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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jcb-10.1177_0271678X221074211 for Rates of pyruvate carboxylase, glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter cycling, and glucose oxidation in multiple brain regions of the awake rat using a combination of [2-13C]/[1-13C]glucose infusion and 1H-[13C]NMR ex vivo by Laura M McNair, Graeme F Mason, Golam MI Chowdhury, Lihong Jiang, Xiaoxian Ma, Douglas L Rothman, Helle S Waagepetersen and Kevin L Behar in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X211064399 for Glucose sparing by glycogenolysis (GSG) determines the relationship between brain metabolism and neurotransmission by Douglas L Rothman, Gerald A Dienel, Kevin L Behar, Fahmeed Hyder, Mauro DiNuzzo, Federico Giove and Silvia Mangia in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jcb-10.1177_0271678X221074211 for Rates of pyruvate carboxylase, glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter cycling, and glucose oxidation in multiple brain regions of the awake rat using a combination of [2-13C]/[1-13C]glucose infusion and 1H-[13C]NMR ex vivo by Laura M McNair, Graeme F Mason, Golam MI Chowdhury, Lihong Jiang, Xiaoxian Ma, Douglas L Rothman, Helle S Waagepetersen and Kevin L Behar in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X21989186 for Metabolic underpinnings of activated and deactivated cortical areas in human brain by Yury Koush, Robin A de Graaf, Ron Kupers, Laurence Dricot, Maurice Ptito, Kevin L Behar, Douglas L Rothman and Fahmeed Hyder: Gastrobiota Group in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X21989186 for Metabolic underpinnings of activated and deactivated cortical areas in human brain by Yury Koush, Robin A de Graaf, Ron Kupers, Laurence Dricot, Maurice Ptito, Kevin L Behar, Douglas L Rothman and Fahmeed Hyder: Gastrobiota Group in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X21989186 for Metabolic underpinnings of activated and deactivated cortical areas in human brain by Yury Koush, Robin A de Graaf, Ron Kupers, Laurence Dricot, Maurice Ptito, Kevin L Behar, Douglas L Rothman and Fahmeed Hyder: Gastrobiota Group in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Glutaminase mediates the recycling of neurotransmitter glutamate, supporting most excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. A constitutive heterozygous reduction in GLS1 engenders in mice a model of schizophrenia resilience and associated increases in Gln, reductions in Glu and activity-dependent attenuation of excitatory synaptic transmission. Hippocampal brain slices from GLS1 heterozygous mice metabolize less Gln to Glu. Whether glutaminase activity is diminished in the intact brain in GLS1 heterozygous mice has not been assessed, nor the regional impact. Moreover, it is not known whether pharmacological inhibition would mimic the genetic reduction. We addressed this using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess amino acid content and 13C-acetate loading to assess glutaminase activity, in multiple brain regions. Glutaminase activity was reduced significantly in the hippocampus of GLS1 heterozygous mice, while acute treatment with the putative glutaminase inhibitor ebselen did not impact glutaminase activity, but did significantly increase GABA. This approach identifies a molecular imaging strategy for testing target engagement by comparing genetic and pharmacological inhibition, across brain regions.

Proton MR spectra of the brain, especially those measured at short and intermediate echo times, contain signals from mobile macromolecules (MM). A description of the main MM is provided in this consensus paper. These broad peaks of MM underlie the narrower peaks of metabolites and often complicate their quantification but they also may have potential importance as biomarkers in specific diseases. Thus, separation of broad MM signals from low molecular weight metabolites enables accurate determination of metabolite concentrations and is of primary interest in many studies. Other studies attempt to understand the origin of the MM spectrum, to decompose it into individual spectral regions or peaks and to use the components of the MM spectrum as markers of various physiological or pathological conditions in biomedical research or clinical practice. The aim of this consensus paper is to provide an overview and some recommendations on how to handle the MM signals in different types of studies together with a list of open issues in the field, which are all summarized at the end of the paper.