pBabe-empty (Empty), pBabe-HA-BRCA1 (BRCA1-a), or pBabe-Myc-BRCA1 (BRCA1-b). Expression of genes indicated in the cells were determined by western blot (A) and qRT-PCR (B) 48 h after transfection.

Additional file 1. Primer sequence for accessing the occupancy of BRCA1 on the PDGFRβ locus.

Additional file 4 Loss of Brca1 activates Pdgfrβ-Pkcα signaling and EMT in mammary tumors. Mammary tumors spontaneously developed in p18-/- and p18-/-;Brca1MGKO mice were analyzed by western blot.

Additional file 6 Pharmaceutical inhibition of PDGFRβ or PKCα activity targets BRCA1 deficient human breast cancer cells. (A, B) HCC1937 (A) and T47D (B) cells treated with DMSO, PDGFR Inh III at 20 nM, or Ro-31-8220 at 35 nM for 24 h were analyzed by western blot. Due to the extremely low level of PDGFRβ and PKCα in T47D cells in comparison with that in HCC1937 cells (shown in Fig. 7b), longer exposure bands for T47D cells were shown in (B). N.S., non-specific band. (C) HCC1937 and T47D cells were treated with DMSO, PDGFR Inh III, or Ro-31-8220 at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and the number of viable cells was determined. Data are represented as mean ± SD of triplicates. *p

Additional file 3 Brca1-deficient mouse mammary tumors express high level of Pdgfrβ and are metastatic. (A) Representative immunostaining of a p16-/-;Brca1MGKO mammary tumor and its lung metastasis (M) with antibodies against Pdgfrβ (Green) and Ck14 (Red). Note the widely expressed Pdgfrβ in primary and metastasized tumors that are Ck14 positive. (B) Representative immunostaining of an additional p18-/-;Brca1MGKO mammary tumor.

Additional file 7. Expression of BRCA1 is inversely related with that of PDGFRβ and PKCα in human breast cancers. (A) Representative immunostaining analysis for serial human breast cancer sections. Antibodies used were indicated. (B) Immunostaining results for individual tumor in (A). +/−, 70%.

Additional file 4: Supplemental Table 1. Brain areas and their abbreviations in the AAL-90 atlas.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Genomic features of S. obliquus AS-6-11 using MECAT and SMRT Portal. (DOCX 14 kb)

Additional file 2: Supplemental Fig. 2. The altered nodal shortest path length and nodal clustering coefficient between SCD and HC. A. The SCD group showing significantly decreased nodal shortest path length in thirteen brain regions; B. The SCD group showing significantly increased nodal clustering coefficient in sixteen brain regions; Abbreviations: SCD, subjective cognitive decline; HC, healthy control; The color bar represents the label of brain regions in AAL-90 atlas.

Additional file 3: Supplemental Fig. 3. Relationships between altered network metrics and biomarkers in the HC group. No significance was found between the CSF Aβ1–42 and the nodal strength of PHG.L (r = 0.197, P = 0.345) (A), nodal global efficiency of the TPOsup.R (r = 0.069, P = 0.744) (B) and nodal local efficiency of the IFGoperc.R (r = − 0.046, P = 0.826) (C) in the HC group. Abbreviations: HC, healthy control; PHG.L, left parahippocampal gyrus; TPOsup.R, right temporal pole-superior temporal gyrus; IFGoperc.R, right inferior frontal gyrus-opercular part; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ, amyloid-β.

Additional file 3: Figure S1. The pairwise heatmap of the overlapping cluster numbers between the pair-wise genomes. (DOCX 55 kb)

Additional file 5: Supplemental Table 2. The comparison of nodal properties between HC and SCD. The SCD group showed significantly increased nodal strength in the right superior frontal gyrus and the bilateral medial temporal lobe (P