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Introduction : Melioidosis is an emerging life threatening infectious disease caused by Gram negative bacilli Burkholderia pseudomallei found in contaminated soil and surface ground water . It often presents with varied clinical manifestations and has a high mortality if left untreated due to lack of clinical suspicion. Here we report a rare and fatal case of puerperal sepsis due to Burkholderia pseudomallei in a young woman. Case report: A 25-year-old female comes to a medical consultation at day 43 post partum with complains of fever on and off for the past 40 days associated with vomiting. On per speculum examination, greenish discharge from the cervix was seen and a right adnexal mass was felt which was cystic in consistency, non-tender and pushing cervix to the left side. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out and pus was drained from below the rectus sheath, and from right tubo-ovarian mass. Peripheral blood sample and the pus samples collected intraoperatively grew Burkholderia pseudomallei . The patient expired on the 5 th post operative day due to septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to puerperal sepsis. Conclusion: Melioidosis is a fatal but treatable disease when it is promptly diagnosed. In a country like India, where tuberculosis is highly endemic, underdiagnosis of melioidosis can be a common consequence. Clinicians and Microbiologists should have high index of suspicion especially in individuals with underlying illness.

Momordica cymbalaria is a medicinal plant species that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, which is widely spread in southern parts of India. In ancient days the use of the species Momordica cymbalaria plants parts such as root, leaves and fruit were treated for various clinical ailments. In recent times, the uses of this plant species were well documented and it is found to have various significant activities. Cymbalaria has possessed numerous therapeutics value and antioxidant properties in it. Treatment with conventional drugs has an increase in side effects. Hence, natural remedy with herbal drugs like Momordica cymbalaria gives positive responses in various clinical conditions and it has identified with its known properties such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective, cardio Protective, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective. Infectious diseases such as hepatitis, malaria, colic pain, measles, flu and also used to treat the sores, wound infections, worms and parasitic infections. Therefore this present review discusses clearly the traditional and medicinal value ant its active principles in the treatment of various diseases.

Purpose The ability of an organization to observe varying demands and efficiently meet them can be described as agility. Project procurement management (PPM) in the past was stable as things did not change very often and were very predictable. Due to hyper-competition, less predictable market and exponential innovation, the existing PPM becomes very unstable which marks the requirement of an agile model to manage procurement projects effectively. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach For achieving the improvements, various barriers to improving agility in PPM were identified from the literature and experts’ review, followed by obtaining quantified impacts of identified barriers from the experts using the Delphi technique. Finally, interpretive structural modeling along with Matrice d’ Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliqué an Classement analysis was used to analyze the interactions among barriers to prioritize and strategize their mitigation. Findings As per the analysis, the lack of top management alignment and commitment, lack of digital strategy, lack of new technology competencies and inefficiencies of financial factors were the most critical barriers that would come across while improving agility in PPM for any organization. Industries should have a stable, well-established and supportive top management that has a vision for digital transformation along with upgrading the companies’ technology layer for automating most of the manual processes to have intelligent decision-making capability. Originality/value Industries need to be agile in their operations for being more competitive and responsive to the market. PPM being the most critical part of the entire value chain needs to be agile in the first place. The strategies developed as an output of this research can be utilized by industries for improving agility in their business processes.

In non-ferrous foundry, casting defects like microporosity and pin-hole porosity are due to expel of dissolved gases like hydrogen during solidification of castings from liquid stage to solid stage. These porosity defects significantly affect the strength and pressure tightness of the aluminum components. For a sound casting, the amount of dissolved gases present in the molten aluminum metal should be less. Degassing is a perfect process for removing dissolved gases from molten aluminum metal and its alloys. In this research, degassing of LM13, LM25, LM28, L99, and L155 was performed by passing nitrogen gas into rotary degassing chamber at different treatment time. The amount of H2 ml/100 g available in the aluminum alloys was measured after degassing by hydrogen gas analyzer and compared with the minimal value. Nitrogen degassing reduced the quantity of H2 ml/100 g less than the minimal value and made the aluminum alloys defect free.

Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) syndrome is a rare genetic abnormality causing cranial dysinnervation manifesting as absence of conjugate lateral eye movements, nystagmus, and scoliosis. While the genetics, imaging abnormalities, and ocular manifestations have been well described in literature, the spinal deformity has not been addressed adequately. An 11-year-old girl presented with progressive thoracic scoliosis who on evaluation was detected to have all the features of HGPPS syndrome. The patient underwent posterior correction of scoliosis uneventfully. A thorough literature search was performed to understand the descriptors of spinal deformity and its surgery in HGPPS syndrome. The spinal deformity in HGPPS resembles adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Rapidly progressive right thoracic scoliosis was the usual pattern. Surgical and anesthetic considerations during surgery are similar to idiopathic scoliosis. These children tolerate surgery and anesthesia well. Neuromonitoring changes during surgery need to be interpreted correctly in the background of uncrossed sensory and motor tracts.

Internet of things is a new revolution in the capabilities of the endpoints that are connected to the internet, and is been driven by the advancements in capabilities of sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking and cloud technologies. The demand for high-individualized products and services is continually increasing. Global presence and diverse product portfolio further adds to complexity. Visibility is a key challenge in warehouse management as there is need for accurate and timely information on shipments. Due to its increasing complexity, it is difficult to handle with ordinary planning and control practices. In order to overcome the competitive business environment one has to take actions with the implementation of IoT in warehouses. This research work proposes an IoT architecture for order picking process in a warehouse. The major outcome of this work is the design of an IoT architecture for order picking process in a warehouse. The other outcomes are real time tracking and visibility into inventory, reduction of cost of warehouse operations and improved safety and reduced theft & pilferages. The future scope of IoT in warehouse is that while full automation is still relatively rare, even traditional man-to-goods warehouse operations have been impacted by new technologies, though people may still shoulder the greatest part of the workload.

A simple and convenient procedure is reported for the synthesis of mono- and 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and tosylhydrazines by reduction of corresponding hydrazones, phenylhydrazones, azines, and tosylhydrazones by magnesium in methanol at ambient temperature.

A new series of benzoyl chloride-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-4-aryl-thiazole and 4′-chlorosulfonyl benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinedione. New compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, new products were tested for in vitro antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using isoniazid and rifampicin as control drugs. The results of bioassay demonstrated that some of the newly synthesized 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives emerged as lead molecules with excellent MIC (mg/mL) values against mentioned organisms compared to standard drugs. The structure of the final analogs has been confirmed on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral, and elemental analysis.

When provided individually, both the serotonin (5-HT(1A))-receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and environmental enrichment (EE) enhance behavioral outcome and reduce histopathology after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to determine whether combining these therapies would yield greater benefit than either used alone. Anesthetized adult male rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to enriched or standard (STD) housing, where either 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle (1.0 mL/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once daily for 3 weeks. Motor and cognitive assessments were conducted on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. CA1/CA3 neurons and choline acetyltransferase-positive (ChAT(+)) medial septal cells were quantified at 3 weeks. 8-OH-DPAT and EE attenuated CA3 and ChAT(+) cell loss. Both therapies also enhanced motor recovery, acquisition of spatial learning, and memory retention, as verified by reduced times to traverse the beam and to locate an escape platform in the water maze, and a greater percentage of time spent searching in the target quadrant during a probe trial in the TBI + STD + 8-OH-DPAT, TBI + EE + 8-OH-DPAT, and TBI + EE + vehicle groups versus the TBI + STD + vehicle group (p ≤ 0.0016). No statistical distinctions were revealed between the TBI + EE + 8-OH-DPAT and TBI + EE + vehicle groups in functional outcome or CA1/CA3 cell survival, but there were significantly more ChAT(+) cells in the former (p = 0.003). These data suggest that a combined therapeutic regimen of 8-OH-DPAT and EE reduces TBI-induced ChAT(+) cell loss, but does not enhance hippocampal cell survival or neurobehavioral performance beyond that of either treatment alone. The findings underscore the complexity of combinational therapies and of elucidating potential targets for TBI.

(2007). OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF 1, 2-DIOLS, α-KETOLS AND 1, 2-DIKETONES WITH AQUEOUS SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 185-189.

A simple and convenient procedure is reported for the synthesis of mono- and 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and tosylhydrazines by reduction of corresponding hydrazones, phenylhydrazones, azines, and tosylhydrazones by magnesium in methanol at ambient temperature.

The reaction of the tricarbadecaboranyl anion, 6-Ph-nido-5,6,9-C3B7H9-, with M(CO)5Br [M = Mn, Re] or [(η6-C10H8)Mn(CO)3+]BF4- yielded the half-sandwich metallatricarbadecaboranyl analogues of (η5-C5H5)M(CO)3 [M = Mn, Re]. For both 1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9 [M = Mn (2) and Re (3)], the metal is η6-coordinated to the puckered six-membered open face of the tricarbadecaboranyl cage. Reactions of 2 and 3 with isocyanide at room temperature produced complexes 8-(CNBut)-8,8,8-(CO)3-9-Ph-nido-8,7,9,10-MC3B7H9 [M = Mn (4), Re (5)], having the cage η4-coordinated to the metal. Photolysis of 4 and 5 then resulted in the loss of CO and the formation of 1-(CNBut)-1,1-(CO)2-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9 [M = Mn, Re (6)], where the cage is again η6-coordinated to the metal. Reaction of 2 and 3 with 1 equiv of phosphine at room temperature produced the η6-coordinated monosubstituted complexes 1,1-(CO)2-1-P(CH3)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9 [M = Mn (7), Re (9)] and 1,1-(CO)2-1-P(C6H5)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9...

Interest has recently intensified in the search for molecular motors and actuators capable of delivering useful work to nanodevices under the control of electrochemical or photochemical power sources. While many of these man-made molecular machines are designed to deliver rectilinear motion, very few are proposed for the controlled delivery of rotary motion on the time scale characteristic of intramolecular rearrangements. The adaptation of commo-bis-dicarbollide metallacarborane structures to the possible design and synthesis of such rotary molecular motors is now under investigation. Progress toward this goal will be reported.

The boron-atom insertion reaction of nido-9,11-I(2)-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(9)(2-), with the HBCl(2):SMe(2) complex yields closo-4,7-I(2)-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(10), 1, in excellent yield. Although the two boron atoms (B3 and B6) nearest to the carbon atoms in 1 are equally available for attack by nucleophiles, the boron-degradation reaction of 1 with alkoxide ion occurs only at the B6 vertex, yielding regioselectively [(CH(3))(3)NH][nido-2,4-I(2)-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(10)], 2. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Crystallographic data are as follows. For 1, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 6.9199(19) Angstroms, b = 23.9560(7) Angstroms, c = 7.2870(2) Angstroms, beta = 94.081(4) degrees, V = 1204.9(6) Angstroms(3), Z = 4, rho(calcd) = 2.18 g cm(-3), R = 0.020, R(w) = 0.0610; for 2, orthorhombic, space group Pca2(1), a = 14.1141(7) Angstroms, b = 7.0276(4) Angstroms, c = 16.4602(9) Angstroms, V = 1632.7(15) Angstroms(3), Z = 4, rho(calcd) = 1.81 gcm(-3), R = 0.022, R(w) = 0.0623.

The syntheses and structural characterizations of the vanadium and niobium monohalide tricarbadecaboranyl complexes 1-(η5-C5H5)-1-Br-2-Ph-1,2,3,4-VC3B7H9 (1), [1-(η5-C5H5)-1,1‘-μ-Cl-2-Ph-closo-1,2,...

The reactions of nitriles (RCN) with arachno-4,6-C(2)B(7)H(12)(-) provide a general route to functionalized tricarbadecaboranyl anions, 6-R-nido-5,6,9-C(3)B(7)H(9)(-), R = C(6)H(5) (2(-)), NC(CH(2))(4) (4(-)), (p-BrC(6)H(4))(Me(3)SiO)CH (6(-)), C(14)H(11) (8(-)), and H(3)BNMe(2)(CH(2))(2) (10(-)). Further reaction of these anions with (eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Fe(CO)(2)I yields the functionalized ferratricarbadecaboranyl complexes 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-C(6)H(5)-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (3), 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-NC(CH(2))(4)-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (5), 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-[(p-BrC(6)H(4))(Me(3)SiO)CH]-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (7), 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-C(14)H(11)-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (9), and 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-H(3)BNMe(2)(CH(2))(2)-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (11). Reaction of 11 with DABCO (triethylenediamine) resulted in removal of the BH(3) group coordinated to the nitrogen of the side chain, giving 1-(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))-2-NMe(2)(CH(2))(2)-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC(3)B(7)H(9) (12). Crystallographic studies of complexes 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 confirmed that these complexes are ferrocene analogues in which a formal Fe(2+) ion is sandwiched between the cyclopentadienyl and tricarbadecaboranyl monoanionic ligands. The metals are eta(6)-coordinated to the puckered six-membered face of the tricarbadecaboranyl cage, with the exopolyhedral substituents bonded to the low-coordinate carbon adjacent to the iron.

A simple and convenient procedure for the rapid oxidation of a variety of selenides, selenoxides, tellurides, and telluroxides with aqueous sodium hypochlorite to selenones and tellurones, respectively, has been reported in dimethylformamide at ambient temperature.

A simple and convenient procedure is reported for the synthesis of benzils and aliphatic 1,2-diketones of cyclic and open chain compounds from corresponding hydrobenzoins and 1,2-diols by refluxing with N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride in presence or absence of pyridine.

Vanada- and niobatricarbadecaboranyl monohalide complexes proved to be potent cytotoxic agents against murine and human leukemia and lymphoma growth as well as HeLa suspended uterine carcinoma. The vanada complex reduced the growth of KB nasopharynx, Hepe liver, HCT-8 ileum and 1-A9 ovary solid carcinomas. A mode of action study in human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells showed that DNA and purine de novo syntheses were significantly inhibited with suppression of the regulatory enzymes activities of DNA polymerase α and PRPP-amido transferase. There was moderate inhibition of RNA synthesis and m-RNA polymerase activity. These complexes did not inhibit human topoisomerase I or II activity, although the niobium complex nicked the DNA. The complexes did activate caspases 3, 6 and 9 which are linked to apoptosis programmed cell death. These vanada- and niobatricarbadecaboranyl monohalide complexes appear to be more specific in their effects on leukemia cell metabolism than other sandwich complexes which have broad effects on multiple enzymes.

The tricarbadecaboranyl anions, 6-R-nido-5,6,9-C3B7H9- (R = CH3 or C6H5), have been employed to produce a series of metallatricarbadecaboranyl analogues of the group VIII metallocenes, (η5-C5H5)2M,...

In this article, drawing from an engineering students' perspective, we explore the servant leadership of teachers of engineering colleges. Our data collected from 2,112 male and 774 female demonstrate that 94.5% engineering students rate the servant leadership of engineering teachers at 50% and above level. Similarly, 52.4% engineering students rate the servant leadership of engineering teachers at 70% and above level. It is also observed that the 'age 'of the engineering students and the 'location' of the residence of engineering students affect their perception regarding servant leadership of engineering teachers. We also observed that the region of residence, gender and the education level of the engineering students do not have any significant effect on the perception of engineering students regarding servant leadership of engineering teachers. It contributes to the knowledge of the nature of servant leadership by giving insights to the servant leadership behaviour of the teachers of engineering colleges from students perceptive.

The synthesis and X-ray diffraction study of 3-(2-biphenyl)-1,2- C2B10H11, 1, provides an example of an intramolecular non-classical C–H⋯π hydrogen bonding interaction in which the same aromatic π-electron-donating group which interacts with the carborane C–H is also connected to the carborane cage.

This paper describes a user-centered approach to the design and development of an electronic partogram for healthcare workers in developing countries. The device is intended to aid healthcare workers in data entry and interpretation of condition of mother and baby during active phase of labor in childbirth. Iterative processes of design thinking and prototyping lead to development of a simulation prototype, which was subject to user tests. Initial user tests revealed significant advantages in data entry speed and accuracy of electronic partogram over paper based partograph.

This paper presents a new optimization algorithm, Music Based Harmony Search (MBHS) applied to the Optimal Power flow (OPF) problem with line constraints for minimizing the Fuel costs together with Generator Reactive power losses. The proposed method is compared with other optimization techniques like Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA), Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to prove its supremacy. The algorithm is tested on a standard IEEE 30 bus test bed and numerous analyses viz., the effect on taps; shunt reactors etc., with different MBHS parameters are demonstrated. It is found that MBHS offers a computationally faster (75.83 times) and robust solution for OPF problem.

A simple procedure is reported for the stereoselective debromination of vic-dibromides with nickel boride at ambient temperature. Debromination with concomitant reduction of vic-dibromides to give dihydro products in a one-pot reaction is also reported. α,β-Dibromoketones can also be converted to their corresponding alcohols.Key words: debromination, vic-dibromides, stereoselective, reduction, E-alkenes.

The reaction of the tricarbadecaboranyl anion, 6-Ph-nido-5,6,9-C(3)B(7)H(9)(-), with M(CO)(5)Br [M = Mn, Re] or [(eta(6)-C(10)H(8))Mn(CO)(3)(+)]BF(4)(-) yielded the half-sandwich metallatricarbadecaboranyl analogues of (eta(5)-C(5)H(5))M(CO)(3) [M = Mn, Re]. For both 1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC(3)B(7)H(9) [M = Mn (2) and Re (3)], the metal is eta(6)-coordinated to the puckered six-membered open face of the tricarbadecaboranyl cage. Reactions of 2 and 3 with isocyanide at room temperature produced complexes 8-(CNBu(t))-8,8,8-(CO)(3)-9-Ph-nido-8,7,9,10-MC(3)B(7)H(9) [M = Mn (4), Re (5)], having the cage eta(4)-coordinated to the metal. Photolysis of 4 and 5 then resulted in the loss of CO and the formation of 1-(CNBu(t))-1,1-(CO)(2)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC(3)B(7)H(9) [M = Mn, Re (6)], where the cage is again eta(6)-coordinated to the metal. Reaction of 2 and 3 with 1 equiv of phosphine at room temperature produced the eta(6)-coordinated monosubstituted complexes 1,1-(CO)(2)-1-P(CH(3))(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC(3)B(7)H(9) [M = Mn (7), Re (9)] and 1,1-(CO)(2)-1-P(C(6)H(5))(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC(3)B(7)H(9) [M = Mn (8), Re (10)]. NMR studies of these reactions at -40 degrees C showed that substitution occurs by an associative mechanism involving the initial formation of intermediates having structures similar to those of the eta(4)-complexes 4 and 5. The observed eta(6)-eta(4) cage-slippage is analogous to the eta(5)-eta(3) ring-slippage that has been proposed to take place in related substitution reactions of cyclopentadienyl-metal complexes. Reaction of 9 with an additional equivalent of P(CH(3))(3) gave 8,8-(CO)(2)-8,8-(P(CH(3))(3))(2)-9-Ph-nido-8,7,9,10-ReC(3)B(7)H(9) (11), where the cage is eta(4)-coordinated to the metal. Photolysis of 11 resulted in the loss of CO and the formation of the disubstituted eta(6)-complex 1-CO-1,1-(P(CH(3))(3))(2)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-ReC(3)B(7)H(9) (12).

This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel 802.11-based self-organizing hierarchical ad-hoc wireless network (SOHAN), and presents some initial experimental results obtained from a proof-of-concept prototype. The proposed network has a three-tier hierarchy consisting of low-power mobile nodes (MNs) at the lowest layer, forwarding nodes (FNs) with higher power and multi-hop routing capability at the middle layer, and wired access points (APs) without power constraints at the highest layer. Specifics of new protocols used for bootstrapping, node discovery, and multi-hop routing are presented, and the overall operation of the complete hierarchical ad-hoc network is explained. A prototype implementation of the SOHAN network is outlined in terms of major hardware and software components, and initial experimental results are given.

This paper describes a beacon assisted discovery mechanism for self-organizing hierarchical ad-hoc networks. The discovery protocol, which operates between the medium access control (MAC) and network layers, is responsible for topology formation in the ad-hoc network taking into account performance objectives such as throughput, delay, energy consumption and robustness. The proposed discovery protocol operates by listening to augmented MAC-layer beacons from neighboring radio nodes and then selects a subset of these for routing associations based on specified criteria. A distributed heuristic algorithm for topology formation is considered and compared with upper-bound centralized algorithms with optimization objectives such as maximum throughput, minimum delay or minimum energy. Simulation results (based on ns-2 models) are given for the performance of the proposed discovery methods, demonstrating significant improvements in routing overhead when compared to an ad hoc network without discovery. A proof-of-concept prototype implementation for an IEEE 802.11b-based three-tier hierarchical ad hoc network is briefly described in conclusion.

This paper puts forward a reformed hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) based approach to the optimal power flow. In the approach followed here, continuous variables are designed using real-coded GA and discrete variables are processed as binary strings. The outcomes are compared with many other methods like simple genetic algorithm (GA), adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and music based harmony search (MBHS) on a IEEE30 bus test bed, with a total load of 283.4 MW. It’s found that the proposed algorithm is found to offer lowest fuel cost. The proposed method is found to be computationally faster, robust, superior and promising form its convergence characteristics.

Understanding the changes in the spermatozoa during cryopreservation is indispensable for tailoring and increasing the efficiency of cryopreservation process success. However, the dynamics of damage to sperm organelles during different stages of cryopreservation is underexplored. This study assessed the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and DNA damage during different stages of cryopreservation, viz. immediately after ejaculation, after equilibration and after freezing and thawing in cattle and buffalo spermatozoa using flow cytometry. Proportion of spermatozoa with high MMP decreased significantly after equilibration (from 66.06±4.59 to 42.58±6.30 in Holstein bulls and from 60.32±5.51 to 39.98±7.58 in buffalo bulls). Sperm DNA integrity [DNA fragmentation index (DFI %)] in Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls did not differ significantly between fresh and equilibrated samples but a significantly higher % DFI was observed in frozen-thawed semen samples as compared to both fresh and equilibrated samples. In contrast, % DFI in buffalo spermatozoa did not differ among the three stages of cryopreservation. It was concluded that mitochondrial damages occur during equilibration while chromatin damages occur during freezing and thawing of cattle bull spermatozoa; whereas buffalo bull spermatozoa were lesser susceptible to DNA damage during cryopreservation as compared to cattle spermatozoa.