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Guided waves are the perfect carriers of electromagnetic signals in planar miniaturized devices due to their high localization and controlled propagation direction. However, it is still a challenge to control the polarization of propagating guided waves. In this work, we discover both theoretically and experimentally the broadband polarization TE-TM degeneracy of highly localized guided waves propagating along an all-dielectric metasurface and a subwavelength chain of dielectric high-index cylinders. Using the discovered near-field polarization degree of freedom, we demonstrate experimentally the polarization transformation for guided waves propagating along a subwavelength chain of dielectric cylinders at any frequency within the finite spectral range. Namely, we implement the simplest planar near-field polarization device -- the quarter-wave-retardation (linear-to-circular) polarization transformer of guided waves. The results obtained discover the polarization degree of freedom for guided waves paving the way towards numerous applications in flat optics and planar photonics., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures

Bound states in the continuum provide a remarkable example of how a simple problem solved about a century ago in quantum mechanics can drive the research on a whole spectrum of resonant phenomena in wave physics. Due to their huge radiative lifetime, bound states in the continuum have found multiple applications in various areas of physics devoted to wave processes, including hydrodynamics, atomic physics, and acoustics. In this review paper, we present a comprehensive description of bound states in the continuum and related effects, focusing mainly on photonic dielectric structures. We review the history of this area, basic physical mechanisms in the formation of bound states in the continuum, and specific examples of structures supporting such states. We also discuss their possible applications in optics, photonics, and radiophysics., 80 pages, 21 figures

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is a promising platform for new generation optoelectronics and nanophotonics due to their unique optical properties. However, in contrast to direct bandgap TMDs monolayers, bulk samples have an indirect bandgap that restricts their application as light emitters. On the other hand, the high refractive index of these materials seems ideal for creating high-quality nanophotonic resonators with a strong Purcell effect. In this work, we fabricate Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators from bulk (i.e., indirect bandgap) MoSe$_2$ using resistless scanning probe lithography and study their optical properties. Micro-photoluminescence($\mu$-PL) investigation revealed WGM spectra of resonators with an enhancement factor of 100 compared to pristine flake. Scattering experiments and modeling also confirm the WGM nature of spectra observed. Temperature dependence of PL revealed two components of photoluminescence. The first one quenches with decreasing temperature, the second one does not and becomes dominant. Therefore, this suggests that resonators amplify both direct and temperature-activated indirect PL. Thus, here we demonstrated the novel approach to fabricating nanophotonic resonators from bulk TMDs and obtaining PL from indirect bandgap materials. We believe that the suggested approach and structures have great prospects in nanophotonics., Comment: Main text: 18 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary: 3 pages, 2 figures

Germanium self-assembled nanoislands and quantum dots are very prospective for CMOS-compatible optoelectronic integrated circuits but their luminescence intensity is still insufficient for many practical applications. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that photoluminescence of Ge nanoislands in silicon photonic crystal slab with hexagonal lattice can be dramatically enhanced due to the involvement in the emission process of the bounds states in the continuum. We experimentally demonstrate more than two orders of magnitude peak photoluminescence enhancement and more than one order of magnitude integrated PL enhancement in a photonic crystal slab compared with the non-structured sample area. We theoretically study this effect by the Fourier modal method in the scattering matrix form and demonstrate the appearance of quasi-normal guided modes in our photonic crystal slab. We also describe their symmetry in terms of group theory. Our work paves the way towards a new class of optoelectronic components compatible with silicon technology., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures

Surface plasmon polaritons on (silver) nanowires are promising components for future photonic technologies. Here, we study near-field patterns on silver nanowires with a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope that enables the direct mapping of surface waves. We analyze the spatial pattern of the plasmon signatures for different excitation geometries and polarization and observe a plasmon wave pattern that is canted relative to the nanowire axis, which we show is due to a superposition of two different plasmon modes, as supported by electromagnetic simulations including the influence of the substrate. These findings yield new insights into the excitation and propagation of plasmon polaritons for applications in nanoplasmonic devices.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) represent localized modes with energies embedded in the continuous spectrum of radiating waves. BICs were discovered initially as a mathematical curiosity in quantum mechanics, and more recently were employed in photonics. Pure mathematical bound states have infinitely-large quality factors (Q factors) and zero resonant linewidth. In optics, BICs are physically limited by a finite size, material absorption, structural disorder, and surface scattering, and they manifest themselves as the resonant states with large Q factors, also known as supercavity modes or quasi-BICs. Optical BIC resonances have been demonstrated only in extended 2D and 1D systems and have been employed for distinct applications including lasing and sensing. Optical quasi-BIC modes in individual nanoresonators have been discovered recently but they were never observed in experiment. Here, we demonstrate experimentally an isolated subwavelength nanoresonator hosting a quasi-BIC resonance. We fabricate the resonator from AlGaAs material on an engineered substrate, and couple to the quasi-BIC mode using structured light. We employ the resonator as a nonlinear nanoantenna and demonstrate record-high efficiency of second-harmonic generation. Our study brings a novel platform to resonant subwavelength photonics.

We discuss the recent advances in meta-optics and nanophotonics associated with the physics of bound states in the continuum (BICs). Such resonant states appear due to a strong coupling between leaky modes in optical guiding structures being supported by subwavelength high-index dielectric Mie-resonant nanoantennas or all-dielectric metasurfaces. First, we review briefly very recent developments in the BIC physics in application to isolated subwavelength particles. We pay a special attention to novel opportunities for nonlinear nanophotonics due to the large field enhancement inside the particle volume creating the resonant states with high-quality (high-$Q$) factors, the so-called quasi-BIC, that can be supported by the subwavelength particles. Second, we discuss novel applications of the BIC physics to all-dielectric optical metasurfaces with broken-symmetry meta-atoms when tuning to the BIC conditions allows to enhance substantially the $Q$ factor of the flat-optics dielectric structures. We also present the original results on nonlinear high-$Q$ metasurfaces and predict that the frequency conversion efficiency can be boosted dramatically by smart engineering of the asymmetry parameter of dielectric metasurfaces in the vicinity of the quasi-BIC regime., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

In order to improve technological and drying properties of argillaceous raw materials and to produce face brick of light color shades from low-melt and red-burning clay, a modification of carbonate-containing additive, in a form of oil-slime utilization product, was carried out. An influence of a concentration of an additive on structure and properties of a modified mixture is discussed. Structure of ceramics and chemical composition of minerals formed during burning is studied, their influence and an influence of organic component of the additive on a change of color and properties of ceramic brick, manufactured by means of plastic molding method, are identified.

Nanoantennas for highly efficient excitation and manipulation of surface waves at nanoscale are key elements of compact photonic circuits. However, previously implemented designs employ plasmonic nanoantennas with high Ohmic losses, relatively low spectral resolution, and complicated lithographically made architectures. Here we propose an ultracompact and simple dielectric nanoantenna (silicon nanosphere) allowing for both directional launching of surface plasmon polaritons on a thin gold film and their demultiplexing with a high spectral resolution. We show experimentally that mutual interference of magnetic and electric dipole moments supported by the dielectric nanoantenna results in opposite propagation of the excited surface waves whose wavelengths differ by less than 50 nm in the optical range. Broadband reconfigurability of the nanoantennas operational range is achieved simply by varying the diameter of the silicon sphere. Moreover, despite subwavelength size ($, Comment: added relevant references; fixed typos in Supplementary eq. 8,9,11

Optical metasurfaces have great potential to form the platform for manipulation of surface waves. A plethora of advanced surface-wave phenomena utilizing negative refraction, self-collimation and channeling of 2D waves can be realized through on-demand engineering of dispersion properties of a periodic metasurface. In this letter, we report on the first-time direct experimental polarization-resolved measurement of dispersion of 2D optical plasmons supported by an anisotropic metasurface. We demonstrate that a subdiffractive array of strongly coupled resonant anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles supports unusual optical surface waves with mixed TE- and TM-like polarizations. With the assistance of numerical simulations we identify dipole and quadrupole dispersion bands. The shape of isofrequency contours changes drastically with frequency exhibiting nontrivial transformations of their curvature and topology that is consistently confirmed by the experimental data. By revealing polarization degree of freedom for surface waves, our results open new routes for designing of planar on-chip devices for surface photonics.

Metasurfaces offer great potential to control near- and far-fields through engineering of optical properties of elementary cells or meta-atoms. Such perspective opens a route to efficient manipulation of the optical signals both at nanoscale and in photonics applications. In this paper we show that by using an effective surface conductivity tensor it is possible to unambigiously describe optical properties of an anisotropic metasurface in the far- and near-field regimes. We begin with retrieving the effective surface conductivity tensor from the comparative analysis of experimental and numerical reflectance spectra of a metasurface composed of elliptical gold nanoparticles. Afterwards restored conductivities are validated in the crosscheck versus semianalytic parameters obtained with the discrete dipole model with and without dipoles interaction contribution. The obtained effective parameters are further used for the dispersion analysis of surface plasmons localized at the metasurface. The effective medium model predicts existence of both TE- and TM-polarized plasmons in a wide range of optical frequencies and describes peculiarities of their dispersion, in particularly, topological transition from the elliptical to hyperbolic regime with eligible accuracy. The analysis in question offers a simple practical way to describe properties of metasurfaces including ones in the near-field zone by extracting effective parameters from the convenient far-field characterisation., Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures

In this paper, we present a novel lightweight authenticated cipher optimized for hardware implementations called Fides. It is an online nonce-based authenticated encryption scheme with authenticated data whose area requirements are as low as 793 GE and 1001 GE for 80-bit and 96-bit security, respectively. This is at least two times smaller than its closest competitors Hummingbird-2 and Grain-128a. While being extremely compact, Fides is both throughput and latency efficient, even in its most serial implementations. This is attained by our novel sponge-like design approach. Moreover, cryptographically optimal 5-bit and 6-bit S-boxes are used as basic nonlinear components while paying a special attention on the simplicity of providing first order side-channel resistance with threshold implementation. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ispartof: pages:142-158 ispartof: Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol:8086 pages:142-158 ispartof: CHES 2013 location:CA, Santa Barbara date:20 Aug - 23 Aug 2013 status: published

In this paper we explore the technique of “inverse gating” which is a significant improvement over the ”round gating” technique introduced in HOST 2016. Round gating worked by generating timing signals to separate glitch propagation from one circuit element to the next. Inverse gating generates the same timing signals required to segregate transient round signals, in a manner that incurs less delay and hence lesser switching activity in the circuits. We also show that energy-wise, inverse gated circuits outperform round gated circuits by a margin of around 30 %. In the second part of the paper, we further explore the efficiency of the energy reduction by tuning some of the design parameters. The most natural candidate for this was the delay of the buffer used for creating the timing signals. We found that the optimal energy consumption for any round and inverse gated unrolled block cipher occurs at a particular range of this delay value. We try to explain the optimality of this particular choice of design parameter with the help of the implementation of the AES-128 block cipher.

Physical(ly) Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are expected to represent a solution for secure ID generation, authentication, and other important security applications. Researchers have developed several kinds of PUFs and self-evaluated them to demonstrate their advantages. However, both performance and security aspects of some proposals have not been thoroughly and independently evaluated. Third-party evaluation is important to discuss whether a proposal performs according to what the developers claim, regardless of any accidental bias. In this paper, we focus on Glitch PUFs (GPUFs) that use an AES S-Box implementation as a glitch generator, as proposed by Suzuki et al. [1]. They claim that this GPUF is one of the most practically feasible and secure delay-based PUFs. However, it has not been evaluated by other researchers yet. We evaluate GPUFs implemented on FPGAs and present three novel results. First, we clarify that the total number of challenge-response pairs of GPUFs is 2 19, instead of 2 11. Second, we show that a GPUF implementation has low robustness against voltage variation. Third, we point out that the GPUF has "weak" challenges leading to responses that can be more easily predictable than others by an adversary. Our results indicate that GPUFs that use the AES S-Box as the glitch generator present almost no PUF-behavior as both reliability and uniqueness are relatively low. In conclusion, our case study on FPGAs suggests that GPUFs should not use the AES S-Box as a glitch generator due to performance and security reasons. © 2012 Springer-Verlag. ispartof: pages:45-62 ispartof: Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol:7644 LNCS pages:45-62 ispartof: SPACE date:2 Nov - 3 Nov 2012 status: accepted