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Research in management and related fields offers different answers to questions about how partial state ownership in large infrastructure projects (projects) affects overall investment risk. In this chapter, we review those answers and their underlying theoretical assumptions. We then offer our own answer hinging on two factors: the extent of state ownership in a project and the institutional stability of state policies where that project is announced, financed, constructed, and operated. Our answer proposes that state ownership generally increases investment risk unless there is low state policy stability in the host country where the project is located. Then, substantial but noncontrolling minority state ownership provides a second-best assurance against detrimental policy changes and decreases investment risk. We document empirical support for our proposition through analyses of state ownership and investment risk in 1190 projects announced but awaiting financing in 91 countries from 1990–2007. Regression and related empirical analyses indicate that minority state ownership reduces the likelihood that financing will be significantly delayed for projects located in host countries with low policy stability. Partial state ownership signals assurance against detrimental policy changes, but also possible interference under existing policies. Our study demonstrates the limited circumstances when the assurance signal dominates and partial state ownership acts as a helping rather than hindering hand to private investors and the projects they fund and govern.

SUMMARY: At Texas Health Resources, the well-being of our patients, our workforce, and our communities has long been at the core of who we are and the driving force behind business decisions, employee interactions, programs, practices, and the patient care we deliver. It is in our DNA, from our vision "to partner with you for a lifetime of health and well-being" to Our Texas Health Promise: Individuals Caring for Individuals, Together. That solid foundation-always the basis of our business preparations-made it possible for us to weather the challenges brought by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prepare ourselves for what comes next, emerging stronger and with sustained energy to transform the enterprise on the other end.

We develop novel theory and empirical evidence on multilatinas to understand the determinants of their choice between acquisitions in developed countries (“Northern” acquisitions) and in developing countries (“Southern” acquisitions). We theorize that multilatinas will be more likely to engage in Northern or Southern acquisitions based on distinct firm- and industry-specific characteristics. Our empirical evidence based on a sample of multilatinas from Brazil, Chile and Mexico is largely, but not entirely, consistent with our developed hypotheses. We find higher labor intensity associated with Southern acquisitions. On its own, we do not find research and development (R&D) intensity to be associated with acquisition location choice. However, we find that multilatinas that compete in high-technology (“high-tech”) industries to be more likely to engage in Northern acquisitions. We also find a positive interactive effect on Northern acquisitions between R&D intensity and competing in a high-tech industry.

Research in management and related fields largely assumes that host-country state (“state”) ownership in investment projects raises risk for private coinvestors. We question that assumption in theorizing that minority state ownership may actually decrease investment risk in host countries where policy stability is low. Noncontrolling but still substantial state ownership signals to private coinvestors that states will maintain initial investment project terms yet limit interference in project management under those same initial terms. Analyses of 1,373 investment projects announced in 95 host countries from 1990 to 2012 support this proposition: (1) low policy stability in the host country increases investment risk, measured as the percentage of equity comprising all project capital funding on the announcement date, but (2) minority state ownership diminishes the risk-increasing impact of low policy stability, and (3) the risk-diminishing effect is greatest when policy stability is low and the state holds from 21% to 40% of investment project equity. Where permitted, private investors can use state ownership as a risk-reducing strategy in response to low policy stability. Our study highlights where these “minority rules” hold and state ownership signals credible assurance to private coinvestors in less stable policy environments.

Management research has a rich history devoted to understanding how different types of equity holders facilitate effective governance of investment in research and development (R&D). But scant research exists on understanding how different types of debt effectively govern R&D investment and virtually no research exists on this topic across institutional contexts. Yet, similar types of transactions differ across institutional contexts. This study develops and tests a transactional-institutional fit view of debt governance of R&D investment, grounded in transaction cost economics, which examines the alignment or fit between bank loan debt, bond debt, and R&D investment in bank-based and market-based countries. Analyses of 7943 firms across 12 countries from 1997–2010 support the key proposition: in bank-based (market-based) countries, higher levels of bank loan debt coupled with higher levels of R&D investment increase (decrease) firm performance.

Theoretical and empirical advances in international business (IB) depend heavily on archival data obtained from databases. As there has been scant research on the implications of database choice in IB research, we analyzed data from the three most-widely used databases in the field: Compustat Global, Osiris and Worldscope. We examined data coverage across several geographic regions and countries, analyzed descriptive statistics and regression results, and replicated a study by O'Brien (2003), who theorized and found a negative firm performance effect of innovation strategy matched with high levels of debt governance. Based on our empirical results, we found the presence of what we call a “database effect” – researchers likely would come to a different conclusion based on the database used – particularly for developing country results. The database effect is confirmed using multiple estimation techniques and also in our replication study. Our replication study also found evidence that O'Brien's (2003) findings do indeed apply to countries outside of the United States. However, in China, we found statistically significant contrasting results in two databases, requiring a need for more theoretical reflection of firm governance of innovation in different institutional contexts.

THE TWO ORGANIZATIONS highlighted in this issue's feature articles are engaged in a journey that many hospitals, health systems, and physician organizations are recognizing is key to the task of transforming the US health system. Palomar Health and ProMedica are developing and deploying physician and other clinical leaders in governance, design, operations, and outcomes. Although each feature article describes a different approach, scope, and scale, the organizations are making good investments that will yield positive results. Without engaged physicians leading healthcare redesign, we are doomed to fail. Organizations must build strong programs to engage and develop physician leaders to succeed in the challenging environment ahead. The question remaining for all of us is how to best accomplish this.Texas Health Resources' approach to welcoming, developing, and deploying physician leaders evolved as it moved from three independent systems in 1997 to one combined organization. Our efforts accelerated five years ago when the system sharpened its focus on its mission of improving the health of people in the communities we serve. Texas Health has transitioned from an acute care hospital system to a healthcare system that includes a physician group with more than 500 physicians and more than 200 physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and extenders; it is the largest health system in North Texas. Some of our approaches are similar to, and some are different from, those demonstrated at Palomar Health and ProMedica. We are similar in recognizing that physicians must be involved in decision making and that our organizational cultures must support a shared vision and mutual trust based on experiences gained by working together. Our priorities align, yet we differ in execution. At Texas Health, we are seeing results and a return on our investment in this important area of transformation. Physician leadership is crucial to developing strategy and designing products and processes that standardize care around evidence-based quality metrics, enhancing service and patient satisfaction, increasing reliability, and, ultimately, improving outcomes.The American Hospital Association (AHA) and American Medical Association (AMA) issued a historic joint position paper in 2015 titled "Integrated Leadership for Hospitals and Health Systems: Principles for Success." The organizations acknowledge that integrated physicianhospital leadership models provide a pathway for delivering greater value to patients and populations.PHYSICIAN LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCEOostra describes ProMedica's governance philosophy of maintaining local boards as organizations join its system. Texas Health shares this practice and has held this philosophy since its creation in 1997. As healthcare has evolved and relationships with physicians have grown closer, we have built leadership models that reflect our underlying philosophy.At ProMedica, physician seats have increased to 16 percent of nearly 500 board seats across the system. Both employed and independent physicians hold seats, with six serving on the parent board. At Texas Health, 35 percent of 264 board seats are held by independent and employed physicians. The benefits of this structure include a focus on safety and outcomes, a clear understanding of physicians' motivating factors, and a focus on the patient experience.Oostra notes that, in addition to and because of increased participation in governance, physician leaders have grown in number and been deployed across a wide continuum of settings and businesses. Texas Health has sought to increase the number of clinically trained leaders across the system. Two-thirds of our hospital and physician group leaders are physicians or nurses. Physicians make up one-third of our executive leadership committee membership. Sharing governance with physicians and increasing the number of physicians in the ranks of senior leaders have changed Texas Health's perspective regarding strategy development and deployment. …

How do emerging market multinational enterprises’ (EMNEs’) firm-specific advantages (FSAs) drive their foreign acquisition location choice? We theorize EMNE FSAs as important contingencies influencing the effect of institutional distance (ID) on EMNE foreign acquisition location choice. As a baseline main effect, we expect ID to positively influence EMNE location choice, as well-developed institutionally distant host-country environments are attractive to EMNEs. This effect is reduced by EMNE FSAs shaped by home-country conditions, such as success in navigating institutional voids and superior human resource management, which are more competitive in institutionally closer countries. Conversely, this effect is heightened by EMNE FSAs shaped by investment choices for knowledge and for international venturing. Based on analyses of 278 EMNE acquisitions by EMNEs from nine emerging markets, our findings largely support our hypotheses. Our study extends research on EMNE FSAs, which often have been compared only with those of developed-country multinational enterprises.

Contains fulltext : 154826.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The presence of multiple (5-100) colorectal adenomas suggests an inherited predisposition, but the genetic aetiology of this phenotype is undetermined if patients test negative for Mendelian polyposis syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). We investigated whether 18 common colorectal cancer (CRC) predisposition single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could help to explain some cases with multiple adenomas who phenocopied FAP or MAP, but had no pathogenic APC or MUTYH variant. No multiple adenoma case had an outlying number of CRC SNP risk alleles, but multiple adenoma patients did have a significantly higher number of risk alleles than population controls (P=5.7 x 10(-7)). The association was stronger in those with >/=10 adenomas. The CRC SNPs accounted for 4.3% of the variation in multiple adenoma risk, with three SNPs (rs6983267, rs10795668, rs3802842) explaining 3.0% of the variation. In FAP patients, the CRC risk score did not differ significantly from the controls, as we expected given the overwhelming effect of pathogenic germline APC variants on the phenotype of these cases. More unexpectedly, we found no evidence that the CRC SNPs act as modifier genes for the number of colorectal adenomas in FAP patients. In conclusion, common colorectal tumour risk alleles contribute to the development of multiple adenomas in patients without pathogenic germline APC or MUTYH variants. This phenotype may have 'polygenic' or monogenic origins. The risk of CRC in relatives of multiple adenoma cases is probably much lower for cases with polygenic disease, and this should be taken into account when counselling such patients.

We develop and test hypotheses derived from a multi-level theoretical framework for understanding factors shaping the credit risk and capital structure of a quintessentially Asian form of investment known as project finance. It differs from other corporate financing approaches. A project company is separate and bankruptcy remote from the investing firm sponsors that create it. The project company relies extensively on debt capital provided by creditors to fund project operations. Creditors provide more (less) debt as a percentage of overall project capital when there is less (more) risk of project failure and non-repayment. We define a target risk framework identifying country-, industry-, syndicate-, firm-, and project-related factors shaping Asian project finance company credit risk and thus, project debt. In a sample of 238 project finance companies announced in 13 Asian countries from 1995–2004, we observe substantial effects on project capital structure with respect to country-level factors linked to institutional and macroeconomic theories, syndicate structure factors linked to agency theory, and lead sponsor experience and project size factors linked to learning and transaction cost theories. We argue that these and other determinants of project finance company credit risk and capital structure in Asia since the mid-1990s anticipate similar relationships now emerging elsewhere around the globe.

We re-examine foreign investment risk-mitigating effects of firm experience and equity stakes using an empirical context largely ignored by international business (IB) research: project investment companies (PICs). PICs permit cleaner separation of individual investment project risk from the parent firm, which may otherwise pool risk characteristics from managing multiple projects across different industries and countries. PICs also permit potentially unbiased, prospective risk assessment at the time of a project’s initial announcement based on the mix of debt and equity funding the project. In observing risk at initial announcement, we can also observe risk characteristics for completed and uncompleted projects. Consistent with previous IB research, our analyses of 396 PICs announced in 53 countries from 1990-2006 indicate that investment risk measured as the percentage of equity capital funding a PIC decreases with greater host-country policy stability, lead-investor experience in the host country, and lead-investor equity stakes. But contrary to previous IB research, we find that lead-sponsor experience and equity stakes reduce overall PIC equity less (not more) at announcement as host-country policy stability deteriorates. From a PIC perspective, investor experience and equity stakes are complements to (not substitutes for) host-country policy stability. We confirm these trends with alternative analyses replacing the percentage of PIC equity at announcement with a related risk measure, whether there is a substantial delay in securing financing for the PIC after it is announced. PIC-based evidence complements existing evidence on foreign investment project risk and suggests future research opportunities that might benefit from integrating both evidentiary sources.

企业研究人员、高管以及监管部门可能认为企业中的国家所有权引起了私人投资的风险。毕竟，私人投资是追求利润而政府是谋求福利的。都给予它们股权只会混淆投资项目的目标，使投资项目经理的工作复杂化并且使投资项目失败的总体风险增加。但是，这些假设都不符合已在几十个国家的数百个投资项目中得到证实的一个著名的风险观测指标：我们发现，在初始投资方面容易受到东道国政府重新谈判的国家，东道国所进行的非控股的但仍然实力雄厚的股权投资这一“少数规则”能够起到消减风险的作用。

Colleges and universities play a vital role in the creation and dissemination of the innovations that feed the knowledge economy. First, universities carryout a significant portion of the basic research that is conducted in the United States. In 2006, the National Science Foundation reported having awarded $30 B in research-based funding to colleges and universities (National Science Foundation, 2007). While this figure is not an indicator of innovation output, the number helps to demonstrate the scope of research activity that is occurring within the academy. Mansfield (1995) noted that government funding for university research is bent toward science that holds commercial potential and highlighted that such research is likely to produce a high amount of social benefits. Mansfield also concluded that measuring the social returns of university-born (and federally funded) innovations though difficult, is important. Second, universities are instrumental in the production of economically relevant human capital, including students trained in key science and technology disciplines (Leslie & Brinkman, 1988). Audretsch (2007) indicates a highly educated workforce that is capable of creating and moving innovative technologies into the marketplace is a critical component of the current entrepreneurial economy. Also, faculty who intersect industry through consulting and other commercial-related activities make valuable contributions to the economic growth and prosperity of communities, regions, and beyond. In short, colleges and universities are key contributors to the production and function of the innovations that largely drive the knowledge economy.

We discuss recent developments in real options theory and its applications to strategic management research, examine the potential difficulties in implementing real options in theory and practice, and propose several areas for future research. Our review shows that real options theory has provided substantial insights into investment and exit decisions as well as into the choice of investment modes. In addition, extant research studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of whether and how organizations can benefit from real options. Future research that addresses difficulties in applications will further advance both real options theory and practice in strategic management. We call for future generations of research to enhance the impact of real options as an emerging dominant conceptual lens in strategic management.

We examine whether and when publicly-legislated and privately-contracted dispute resolution mechanisms (DRMs) reduce risk for foreign investing firms. We theorize that publicly-legislated DRMs such...

Colorectal carcinomas develop according to particular genetic pathways, including the chromosomal instability (CIN+), microsatellite instability (MSI+) and MSI- CIN- routes. We have determined the genetic pathway in patients with MYH-associated polyposis (MAP), a syndrome of colorectal adenomas and cancer that results from defective base excision repair (BER). As in previous studies, MAP tumors showed a high frequency of G>T mutations in APC, in accordance with defective BER. We found that K-ras mutations were common in MAP tumors, all of the changes comprising conversion of the first guanine residue of codon 12 to thymidine (G12C, GGT>TGT). We found no BRAF mutations at the codon 599 hotspot or elsewhere in exon 14. Almost all of the MAP cancers were near-diploid (CIN-), and none was MSI+. A few p53 mutations were found, but these were not predominantly G>T changes. p53 overexpression was, however, frequent. No SMAD4 or TGFBIIR mutations were found. MAP tumors appear to follow a distinct genetic pathway, with some features of both the CIN and MSI pathways. BER deficiency is rarely accompanied by CIN or MSI. The spectrum of somatic mutations in MAP tumors reflects both selection and hypermutation to which certain guanine residues are particularly prone.