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Background: This study evaluated the effects of a 4-week initial rehabilitation program in middle and high school baseball players who underwent removal of a loose body from osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus. Methods: Middle and high school baseball players with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus were enrolled in this study. Each had more than 3 yr of experience and had undergone arthroscopic removal of loose bodies from the same expert at Kim's Orthop Special Clinic in Seoul. The initial exercise rehabilitation program was based on a two-stage program. Body composition, range of motion of flexion and extension in the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and subjective pain scale were measured before and after rehabilitation. To assess the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance. Results: The range of motion for flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and score on the visual analog scale each were significantly improved following the 4-week program (P

Background: During shoulder abduction and external rotation, internal impingement can occur when compressive forces between the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim pinch the undersurface of the rotator cuff. Previous studies on internal impingement have focused on qualitative results such as pathological findings; however, few studies have quantified the area of impingement (AOI) of the rotator cuff muscles between the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim. Purpose: To compare the AOI between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders of baseball players. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 14 asymptomatic male collegiate baseball players participated in this study. The AOI in both the throwing and the nonthrowing shoulders was calculated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The MRI measurements were collected with the shoulder at 90° of abduction and at 90° and 100° of external rotation. The area, width, and depth of impingement as well as cystic changes in the greater tuberosity and degeneration in the posterior labrum were compared between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders. Results: The AOI was significantly greater in the throwing shoulders than in the nonthrowing shoulders (90° of external rotation: 32.4 vs 19.1 mm2, respectively; 100° of external rotation, 28.0 vs 15.6 mm2, respectively; P < .001 for both). Compared with the nonthrowing shoulders, there were more positive findings in the throwing shoulders regarding greater tuberosity cystic changes (0 vs 7, respectively; P = .006) and posterior labral degeneration (3 vs 13, respectively; P < .001). Conclusion: The AOI and the number of lesions in the greater tuberosity and posterior labrum were greater in throwing shoulders than in nonthrowing shoulders. Therefore, damage to the insertion of the rotator cuff muscles may affect internal impingement. Clinical Relevance: Lesions in the greater tuberosity and posterior labrum in throwing shoulders may increase the AOI by expanding the joint gap behind the glenohumeral joint. Impingement of the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim may lead to rotator cuff tears.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to determine the emotional intelligence among Indian female baseball players. Material: For the purpose of present study, two hundred (N=200) senior national female baseball players were selected through purposive sampling technique from different regions of India. They were selected from four different regions: A (North region baseball players=50), B (East region baseball players=50), C (West region baseball players=50) and D (South region baseball players=50). To collect the required data for the present study, the questionnaire developed by Hyde et al. (2001) on emotional intelligence was administered. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the entire regions. Where ‘F’ values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameters; empathy, selfdevelopment, value orientation and on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). No significant differences were noticed on the sub-parameters; selfawareness, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, commitment and altruistic behaviour. Conclusion: The outcome of results might be due to the fact that East region female baseball players are able to pay attention to the worries and concerns of others, can listen to someone without the urge to say something, can stay focused under pressure, are able to handle multiple demands and able to identify and separate their emotions. Далвиндер Сингх, Гаурав Дурея, Долли. Эмоциональный интеллект среди девушек бейсболистов: психологическая проба. Цель: настоящее исследование было проведено с целью определения эмоционального интеллекта среди индийских женщин-игроков в бейсбол. Материал: в данном исследовании путем целенаправленной методики выборки были отобраны двести (N = 200) опытных женщин-бейсболисток из разных регионов Индии. Они были отобраны из четырех разных регионов: (Северный регион n = 50), B (Восточный регион n = 50), С (западный регион n = 50) и D (Южный регион n = 50). Для сбора необходимых данных для настоящего исследования была использована анкета эмоционального интеллекта, разработанная Гайд др. (2001). Для сравнения целых регионов был использован однофакторный дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA). Если были обнаружены существенные значения ‘F’, тогда использовался LSD (наименее существенное различие) специальный тест с целью выявления направления и степени различия. Уровень достоверности был установлен на уровне 0,05. Результаты: Наблюдались существенные различия между регионами Север, Восток, запад и Юг у женщин-бейсболисток на подгруппам параметров: сопереживание, саморазвитие, ценностные ориентации и Эмоциональный интеллект (общий). Никаких существенных различий не было замечено у подгрупп параметров: самосознание, самомотивация, эмоциональная устойчивость, управление отношениями, честность, преданность и альтруистическое поведение. Выводы: Исходные результаты могут быть связаны с тем, что женщины бейсболистки Восточного региона были в состоянии обратить внимание на заботы и проблемы других людей. Они может слушать кого-то без стремления что-то сказать и могут сосредоточиться под давлением, а также в состоянии справиться с многочисленными требованиями и способны идентифицировать и разделить их эмоции.

This note explores the past, present, and future of the path for Cuban baseball players into MLB. Specifically, this note will explore the late-2014 agreement between the United States and Cuba to normalize relations and its anticipated impact on MLB. Part I provides an extensive historical context of the relationship between the two countries with a focus on the effect that baseball has had on the relationship. Part II draws attention to MLB’s current policies and the resulting hardships faced by Cuban baseball players embark on the journey from Serie Nacional to MLB. Part III concentrates on the legal issues arising out of the circuitous emigration process for Cuban baseball players to make MLB. Part IV outlines the wealth of literature on Cuban baseball and details the proposed solutions offered by other scholars on the matter. Part V explains the development of the normalization agreement between the United States and Cuba and predicts its impact on MLB. Finally, Part V proposes framework to enhance the safety involved with the emigration process and efficiency of the troubling issue while utilizing the normalized relations platform to align incentives for Cuba and the United States.

The medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) of the elbow is primary static constraint of the ulnohumeral joint to valgus force.1,2) The anterior bundle of the MUCL is the major stabilizing structure of the elbow.3,4) Repeated throwing can lead to microtrauma or rupture of the MUCL.5) The injuries to MUCL of the elbow are most common in the overhead athletes, particularly the baseball players.2,4,6,7,8,9,10) The players with partial tears of the MUCL may return to play after proper rehabilitation. However, those with complete tears, which induce considerable valgus laxity or persistent medial elbow pain, need to have the operation in order to return to sports activities. Several studies have reported outcomes regarding returning to the preinjury level after MUCL reconstruction, in the throwing athletes. In 1986, Jobe et al.11) firstly described a MUCL reconstruction, reporting 62.5% of return rate in the overhead athletes. The return rates reported in the recent clinical studies vary from 33% to 92%.4,6,12,13,14,15,16) One of the probable reasons for the inconsistent return rate is the innate drawback of the figure eight technique. The previous article reported that the disadvantage of MUCL reconstruction, using figure of eight technique, was difficult to maintain tension because of the high number of holes in medial epicondyle.17) However, as far as we are aware, no study has evaluated on the integrity of the incorporated grafts, which would validate the success of the surgical treatment. The aim of this study is to report the clinical and image outcomes after MUCL reconstruction, using the figure of eight fashion in high school and elite baseball players. The primary measure for the outcomes was the graft integrity evaluated with ultrasonography, and the secondary measures for the outcomes were postoperative pain, range of motion (ROM), and the Conway scale.

To clarify the influence of the introduction of metal bats on the physique and batting records of the players in the National Summer High School Baseball Tournaments, a comparative analysis was conducted between height, body weight, body-weight ratio (body weight/height), batting average and home run average of the best four teams' players (n = 493) and those of the other teams' players (n = 4,590) in three periods: the period of the use of wooden bats, that of the use of both wooden and metal bats and that of the use of metal bats. In the period of metal bat use, the mean values of physique of the best four teams' players were significantly larger (P < 0.05) and their average number of home runs was significantly higher than those of the other teams' players (P < 0.01). The only significant differences between the two groups in those indices for each time period were for height in the wood and metal/wood periods. This study demonstrated that the differences between the home run average and physique, including height, body weight and body-weight ratio of the best four teams and the rest of the teams were the greatest after the use of metal bats. These findings suggest that the importance of the home run average increased and was associated with large-size of physique after the use of metal bats in the National Summer High School Baseball Tournaments.