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1. The inner junction protein CFAP20 functions in motile and non-motile cilia and is critical for vision

Author

Chrystal, Paul W., Lambacher, Nils J., Doucette, Lance P., Bellingham, James, Schiff, Elena R., Noel, Nicole C.L., Li, Chunmei, Tsiropoulou, Sofia, Casey, Geoffrey A., Zhai, Yi, Nadolski, Nathan J., Majumder, Mohammed H., Tagoe, Julia, D’Esposito, Fabiana, Cordeiro, Maria Francesca, Downes, Susan, Clayton-Smith, Jill, Ellingford, Jamie, Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Bevers, R., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Brown, M. A., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Giess, A., Griffin, J. N., Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Hubbard, T. J.P., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Kousathanas, A., Lahnstein, L., Lakey, A., Leigh, S. E.A., Leong, I. U.S., Lopez, F. J., Mitchell, J., Pereira, M. B., Smith, S. C., Thomas, E. R.A., Thompson, S. R., Jansen, Gert, Neurosciences, Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Pharmacy, and Cell biology

Subjects
Male, Multidisciplinary, Proteins, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, Ciliopathies, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Semen, Retinal Dystrophies, Animals, Humans, Cilia, Caenorhabditis elegans, Zebrafish
Abstract

Motile and non-motile cilia are associated with mutually-exclusive genetic disorders. Motile cilia propel sperm or extracellular fluids, and their dysfunction causes primary ciliary dyskinesia. Non-motile cilia serve as sensory/signalling antennae on most cell types, and their disruption causes single-organ ciliopathies such as retinopathies or multi-system syndromes. CFAP20 is a ciliopathy candidate known to modulate motile cilia in unicellular eukaryotes. We demonstrate that in zebrafish, cfap20 is required for motile cilia function, and in C. elegans, CFAP-20 maintains the structural integrity of non-motile cilia inner junctions, influencing sensory-dependent signalling and development. Human patients and zebrafish with CFAP20 mutations both exhibit retinal dystrophy. Hence, CFAP20 functions within a structural/functional hub centered on the inner junction that is shared between motile and non-motile cilia, and is distinct from other ciliopathy-associated domains or macromolecular complexes. Our findings suggest an uncharacterised pathomechanism for retinal dystrophy, and potentially for motile and non-motile ciliopathies in general.

Published
2022
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2. Genotype–phenotype correlations for COL4A3–COL4A5 variants resulting in Gly substitutions in Alport syndrome

Author

Gibson, Joel T., Huang, Mary, Shenelli Croos Dabrera, Marina, Shukla, Krushnam, Rothe, Hansjörg, Hilbert, Pascale, Deltas, Constantinos, Storey, Helen, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz, Beata S., Chan, Melanie M. Y., Sadeghi-Alavijeh, Omid, Gale, Daniel P., Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Baple, E. L., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boissiere, J. M., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Craig, C. E. H., Daugherty, L. C., de Burca, A., Devereau, A., Elgar, G., Foulger, R. E., Fowler, T., Furió-Tarí, P., Giess, A., Hackett, J. M., Halai, D., Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Holman, J. E., Hubbard, T. J. P., Ibáñez, K., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Kousathanas, A., Lahnstein, L., Lawson, K., Leigh, S. E. A., Leong, I. U. S., Lopez, F. J., Maleady-Crowe, F., Mason, J., McDonagh, E. M., Moutsianas, L., Mueller, M., Murugaesu, N., Need, A. C., Odhams, C. A., Orioli, A., Patch, C., Perez-Gil, D., Pereira, M. B., Polychronopoulos, D., Pullinger, J., Rahim, T., Rendon, A., Riesgo-Ferreiro, P., Rogers, T., Ryten, M., Savage, K., Sawant, K., Scott, R. H., Siddiq, A., Sieghart, A., Smedley, D., Smith, K. R., Smith, S. C., Sosinsky, A., Spooner, W., Stevens, H. E., Stuckey, A., Sultana, R., Tanguy, M., Thomas, E. R. A., Thompson, S. R., Tregidgo, C., Tucci, A., Walsh, E., Watters, S. A., Welland, M. J., Williams, E., Witkowska, K., Wood, S. M., Zarowiecki, M., Cerkauskaite, Agne, and Savige, Judy

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, urologic and male genital diseases, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications
Abstract

Alport syndrome is the commonest inherited kidney disease and nearly half the pathogenic variants in the COL4A3–COL4A5 genes that cause Alport syndrome result in Gly substitutions. This study examined the molecular characteristics of Gly substitutions that determine the severity of clinical features. Pathogenic COL4A5 variants affecting Gly in the Leiden Open Variation Database in males with X-linked Alport syndrome were correlated with age at kidney failure (n = 157) and hearing loss diagnosis (n = 80). Heterozygous pathogenic COL4A3 and COL4A4 variants affecting Gly (n = 304) in autosomal dominant Alport syndrome were correlated with the risk of haematuria in the UK 100,000 Genomes Project. Gly substitutions were stratified by exon location (1 to 20 or 21 to carboxyl terminus), being adjacent to a non-collagenous region (interruption or terminus), and the degree of instability caused by the replacement residue. Pathogenic COL4A5 variants that resulted in a Gly substitution with a highly destabilising residue reduced the median age at kidney failure by 7 years (p = 0.002), and age at hearing loss diagnosis by 21 years (p = 0.004). Substitutions adjacent to a non-collagenous region delayed kidney failure by 19 years (p = 0.014). Heterozygous pathogenic COL4A3 and COL4A4 variants that resulted in a Gly substitution with a highly destabilising residue (Arg, Val, Glu, Asp, Trp) were associated with an increased risk of haematuria (p = 0.018), and those adjacent to a non-collagenous region were associated with a reduced risk (p = 0.046). Exon location had no effect. In addition, COL4A5 variants adjacent to non-collagenous regions were over-represented in the normal population in gnomAD (p

Published
2022
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3. Whole genome sequences discriminate hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia phenotypes by non-HHT deleterious DNA variation

Author

Joyce, KE, Onabanjo, E, Brownlow, S, Nur, F, Olupona, K, Fakayode, K, Sroya, M, Thomas, GA, Ferguson, T, Redhead, J, Millar, CM, Cooper, N, Layton, DM, Boardman-Pretty, F, Caulfield, MJ, Genomics England Research Consortium, GE, Shovlin, CL, and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

Subjects
Phenotype, Genomics England Research Consortium, Whole Genome Sequencing, Activin Receptors, Type II, Mutation, Genetic Variation, Humans, Hemorrhage, Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic, Hematology, DNA
Abstract

The abnormal vascular structures of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) often cause severe anemia due to recurrent hemorrhage, but HHT causal genes do not predict the severity of hematological complications. We tested for chance inheritance and clinical associations of rare deleterious variants in which loss-of-function causes bleeding or hemolytic disorders in the general population. In double-blinded analyses, all 104 patients with HHT from a single reference center recruited to the 100 000 Genomes Project were categorized on new MALO (more/as-expected/less/opposite) sub-phenotype severity scales, and whole genome sequencing data were tested for high impact variants in 75 HHT-independent genes encoding coagulation factors, or platelet, hemoglobin, erythrocyte enzyme, and erythrocyte membrane constituents. Rare variants (all gnomAD allele frequencies 15 were supported by gene-level mutation significance cutoff scores. CADD >15 variants were identified in 38/104 (36.5%) patients with HHT, found for 1 in 10 patients within platelet genes; 1 in 8 within coagulation genes; and 1 in 4 within erythrocyte hemolytic genes. In blinded analyses, patients with greater hemorrhagic severity that had been attributed solely to HHT vessels had more CADD-deleterious variants in platelet (Spearman ρ = 0.25; P = .008) and coagulation (Spearman ρ = 0.21; P = .024) genes. However, the HHT cohort had 60% fewer deleterious variants in platelet and coagulation genes than expected (Mann-Whitney test P = .021). In conclusion, patients with HHT commonly have rare variants in genes of relevance to their phenotype, offering new therapeutic targets and opportunities for informed, personalized medicine strategies.

Published
2022

4. An intermediate-effect size variant in UMOD confers risk for chronic kidney disease

Author

Olinger, Eric, Schaeffer, Céline, Kidd, Kendrah, Elhassan, Elhussein A. E., Cheng, Yurong, Dufour, Inès, Schiano, Guglielmo, Mabillard, Holly, Pasqualetto, Elena, Hofmann, Patrick, Fuster, Daniel G., Kistler, Andreas D., Wilson, Ian J., Kmoch, Stanislav, Raymond, Laure, Robert, Thomas, Eckardt, Kai-Uwe, Bleyer, Anthony J., Köttgen, Anna, Conlon, Peter J., Wiesener, Michael, Sayer, John A., Rampoldi, Luca, Devuyst, Olivier, Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Bevers, R., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Brown, M.A., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Giess, A., Griffin, J. N., Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Hubbard, T. J. P., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Kousathanas, A., Lahnstein, L., Lakey, A., Leigh, S. E. A., Leong, I. U. S., Lopez, F. J., Maleady-Crowe, F., McEntagart, M., Minneci, F., Mitchell, J., Moutsianas, L., Mueller, M., Murugaesu, N., Need, A. C., O’Donovan, P., Odhams, C. A., Patch, C., Perez-Gil, D., Pereira, M. B., Pullinger, J., Rahim, T., Rendon, A., Rogers, T., Savage, K., Sawant, K., Scott, R. H., Siddiq, A., Sieghart, A., Smith, S. C., Sosinsky, A., Stuckey, A., Tanguy, M., Taylor Tavares, A. L., Thomas, E. R. A., Thompson, S. R., Tucci, A., Welland, M. J., Williams, E., Witkowska, K., Wood, S. M., Zarowiecki, M., and UCL - SSS/IREC/NEFR - Pôle de Néphrologie

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, uromodulin, rare disease, 610 Medicine & health, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease, ER stress, genetic architecture
Abstract

The kidney-specific gene UMOD encodes for uromodulin, the most abundant protein excreted in normal urine. Rare large-effect variants in UMOD cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), while common low-impact variants strongly associate with kidney function and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. It is unknown whether intermediate-effect variants in UMOD contribute to CKD. Here, candidate intermediate-effect UMOD variants were identified using large-population and ADTKD cohorts. Biological and phenotypical effects were investigated using cell models, in silico simulations, patient samples, and international databases and biobanks. Eight UMOD missense variants reported in ADTKD are present in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), with minor allele frequency (MAF) ranging from 10 −5 to 10 −3 . Among them, the missense variant p.Thr62Pro is detected in ∼1/1,000 individuals of European ancestry, shows incomplete penetrance but a high genetic load in familial clusters of CKD, and is associated with kidney failure in the 100,000 Genomes Project (odds ratio [OR] = 3.99 [1.84 to 8.98]) and the UK Biobank (OR = 4.12 [1.32 to 12.85). Compared with canonical ADTKD mutations, the p.Thr62Pro carriers displayed reduced disease severity, with slower progression of CKD and an intermediate reduction of urinary uromodulin levels, in line with an intermediate trafficking defect in vitro and modest induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Identification of an intermediate-effect UMOD variant completes the spectrum of UMOD -associated kidney diseases and provides insights into the mechanisms of ADTKD and the genetic architecture of CKD.

Published
2022
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5. Heterozygous UCHL1 loss-of-function variants cause a neurodegenerative disorder with spasticity, ataxia, neuropathy, and optic atrophy

Author

Park, Joohyun, Tucci, Arianna, Cali, Elisa, Ryten, M., Savage, K., Sawant, K., Scott, R. H., Siddiq, A., Sieghart, A., Smedley, D., Smith, K. R., Sosinsky, A., Spooner, W., Vestito, Letizia, Stevens, H. E., Stuckey, A., Sultana, R., Thomas, E. R. A., Thompson, S. R., Tregidgo, C., Tucci, A., Walsh, E., Watters, S. A., Welland, M. J., Maroofian, Reza, Williams, E., Witkowska, K., Wood, S. M., Zarowiecki, M., Deininger, Natalie, Rautenberg, Maren, Admard, Jakob, Hahn, Gesa-Astrid, Bartels, Claudius, van Os, Nienke J H, Horvath, Rita, Cipriani, Valentina, Chinnery, Patrick F, Tiet, May Yung, Hewamadduma, Channa, Hadjivassiliou, Marios, Tofaris, George K, Consortium, Genomics England Research, Wood, Nicholas W, Hayer, Stefanie N, Bender, Friedemann, Menden, Benita, Demidov, German, Cordts, Isabell, Klein, Katrin, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Krauss, Joachim K, Blahak, Christian, Strom, Tim M, Sturm, Marc, van de Warrenburg, Bart, Lerche, Holger, Maček, Boris, Rocca, Clarissa, Synofzik, Matthis, Ossowski, Stephan, Timmann, Dagmar, Wolf, Marc E, Smedley, Damian, Riess, Olaf, Schöls, Ludger, Houlden, Henry, Haack, Tobias B, Hengel, Holger, Senderek, Jan, Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Baple, E. L., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boissiere, J. M., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Butryn, Michaela, Craig, C. E. H., Daugherty, L. C., de Burca, A., Devereau, A., Elgar, G., Foulger, R. E., Fowler, T., Furió-Tarí, P., Hackett, J. M., Halai, D., Velic, Ana, Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Holman, J. E., Hubbard, T. J. P., Ibáñez, K., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Lahnstein, L., Lam, Tanya, Lawson, K., Leigh, S. E. A., Leong, I. U. S., Lopez, F. J., Maleady-Crowe, F., Mason, J., McDonagh, E. M., Moutsianas, L., Mueller, M., Murugaesu, N., Galanaki, Evangelia, Need, A. C., Odhams, C. A., Patch, C., Perez-Gil, D., Polychronopoulos, D., Pullinger, J., Rahim, T., Rendon, A., Riesgo-Ferreiro, P., and Rogers, T.

Subjects
Proteomics, Cerebellar Ataxia, Medizin, genetics [Muscle Spasticity], UCHL1, genetics [Optic Atrophy], genetics [Ubiquitin Thiolesterase], All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Loss of Function Mutation, Gene burden, genetics [Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary], Spinocerebellar Ataxias, Humans, ddc:610, genetics [Spinocerebellar Ataxias], Genetics (clinical), genetics [Cerebellar Ataxia], Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary, Spastic ataxia, genetics [Ataxia], Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3], Pedigree, Optic Atrophy, Muscle Spasticity, Mutation, Ataxia, Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
Abstract

Purpose Biallelic variants in UCHL1 have been associated with a progressive early-onset neurodegenerative disorder, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 79. In this study, we investigated heterozygous UCHL1 variants on the basis of results from cohort-based burden analyses. Methods Gene-burden analyses were performed on exome and genome data of independent cohorts of patients with hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia from Germany and the United Kingdom in a total of 3169 patients and 33,141 controls. Clinical data of affected individuals and additional independent families were collected and evaluated. Patients’ fibroblasts were used to perform mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results UCHL1 was prioritized in both independent cohorts as a candidate gene for an autosomal dominant disorder. We identified a total of 34 cases from 18 unrelated families, carrying 13 heterozygous loss-of-function variants (15 families) and an inframe insertion (3 families). Affected individuals mainly presented with spasticity (24/31), ataxia (28/31), neuropathy (11/21), and optic atrophy (9/17). The mass spectrometry-based proteomics showed approximately 50% reduction of UCHL1 expression in patients’ fibroblasts. Conclusion Our bioinformatic analysis, in-depth clinical and genetic workup, and functional studies established haploinsufficiency of UCHL1 as a novel disease mechanism in spastic ataxia.

Published
2022
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6. High definition analyses of single cohort, whole genome sequencing data provides a direct route to defining sub-phenotypes and personalising medicine

Author

Joyce, KE, Onabanjo, E, Brownlow, S, Nur, F, Olupona, KO, Fakayode, K, Sroya, M, Thomas, G, Ferguson, T, Redhead, J, Millar, CM, Cooper, N, Layton, DM, Boardman-Pretty, F, Caulfield, MJ, and Shovlin, CL

Abstract

Possession of a clinical or molecular disease label alters the context in which life-course events operate, but rarely explains the phenotypic variability observed by clinicians. Whole genome sequencing of unselected endothelial vasculopathy patients demonstrated more than a third had rare, likely deleterious variants in clinically-relevant genes unrelated to their vasculopathy (1 in 10 within platelet genes; 1 in 8 within coagulation genes; and 1 in 4 within erythrocyte hemolytic genes). High erythrocyte membrane variant rates paralleled genomic damage and prevalence indices in the general population. In blinded analyses, patients with greater hemorrhagic severity that had been attributed solely to their vasculopathy had more deleterious variants in platelet (Spearman ρ=0.25, p=0.008) and coagulation (Spearman ρ=0.21, p=0.024) genes. We conclude that rare diseases can provide insights for medicine beyond their primary pathophysiology, and propose a framework based on rare variants to inform interpretative approaches to accelerate clinical impact from whole genome sequencing.

Published
2021

7. Human and mouse essentiality screens as a resource for disease gene discovery

Author

Cacheiro, Pilar, Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta, Westerberg, Henrik, Scott, R. H., Siddiq, A., Sieghart, A., Smith, K. R., Sosinsky, A., Spooner, W., Stevens, H. E., Stuckey, A., Sultana, R., Thomas, E. R. A., Konopka, Tomasz, Thompson, S. R., Tregidgo, C., Tucci, A., Walsh, E., Watters, S. A., Welland, M. J., Williams, E., Witkowska, K., Wood, S. M., Zarowiecki, M., Hsu, Chih-Wei, Marschall, Susan, Lengger, Christoph, Maier, Holger, Seisenberger, Claudia, Bürger, Antje, Kühn, Ralf, Schick, Joel, Hörlein, Andreas, Oritz, Oskar, Giesert, Florian, Christiansen, Audrey, Beig, Joachim, Kenyon, Janet, Codner, Gemma, Fray, Martin, Johnson, Sara J, Cleak, James, Szoke-Kovacs, Zsombor, Lafont, David, Vancollie, Valerie E, McLaren, Robbie S B, Lanza, Denise G, Hughes-Hallett, Lena, Rowley, Christine, Sanderson, Emma, Galli, Antonella, Tuck, Elizabeth, Green, Angela, Tudor, Catherine, Siragher, Emma, Dabrowska, Monika, Mazzeo, Cecilia Icoresi, Beaudet, Arthur L, Griffiths, Mark, Gannon, David, Doe, Brendan, Cockle, Nicola, Kirton, Andrea, Bottomley, Joanna, Ingle, Catherine, Ryder, Edward, Gleeson, Diane, Ramirez-Solis, Ramiro, Heaney, Jason D, Birling, Marie-Christine, Pavlovic, Guillaume, Ayadi, Abdel, Hamid, Meziane, About, Ghina Bou, Champy, Marie-France, Jacobs, Hugues, Wendling, Olivia, Leblanc, Sophie, Vasseur, Laurent, Fuchs, Helmut, Chesler, Elissa J, Kumar, Vivek, White, Jacqueline K, Svenson, Karen L, Wiegand, Jean-Paul, Anderson, Laura L, Wilcox, Troy, Clark, James, Ryan, Jennifer, Denegre, James, Gailus-Durner, Valerie, Stearns, Tim, Philip, Vivek, Witmeyer, Catherine, Bates, Lindsay, Seavey, Zachary, Stanley, Pamela, Willet, Amelia, Roper, Willson, Creed, Julie, Moore, Michayla, Sorg, Tania, Dorr, Alex, Fraungruber, Pamelia, Presby, Rose, Mckay, Matthew, Nguyen-Bresinsky, Dong, Goodwin, Leslie, Urban, Rachel, Kane, Coleen, Murray, Stephen A, Prochazka, Jan, Novosadova, Vendula, Lelliott, Christopher J, Wardle-Jones, Hannah, Wells, Sara, Teboul, Lydia, Cater, Heather, Stewart, Michelle, Hough, Tertius, Wurst, Wolfgang, Dickinson, Mary E, Sedlacek, Radislav, Adams, David J, Seavitt, John R, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Mammano, Fabio, Braun, Robert E, McKerlie, Colin, Herault, Yann, de Angelis, Martin Hrabě, Mallon, Ann-Marie, Bucan, Maja, Lloyd, K C Kent, Brown, Steve D M, Parkinson, Helen, Meehan, Terrence F, Smedley, Damian, Consortium, Genomics England Research, Consortium, International Mouse Phenotyping, Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Baple, E. L., Nutter, Lauryl M J, Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boissiere, J. M., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Craig, C. E. H., Daugherty, L. C., de Burca, A., Peterson, Kevin A, Devereau, A., Elgar, G., Foulger, R. E., Fowler, T., Furió-Tarí, P., Hackett, J. M., Halai, D., Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Holman, J. E., Haselimashhadi, Hamed, Hubbard, T. J. P., Ibáñez, K., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Lahnstein, L., Lawson, K., Leigh, S. E. A., Leong, I. U. S., Flenniken, Ann M, Lopez, F. J., Maleady-Crowe, F., Mason, J., McDonagh, E. M., Moutsianas, L., Mueller, M., Murugaesu, N., Need, A. C., Odhams, C. A., Patch, C., Morgan, Hugh, Perez-Gil, D., Polychronopoulos, D., Pullinger, J., Rahim, T., Rendon, A., Riesgo-Ferreiro, P., Rogers, T., Ryten, M., Savage, K., Sawant, K., Cacheiro, Pilar [0000-0002-6335-8208], Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta [0000-0003-3574-546X], Nutter, Lauryl MJ [0000-0001-9619-146X], Peterson, Kevin A [0000-0001-8353-3694], Haselimashhadi, Hamed [0000-0001-7334-2421], Konopka, Tomasz [0000-0003-3042-4712], Hsu, Chih-Wei [0000-0002-9591-9567], Lanza, Denise G [0000-0001-8750-6933], Heaney, Jason D [0000-0001-8475-8828], Fuchs, Helmut [0000-0002-5143-2677], Gailus-Durner, Valerie [0000-0002-6076-0111], Lelliott, Christopher J [0000-0001-8087-4530], Adams, David J [0000-0001-9490-0306], Mammano, Fabio [0000-0003-3751-1691], McKerlie, Colin [0000-0002-2232-0967], Herault, Yann [0000-0001-7049-6900], de Angelis, Martin Hrabě [0000-0002-7898-2353], Lloyd, KC Kent [0000-0002-5318-4144], Smedley, Damian [0000-0002-5836-9850], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), European Bioinformatics Institute [Hinxton] (EMBL-EBI), EMBL Heidelberg, The Jackson Laboratory [Bar Harbor] (JAX), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, University of Pennsylvania, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), Mount Sinai Hospital [Toronto, Canada] (MSH), MRC Harwell Institute [UK], Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French National Infrastructure for Mouse Phenogenomics (PHENOMIN), Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IMG / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Technische Universität München = Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), CNR - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), German Center for Diabetes Research - Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung [Neuherberg] (DZD), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), J C Ambrose, P Arumugam, E L Baple, M Bleda, F Boardman-Pretty, J M Boissiere, C R Boustred, H Brittain, M J Caulfield, G C Chan, C E H Craig, L C Daugherty, A de Burca, A Devereau, G Elgar, R E Foulger, T Fowler, P Furió-Tarí, J M Hackett, D Halai, A Hamblin, S Henderson, J E Holman, T J P Hubbard, K Ibáñez, R Jackson, L J Jones, D Kasperaviciute, M Kayikci, L Lahnstein, K Lawson, S E A Leigh, I U S Leong, F J Lopez, F Maleady-Crowe, J Mason, E M McDonagh, L Moutsianas, M Mueller, N Murugaesu, A C Need, C A Odhams, C Patch, D Perez-Gil, D Polychronopoulos, J Pullinger, T Rahim, A Rendon, P Riesgo-Ferreiro, T Rogers, M Ryten, K Savage, K Sawant, R H Scott, A Siddiq, A Sieghart, K R Smith, A Sosinsky, W Spooner, H E Stevens, A Stuckey, R Sultana, E R A Thomas, S R Thompson, C Tregidgo, A Tucci, E Walsh, S A Watters, M J Welland, E Williams, K Witkowska, S M Wood, M Zarowiecki, Susan Marschall, Christoph Lengger, Holger Maier, Claudia Seisenberger, Antje Bürger, Ralf Kühn, Joel Schick, Andreas Hörlein, Oskar Oritz, Florian Giesert, Joachim Beig, Janet Kenyon, Gemma Codner, Martin Fray, Sara J Johnson, James Cleak, Zsombor Szoke-Kovacs, David Lafont, Valerie E Vancollie, Robbie S B McLaren, Lena Hughes-Hallett, Christine Rowley, Emma Sanderson, Antonella Galli, Elizabeth Tuck, Angela Green, Catherine Tudor, Emma Siragher, Monika Dabrowska, Cecilia Icoresi Mazzeo, Mark Griffiths, David Gannon, Brendan Doe, Nicola Cockle, Andrea Kirton, Joanna Bottomley, Catherine Ingle, Edward Ryder, Diane Gleeson, Ramiro Ramirez-Solis, Marie-Christine Birling, Guillaume Pavlovic, Abdel Ayadi, Meziane Hamid, Ghina Bou About, Marie-France Champy, Hugues Jacobs, Olivia Wendling, Sophie Leblanc, Laurent Vasseur, Elissa J Chesler, Vivek Kumar, Jacqueline K White, Karen L Svenson, Jean-Paul Wiegand, Laura L Anderson, Troy Wilcox, James Clark, Jennifer Ryan, James Denegre, Tim Stearns, Vivek Philip, Catherine Witmeyer, Lindsay Bates, Zachary Seavey, Pamela Stanley, Amelia Willet, Willson Roper, Julie Creed, Michayla Moore, Alex Dorr, Pamelia Fraungruber, Rose Presby, Matthew Mckay, Dong Nguyen-Bresinsky, Leslie Goodwin, Rachel Urban, Coleen Kane, Herault, Yann, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Mutation rate, Cancer Research, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, methods [Genetic Association Studies], Disease, VARIANTS, Mice, Essential, 0302 clinical medicine, IMPC, Genetics research, Lethal allele, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, lcsh:Science, Organism, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Disease gene, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Genes, Essential, genetics [Disease], Genomics, R/BIOCONDUCTOR PACKAGE, DATABASE, UPDATE, GENOME, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Knockout mouse, Identification (biology), ddc:500, International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, Technology Platforms, Biotechnology, Knockout, Science, Computational biology, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Genetic variation, Clinical genetics, Gene, Genetic Association Studies, 030304 developmental biology, Disease model, Prevention, Human Genome, General Chemistry, medicine.disease, Developmental disorder, Good Health and Well Being, 030104 developmental biology, Genomics England Research Consortium, Genes, lcsh:Q, Generic health relevance, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Rare disease
Abstract

The identification of causal variants in sequencing studies remains a considerable challenge that can be partially addressed by new gene-specific knowledge. Here, we integrate measures of how essential a gene is to supporting life, as inferred from viability and phenotyping screens performed on knockout mice by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium and essentiality screens carried out on human cell lines. We propose a cross-species gene classification across the Full Spectrum of Intolerance to Loss-of-function (FUSIL) and demonstrate that genes in five mutually exclusive FUSIL categories have differing biological properties. Most notably, Mendelian disease genes, particularly those associated with developmental disorders, are highly overrepresented among genes non-essential for cell survival but required for organism development. After screening developmental disorder cases from three independent disease sequencing consortia, we identify potentially pathogenic variants in genes not previously associated with rare diseases. We therefore propose FUSIL as an efficient approach for disease gene discovery., Discovery of causal variants for monogenic disorders has been facilitated by whole exome and genome sequencing, but does not provide a diagnosis for all patients. Here, the authors propose a Full Spectrum of Intolerance to Loss-of-Function (FUSIL) categorization that integrates gene essentiality information to aid disease gene discovery.

Published
2020
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8. Mutation-Attention (MuAt): deep representation learning of somatic mutations for tumour typing and subtyping

Author

Sanjaya, Prima, Maljanen, Katri, Katainen, Riku, Waszak, Sebastian Martin, Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Bevers, R., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Brown, M. A., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Giess, A., Griffin, J. N., Hamblin, A., Henderson, S., Hubbard, T. J. P., Jackson, R., Jones, L. J., Kasperaviciute, D., Kayikci, M., Kousathanas, A., Lahnstein, L., Lakey, A., Leigh, S. E. A., Leong, I. U. S., Leong, F. J., Maleady-Crowe, F., McEntagart, M., Minneci, F., Mitchell, J., Moutsianas, L., Mueller, M., Murugaesu, N., Need, A. C., O’Donovan, P., Odhams, C. A., Patch, C., Perez-Gil, D., Perez-Gil, M. B., Pullinger, J., Rahim, T., Rendon, A., Rogers, T., Savage, K., Sawant, K., Scott, R. H., Siddiq, A., Smith, S. C., Sosinsky, A., Stuckey, A., Tanguy, M., Taylor Tavares, A. L., Thomas, E. R. A., Thompson, S. R., Tucci, A., Welland, M. J., Williams, E., Witkowska, K., Wood, S. M., Zarowiecki, M., Aaltonen, Lauri A., Stegle, Oliver, Korbel, Jan O., and Pitkänen, Esa

Subjects
Molecular tumour subtyping, Somatic mutations, Tumour type prediction, Whole genome sequencing, Machine learning, Deep neural networks, Cancer genomics, Whole exome sequencing, Deep learning, Precision cancer medicine
Abstract

Background: Cancer genome sequencing enables accurate classification of tumours and tumour subtypes. However, prediction performance is still limited using exome-only sequencing and for tumour types with low somatic mutation burden such as many paediatric tumours. Moreover, the ability to leverage deep representation learning in discovery of tumour entities remains unknown. Methods: We introduce here Mutation-Attention (MuAt), a deep neural network to learn representations of simple and complex somatic alterations for prediction of tumour types and subtypes. In contrast to many previous methods, MuAt utilizes the attention mechanism on individual mutations instead of aggregated mutation counts. Results We trained MuAt models on 2587 whole cancer genomes (24 tumour types) from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) and 7352 cancer exomes (20 types) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). MuAt achieved prediction accuracy of 89% for whole genomes and 64% for whole exomes, and a top-5 accuracy of 97% and 90%, respectively. MuAt models were found to be well-calibrated and perform well in three independent whole cancer genome cohorts with 10,361 tumours in total. We show MuAt to be able to learn clinically and biologically relevant tumour entities including acral melanoma, SHH-activated medulloblastoma, SPOP-associated prostate cancer, microsatellite instability, POLE proofreading deficiency, and MUTYH-associated pancreatic endocrine tumours without these tumour subtypes and subgroups being provided as training labels. Finally, scrunity of MuAt attention matrices revealed both ubiquitous and tumour-type specific patterns of simple and complex somatic mutations. Conclusions: Integrated representations of somatic alterations learnt by MuAt were able to accurately identify histological tumour types and identify tumour entities, with potential to impact precision cancer medicine.

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