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Background: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness characterized by negative symptoms (apathy, social withdrawal, lack of motivation) and cognitive deficits, while impairment in self-care, grooming, and oral health is also noted. This study aimed to evaluate oral health status and xerostomia among hospitalized patients in Razi Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2019. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, a total of 80 people (equal genders) including 40 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy matched controls were recruited conveniently from among non-psychiatric outpatient poly-clinic referrals. Oral health status was measured by decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index and xerostomia index. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 25 by student's t-test, chi-square, Pearson, and Spearman correlation tests. P-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In both groups, 75% out of males were smokers. The mean DMFT in the cases was significantly greater than the controls (P=0.02). There was no difference between genders in both groups. The means of xerostomia indices were significantly higher in the case group. (t=3.47, P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, oral hygiene is considerably lower than normal populations. This is a great hint for policy-makers, clinicians, healthcare professionals, and family members to emphasize on prevention of oral and dental lesions among afflicted patients.

Child abuse refers to any form of maltreatment, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. Digital games and virtual reality (VR) can be used as beneficial solutions for dealing with child maltreatment concerns. This study aimed to present a conceptual framework for showing the applications of these technologies in managing child abuse. The framework is developed in two stages: (1) a scoping review to gather digital games and VR applications for child abuse issues through the search in PubMed, Ovid (APA PsycInfo), Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and grey literature and (2) developing a conceptual framework based on the review results and validating it by 12 experts. The proposed conceptual framework shows that digital games and VR have been used for six main topics: (1) medical education, (2) prevention, (3) screening, (4) diagnosis, (5) treatment, and (6) forensic medicine in response to child abuse issues. Studies have more focused on child sexual abuse prevention, behavioral monitoring of sexual offenders in forensic medicine, and knowledge or performance assessment of students in medical education. Serious games (SGs), computer simulation, and immersive VR were common technologies for children, students, and forensic medicine, respectively. The experts believe the combination of immersive features of VR with SGs can further encourage user engagement. It appears that digital games and VR can play a positive role in child abuse management. Given the extensive capabilities of these technologies, further studies are needed to show all their potential applications for child abuse problems.

According to some recent evidence, suicide rate is higher in inpatients than in the general population around the world. However, suicide prevention strategies (SPS) are poorly focused and understood in medical settings. This study aimed to develop effective SPS and interventions in medical settings of Iran and provide evaluation checklists/procedures for them.The study was performed in two steps, including literature review and expert opinions panel. In the first stage, we conducted a comprehensive literature review to find relevant suicide prevention programs, strategies, interventions, or any efforts to prevent suicide in the medical settings. In the second stage, an expert panel was arranged for developing effective and feasible SPS in medical settings. Data were analyzed through content analysis approach.Overall, 11 records were included in the literature review. SPS varied from staff training, safety plan and quality improvements, and prevention programs to therapy methods. Finally, in the second stage, the following seven major SPS were recommended by the expert panel: 1) Integration and application of obtained suicidal behavior data through evaluating medical records, 2) Screening and suicide risk assessment, 3) Staff training, 4) Quality improvement, 5) Follow-up of inpatients with high-risk behaviors, 6) Reducing stigma and improving public awareness, and 7) Follow-up of discharged high-risk inpatients. Also, 23 interventions within the strategies were presented.Given that SPS are poorly focused in medical settings, the practical framework that emerged in this study could be used to develop or advance SPS in various medical settings.

Introduction: Postpartum depression is one of the main problems in women's general health, which has a significant effect on the health of mother and child. Aim: The general purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions of problem solving and working memory in women with postpartum depression and women without postpartum depression. Method: The mothers that referred to Tabriz health centers in 1396, were those who came there 30-40 days after their delivery time. 35 people, who were selected by available sampling method and screened by responding to the postpartum depression questionnaire, were placed in two sample groups; 16 mothers with postpartum depression and 19 healthy mothers matching in terms of age and education. The measuring tools included: Computerized test of the Hanoi Tower for problem-solving and N-Back note test for measuring working memory. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: The results showed that in executive functions of problem solving and working memory both groups did weaker. It can be said that postpartum depression can create different conditions in terms of cognitive-neurological functions in individuals. Conclusion: Identifying and understanding these factors can lead to a variety of therapies, in addition to helping them better understanding the disorder.

Background: Impulsive behavior plays an important role in mediating the relationship between childhood maltreatment and emotional disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and emotional disorders, considering the mediating role of impulsive behavior. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a statistical population, including all students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. A total of 316 students were selected randomly and completed the Inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS), Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 and LISREL. Results: The correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between childhood maltreatment and emotional disorders, and the structural equation model exhibited a good fit to the data (GFI = 0.9, AGFI = 0.86, CFI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.07). Conclusions: The results showed that impulsive behavior played an important role in mediating the relationship between childhood maltreatment and emotional disorders.

Introduction: Depression is considered as a disorder that students have a susceptible environment for it and is affected by many factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of satisfaction of basic psychological needs and family functioning by interdisciplinary role of emotion regulation difficulty in the prediction of depression. Methods: The method used in the study is descriptive approach by structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 452 (207 boys and 245 girls) students universities Tabriz who were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Then, they filled out depression Questionnaire, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, family Assessment Device and Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient, cronbach alpha and structural equation modeling. Results: The results of the study showed that the goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), is greater than 0.90 and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and root mean square residual (RMR) index is less than 0.05. Therefore, the proposed model has had a very suitable fitness with data. In this study, the most direct effect is the satisfaction of basic psychological needs on depression with a coefficient of -0.38 and satisfaction of basic psychological needs has the most indirect effect through emotion regulation difficulty on depression with a coefficient of -0.12. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that Difficulties in Emotional Regulation As a Mediator of the Relationship between satisfaction of basic psychological needs and family function can explain depression in College Students and, thereby, attention to this matter can lead to the proposal of some recommendations for depression in College Students prevention and treatment.

Background: Hypersexual disorder is described as multiple unsuccessful attempts to control or diminish the amount of time spent on engaging in sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors in response to dysphoric mood states or stressful life events. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating difficulties in the regulation of emotion, psychological well-being, and socio-economic status in explaining the dimensions of hypersexuality in patients with substance use disorder. Methods: The data presented here was obtained from a total of 285 individuals with substance use disorders, who were selected via a multi-cluster sampling method from residential treatment centers of drug abuse in the city of Tabriz, Iran, during years 2015 to 2016. Instruments used for collecting the required data were Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) as well as the Ryff Scale of Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB). Results: Findings showed there were significant relationships between hyper sexuality and difficulties in emotion regulation (r = 0.44, P < 0.01) and also between hyper sexuality and psychological well-being (r = -0.44, P < 0.01). The suggested model consists of suitable fitness with the data, and factors of difficulty in regulation of emotion, psychological well-being, and socio-economic status could effectively explain the dimensions of hypersexuality in individuals with substance use disorder (GFI = 0.91, AGFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.063). Conclusions: Results of this study provided sufficient evidence to support this model to explain the behavior of hypersexuality in individuals with substance use disorder and clinical practice could be based on this evidence. Specific treatment programs for people with addiction should be designed to prevent problems associated with relapse.

Background: Motivation is an important factor in the substance use field. Self-determination theory is one of the theories that focuses specifically on the issue of motivation in substance use disorder and basic psychological needs issue. Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in addict persons in comparison to normal persons. Methods: In this case-control study, 93 drug addicts and 91 normal people were selected through available sampling method by matching age, gender, educational level, and socioeconomic status, and evaluated using a basic psychological needs scale. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variances showed a significant difference between two groups in the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relationship (P < 0.001). Also, drug abusers received far fewer scores in three basic psychological needs. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the weakness in satisfying the basic psychological needs of drug addicts that play an important role in the majority of aspects of each person’s life. Considering this problem, constructive suggestions may be provided for prevention and interventions based on this theory in the field of addiction.