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We recently introduced proportional choosability, a new list analogue of equitable coloring. Like equitable coloring, and unlike list equitable coloring (a.k.a. equitable choosability), proportional choosability bounds sizes of color classes both from above and from below. In this note, we show that a graph is proportionally 2-choosable if and only if it is a linear forest such that its largest component has at most 5 vertices and all of its other components have two or fewer vertices. We also construct examples that show that characterizing equitably 2-choosable graphs is still open., 9 pages

In 2003, Kostochka, Pelsmajer, and West introduced a list analogue of equitable coloring called equitable choosability. In this paper, we motivate and define a new list analogue of equitable coloring called proportional choosability. A $k$-assignment $L$ for a graph $G$ specifies a list $L(v)$ of $k$ available colors for each vertex $v$ of $G$. An $L$-coloring assigns a color to each vertex $v$ from its list $L(v)$. For each color $c$, let $\eta(c)$ be the number of vertices $v$ whose list $L(v)$ contains $c$. A proportional $L$-coloring of $G$ is a proper $L$-coloring in which each color $c \in \bigcup_{v \in V(G)} L(v)$ is used $\lfloor \eta(c)/k \rfloor$ or $\lceil \eta(c)/k \rceil$ times. A graph $G$ is proportionally $k$-choosable if a proportional $L$-coloring of $G$ exists whenever $L$ is a $k$-assignment for $G$. We show that if a graph $G$ is proportionally $k$-choosable, then every subgraph of $G$ is also proportionally $k$-choosable and also $G$ is proportionally $(k+1)$-choosable, unlike equitable choosability for which analogous claims would be false. We also show that any graph $G$ is proportionally $k$-choosable whenever $k \geq \Delta(G) + \lceil |V(G)|/2 \rceil$, and we use matching theory to completely characterize the proportional choosability of stars and the disjoint union of cliques., Comment: 21 pages

In this paper, we study the existence of perfect matchings and Hamiltonian cycles in the preferential attachment model. In this model, vertices are added to the graph one by one, and each time a new vertex is created it establishes a connection with $m$ random vertices selected with probabilities proportional to their current degrees. (Constant $m$ is the only parameter of the model.) We prove that if $m \ge 1{,}260$, then asymptotically almost surely there exists a perfect matching. Moreover, we show that there exists a Hamiltonian cycle asymptotically almost surely, provided that $m \ge 29{,}500$. One difficulty in the analysis comes from the fact that vertices establish connections only with vertices that are "older" (i.e. are created earlier in the process). However, the main obstacle arises from the fact that edges in the preferential attachment model are not generated independently. In view of that, we also consider a simpler setting---sometimes called uniform attachment---in which vertices are added one by one and each vertex connects to $m$ older vertices selected uniformly at random and independently of all other choices. We first investigate the existence of perfect matchings and Hamiltonian cycles in the uniform attachment model, and then extend the argument to the preferential attachment version., Comment: 29 pages

We consider the effect on the length of the game of Cops and Robbers when more cops are added to the game play. In Overprescribed Cops and Robbers, as more cops are added, the capture time (the minimum length of the game assuming optimal play) monotonically decreases. We give the full range of capture times for any number of cops on trees, and classify the capture time for an asymptotic number of cops on grids, hypercubes, and binomial random graphs. The capture time of planar graphs with a number of cops at and far above the cop number is considered.

Given a family ${\mathcal F}$ and a host graph $H$, a graph $G\subseteq H$ is ${\mathcal F}$-saturated relative to $H$ if no subgraph of $G$ lies in ${\mathcal F}$ but adding any edge from $E(H)-E(G)$ to $G$ creates such a subgraph. In the ${\mathcal F}$-saturation game on $H$, players Max and Min alternately add edges of $H$ to $G$, avoiding subgraphs in ${\mathcal F}$, until $G$ becomes ${\mathcal F}$-saturated relative to $H$. They aim to maximize or minimize the length of the game, respectively; $\textrm{sat}_g({\mathcal F};H)$ denotes the length under optimal play (when Max starts). Let ${\mathcal O}$ denote the family of all odd cycles and ${\mathcal T}$ the family of $n$-vertex trees, and write $F$ for ${\mathcal F}$ when ${\mathcal F}=\{F\}$. Our results include $\textrm{sat}_g({\mathcal O};K_{2k})=k^2$, $\textrm{sat}_g({\mathcal T};K_n)=\binom{n-2}{2}+1$ for $n\ge6$, $\textrm{sat}_g(K_{1,3};K_n)=2\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ for $n\ge8$, $\textrm{sat}_g(K_{1,r+1};K_n)=\frac{rn}{2}-\frac{r^2}{8}+O(1)$, and $|\textrm{sat}_g(P_4;K_n)-(4n-1)/5|\le 1$. We also determine $\textrm{sat}_g(P_4;K_{m,n})$; with $m\ge n$, it is $n$ when $n$ is even, $m$ when $n$ is odd and $m$ is even, and $m+\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ when $mn$ is odd. Finally, we prove the lower bound $\textrm{sat}_g(C_4;K_{n,n})\ge\frac{1}{10.4}n^{13/12}-O(n^{35/36})$. The results are very similar when Min plays first, except for the $P_4$-saturation game on $K_{m,n}$., updated with references to recent related work

An r-augmented tree is a rooted tree plus r edges added from each leaf to ancestors. For d, g, r ∈ N, we construct a bipartite r-augmented complete d-ary tree having girth at least g. The height of such trees must grow extremely rapidly in terms of the girth. Using the resulting graphs, we construct sparse non-k-choosable bipartite graphs, showing that maximum average degree at most 2(k - 1) is a sharp sufficient condition for k-choosability in bipartite graphs, even when requiring large girth. We also give a new simple construction of non-k-colorable graphs and hypergraphs with any girth.

Dorais asked for the maximum guaranteed size of a dimension $d$ subposet of an $n$-element poset. A lower bound of order $\sqrt{n}$ was found by Goodwillie. We provide a sublinear upper bound for each $d$. For $d=2$, our bound is $n^{0.8295}$., Comment: 4 pages

Rodl and Tuza proved that sufficiently large ( k + 1 ) -critical graphs cannot be made bipartite by deleting fewer than ( k 2 ) edges, and that this is sharp. Chen, Erdős, Gyarfas, and Schelp constructed infinitely many 4 -critical graphs obtained from bipartite graphs by adding a matching of size 3 (and called them ( B + 3 ) -graphs). They conjectured that every n -vertex ( B + 3 ) -graph has much more than 5 n / 3 edges, presented ( B + 3 ) -graphs with 2 n − 3 edges, and suggested that perhaps 2 n is the asymptotically best lower bound. We prove that indeed every ( B + 3 ) -graph has at least 2 n − 3 edges.

Given a poset P , a family F of elements in the Boolean lattice is said to be P -saturated if (1) F contains no copy of P as a subposet and (2) every proper superset of F contains a copy of P as a subposet. The maximum size of a P -saturated family is denoted by La ( n , P ) , which has been studied for a number of choices of P . The minimum size of a P -saturated family, sat ( n , P ) , was introduced by Gerbner et al. (2013), and parallels the deep literature on the saturation function for graphs. We introduce and study the concept of saturation for induced subposets. As opposed to induced saturation in graphs, the above definition of saturation for posets extends naturally to the induced setting. We give several exact results and a number of bounds on the induced saturation number for several small posets. We also use a transformation to the biclique cover problem to prove a logarithmic lower bound for a rich infinite family of target posets.

Myriad problems can be described in hypergraph terms. However, the theory and tools are not sufficiently developed to allow most problems to be tackled directly within this context. The main purpose of this paper is to increase the awareness of this important gap and to encourage the development of this formal theory, in conjunction with the consideration of concrete applications. As a starting point, we concentrate on the problem of finding (small) subhypergraphs in a (large) hypergraph. Many existing algorithms reduce this problem to the known territory of graph theory by considering the 2-section graph. We argue that this is not the right approach, neither from a theoretical point of view (by considering a generalization of the classic model of binomial random graphs to hypergraphs) nor from a practical one (by performing experiments on two datasets).

A sequence of nonnegative integers is $k$-graphic if it is the degree sequence of a $k$-uniform hypergraph. The only known characterization of $k$-graphic sequences is due to Dewdney in 1975. As this characterization does not yield an efficient algorithm, it is a fundamental open question to determine a more practical characterization. While several necessary conditions appear in the literature, there are few conditions that imply a sequence is $k$-graphic. In light of this, we present sharp sufficient conditions for $k$-graphicality based on a sequence's length and degree sum.Kocay and Li gave a family of edge exchanges (an extension of 2-switches) that could be used to transform one realization of a 3-graphic sequence into any other realization. We extend their result to $k$-graphic sequences for all $k \geq 3$. Finally we give several applications of edge exchanges in hypergraphs, including generalizing a result of Busch et al. on packing graphic sequences.

Recently, Kim and Park have found an infinite family of graphs whose squares are not chromatic-choosable. Xuding Zhu asked whether there is some $k$ such that all $k$th power graphs are chromatic-choosable. We answer this question in the negative: we show that there is a positive constant $c$ such that for any $k$ there is a family of graphs $G$ with $\chi(G^k)$ unbounded and $\chi_{\ell}(G^k)\geq c \chi(G^k) \log \chi(G^k)$. We also provide an upper bound, $\chi_{\ell}(G^k)1$., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures