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Objectives: To provide reference values for haematological indices in Spanish adolescents according to age and gender. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in five Spanish cities was performed. Blood was drawn from a representative sample of 581 adolescents with age ranging from 13 to 17-18.5 yr. Age- and gender-specific means, standard deviations and percentiles were determined for the following parameters: total red blood cell counts (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit percentage (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width and total white blood cell (WBC) counts as well as counts and percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils; platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume and plateletcrit percentage. Results: Younger male subjects presented lower RBC, Hb, Hct and MCV means that their older counterpart. By contrast these differences were not observed in female subjects. As expected, RBC, Hb and Hct mean values in males were found significantly higher than in girls for all studied age groups. No significant differences were observed in WBC by age and gender. PLT values gradually decreased with age, except for females aged 17-18.5 yr. Conclusion: The present study provides reference data on the distribution of haematological indices of Spanish adolescents. These data can be useful biomarkers of the nutritional status in adolescents. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S., The AVENA study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 00 ⁄ 0015) This study was also supported by the Spanish Ministry ofEducation (AP2003-2128).

Editors Belén Alonso y Gemma Ercilla.-- 24 pages, 15 figures, El sector Oeste del Sistema Turbidítico del Magdalena (Mar Caribe) ha sido estudiado en detalle con técnicas acústicas que comprenden la sonda multi-haz EM-12, la sonda paramétrica de muy alta resolución TOPAS y el sistema acústico de alta resolución cañones de aire. Los datos obtenidos revelan que los elementos morfoestructurales y morfosedimentarios que conforman la arquitectura estratigráfica reciente de este sistema turbidítico son los siguientes: crestas morfológicas, depósitos de flujos en masa, complejos de canal-dique y ondas de sedimento. Los procesos geológicos activos hoy en día son los procesos tectónicos, los procesos gravitativos y los procesos asociados a corrientes de fondo. Los procesos tectónicos son responsables de la formación de crestas morfológicas en el sector Oeste, que representan el frente de deformación asociado con la interacción de las placas del Caribe y de Sudamérica. Los procesos gravitativos, que actúan en toda la zona de estudio, ocurren en el frente de deformación en forma de deslizamientos, flujos en masa y flujos turbidíticos. Asimismo, la actuación de flujos en masa ha dado lugar a la formación de tres grandes áreas con depósitos de flujos en masa que se extienden desde el talud continental superior hasta el talud continental inferior, mostrando una distribución radial. Las corrientes de fondo son responsables de la formación de un campo de ondas de sedimento en la parte distal del talud continental superior y en el talud continental inferior. En el pasado, además de estos procesos geológicos, los procesos gravitativos en forma fundamentalmente de flujos turbidíticos desarrollaron complejos de canal-dique. El desarrollo de estos complejos estuvo controlado por las áreas fuente y por la tectónica, los cuales gobernaron sus migraciones laterales. Estos complejos han sido destruidos total o parcialmente por los flujos en masa, y retrabajados por las corrientes de fondo que modifican su morfología original. No obstante, los complejos de canal-dique que no han sido totalmente destruidos pueden permanecer localmente activos debido a que los flujos en masa que destruyen sus diques pueden llegar a circular por el fondo del canal a lo largo de un segmento de su trayectoria

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The GEBRA '93 (Geological Evolution of the Bransfield Basin) survey was carried out in December 1993 in the Bransfield Strait (NW Antarctic Peninsula) and adjacent areas, onboard BIO Hespérides. The geophysical data acquired allow to characterize the morphostructure, sediment cover and magnetic anomalies of the SW-NE trending Central Bransfield Basin. Some transverse shifts and tresholds, together with alongbasin volcanic alignments, complicate the morphology and seismic structure of what otherwise would have been a long, continuous axial trough opened on a crust under extension. A major submarine valley, named Gebra Valley has also been identified, Sí

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Objectives: Published data about the association between the consumption of sweetened soft-drinks (SSD) and obesity in childhood are controversial and still inconsistent. In addition, data are lacking in the Spanish population. The purpose of this study was therefore, to explore the cross-sectional association between body composition-related parameters and SSD consumption in Spanish adolescents. Subjects and methods: A representative sample of 1,523 adolescents (768 boys and 755 girls), with complete dietary data as well as anthropometric measurements, were included in this study. Weight, height, waist circumferences, and 6 skinfolds were measured, and BMI and percentage body fat were calculated. From a 24h dietary recall the subjects were grouped in 3 groups according to their SSD consumption: 1) Non-consumers (0 g of SSD consumption); 2) Moderate consumption (< 336 g/day of SSD, equivalent to the average SSD portion size); and 3) High consumption (> 336 g/day of SSD). Results: 67% males and 75% females did not consume any SSD the day before the dietary recall interview. Males consumed more SSD than females. Regarding the association between SSD consumption and measures of obesity, no difference was observed between the three groups of SSD consumption in any of the anthropometric measurement, BMI or body fat. Conclusion: As no association was present between SSD consumption and obesity in our cross-sectional study we suggest that dietary patterns and habits as well as lifestyle factors such as physical activity should be present when examining cross-sectional or longitudinal relationships with obesity. Multidisciplinary intervention studies are crucial when trying to develop solutions against the increasing obesity epidemic.