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The Steiner analysis from images obtained from cone beam computed tomography is one of the essential tools today for diagnosis in the area of orthodontics, within this aspect its high value for the study of points, angles and cephalometric planes allows the prediction of the possible treatment plan for each patient according to the specific characteristics resulting in each patient. Objective: To compare the results in Steiner cephalometric measurements obtained in 2D lateral skull radiographs and in 3D cephalograms generated from Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methodology: Type of comparative analytical study. A non-probabilistic sample was established by convenience consisting of 29 diagnostic studies divided into: 29 lateral skull X-rays and 29 standardized CBCT. Subsequent localization, tracing and measurement of skeletal and dental angles were performed according to Steiner's cephalometric analysis using Nemostudio 2022 software. The study and analysis was performed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: The mean difference between the skeletal angles SNA, SNB, ANB, SND and Occlusal Plane Angle showed that there is no significant discrepancy when performing a cephalometric analysis in three-dimensional images compared to two-dimensional images. Conclusion: There is a high degree of reliability and accuracy of cephalometric measurements for obtaining skeletal and dental angles in two-dimensional images obtained from a CBCT with respect to a lateral radiograph.

Objective: To determine the bacterial load in the dental units of the undergraduate clinics and the radiology area of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca after the disinfection protocol used by the cleaning staff. Introduction: Dentistry is considered a high-risk profession for that reason people who are part of the work team and the patients are exposed to pathogenic microorganisms. For this reason, it is too important and necessary to establish asepsis, antisepsis and biosafety protocols in order to reduce and prevent contamination and proliferation. Materials and methods: A total number of 13 different surfaces were evaluated for the collection of the sample, the sterile Stuart transport medium was used to subsequently seed it in the blood agar media. Results: At 48 hours there was no growth of colonies, however at 96 hours the following colonies were obtained: Adult clinic (Bacillus spp: 4000 CFU/ML), child clinic (Bacillus spp:2000 CFU/ML,Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus:1000 UFC/ML) and radiology (Bacillus spp:1000 CFU/ML). Conclusions: The cleaning and disinfection protocols used in the clinics and radiology service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca are not enough to kill microorganisms completely. Although the CFUs were relatively lower compared to other studies, it is still a predisposing factor for infections in patients, operators, teachers and even cleaning staff.

The main aim of this report is to provide an introductory tutorial on the Abstract State Machines (ASM) specification method for software engineering to an audience already familiar with the Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA$^+$) method. The report asks to what extent the ASM and TLA$^+$ methods are complementary in checking specifications against stated requirements and proposes some answers. A second aim is to provide a comparison between different executable frameworks that have been developed for the same specification languages. Thus, the ASM discussion is complemented by executable Corinthian ASM (CASM) and CoreASM models. Similarly, the two TLA$^+$ specifications presented, which rely on the TLC and Apalache model checkers, respectively, are complemented by a Quint specification, a new language developed by Informal Systems to serve as a user-friendly syntax layer for TLA$^+$. For the basis of comparison we use the specification of the Alternating Bit (AB) protocol because it is a simple and well-understood protocol already extensively analysed in the literature. While the models reported here and developed with the two methods are semantically equivalent, ASMs and Quint are better suited for top-down specification from abstract requirements by iterative refinement. TLA$^+$ seems to be more easily used bottom-up, to build abstractions on top of verified components in spite of the fact that it, too, emphasizes iterative refinement. In the final section, the report begins to scope out the possibility of a homomorphism between the specification of the AB protocol and its finite-state machine (FSM) through state space visualizations, motivated by a search for a formal decomposition method., Comment: 52 pages

The geometrical structures of single- and multiple-shell icosahedral virus capsids are reproduced as the targets that minimize the cost corresponding to relatively simple design functions. Capsid subunits are first identified as building blocks at a given coarse-grained scale and then represented in these functions as point particles located on an appropriate number of concentric spherical surfaces. Minimal design cost is assigned to optimal spherical packings of the particles. The cost functions are inspired by the packings favored for the Thomson problem, which minimize the electrostatic potential energy between identical charged particles. In some cases, icosahedral symmetry constraints are incorporated as external fields acting on the particles. The simplest cost functions can be obtained by separating particles in disjoint nonequivalent sets with distinct interactions, or by introducing interacting holes (the absence of particles). These functions can be adapted to reproduce any capsid structure found in real viruses. Structures absent in Nature require significantly more complex designs. Measures of information content and complexity are assigned to both the cost functions and the capsid geometries. In terms of these measures, icosahedral structures and the corresponding cost functions are the simplest solutions.

espanolSe trabajo con el objetivo de analizar los aportes que ha brindado la fuerza laboral femenina del sector industrial pesquero al objetivo 9 del plan nacional para el buen vivir en el canton Manta. La investigacion se realizo desde una perspectiva documental descriptiva, apoyado en un diseno no experimental, aplicandose una encuesta a la muestra poblacional de 272 mujeres. Se evidencia que las mujeres han tenido un acceso al sector industrial pesquero de Manta en un 31% siendo esta una cifra considerable por cuanto historicamente ha sido un sector laboral dominado por los hombres, siendo pertinente crear condiciones laborables favorables que permitan tener equidad para buen vivir, siendo indispensable contar con una accion donde el estado y la empresa privada puedan converger en la conformacion de una alianza estrategica con fines de invertir para potenciar las posibilidades de crecimiento de la ciudad de Manta. EnglishThe objective was to analyze the contributions that the female labor force in the fishing industry has provided to objective 9 of the national plan for good living in the Manta canton. The research was carried out from a descriptive documentary perspective, supported by a non-experimental design, applying a survey to the population sample of 272 women. It is evident that women have had access to the Manta fishing industry at 31%, this being a considerable figure because historically it has been a labor sector dominated by men, it is pertinent to create favorable working conditions that allow for fair living. , being indispensable to have an action where the state and the private company can converge in the conformation of a strategic alliance with the purpose of investing to enhance the growth possibilities of the city of Manta.

Modern online services rely on data stores that replicate their data across geographically distributed data centers. Providing strong consistency in such data stores results in high latencies and makes the system vulnerable to network partitions. The alternative of relaxing consistency violates crucial correctness properties. A compromise is to allow multiple consistency levels to coexist in the data store. In this paper we present UniStore, the first fault-tolerant and scalable data store that combines causal and strong consistency. The key challenge we address in UniStore is to maintain liveness despite data center failures: this could be compromised if a strong transaction takes a dependency on a causal transaction that is later lost because of a failure. UniStore ensures that such situations do not arise while paying the cost of durability for causal transactions only when necessary. We evaluate UniStore on Amazon EC2 using both microbenchmarks and a sample application. Our results show that UniStore effectively and scalably combines causal and strong consistency., Comment: Extended version of a paper from USENIX ATC'21: Annual Technical Conference

Partially synchronous Byzantine consensus protocols typically structure their execution into a sequence of views, each with a designated leader process. The key to guaranteeing liveness in these protocols is to ensure that all correct processes eventually overlap in a view with a correct leader for long enough to reach a decision. We propose a simple view synchronizer abstraction that encapsulates the corresponding functionality for Byzantine consensus protocols, thus simplifying their design. We present a formal specification of a view synchronizer and its implementation under partial synchrony, which runs in bounded space despite tolerating message loss during asynchronous periods. We show that our synchronizer specification is strong enough to guarantee liveness for single-shot versions of several well-known Byzantine consensus protocols, including HotStuff, Tendermint, PBFT and SBFT. We furthermore give precise latency bounds for these protocols when using our synchronizer. By factoring out the functionality of view synchronization we are able to specify and analyze the protocols in a uniform framework, which allows comparing them and highlights trade-offs., Comment: Extended version of a paper from DISC'20: International Symposium on Distributed Computing

Transport- og energisektorer er kilde til de fleste klimagassutslippene i Europa. Elektriske kjøretøy blir sett på som et effektivt alternativ mot optimalisering av transportenergieffektivitet, innføring av lavutslippsenergier og overgangen til nullutslippskjøretøyer. Samtidig er det behovet for å akselerere opptaket av fornybare energier, med et spesielt fokus på strømproduksjonen. Elektriske kjøretøyer kan faktisk også bidra til introduksjonen deres, ved å gjøre etterspørselen mer fleksibel og legge til energilagring til systemet, og dermed takle variasjonen i noen fornybare kilder som vind eller sol. Likevel er den økende bruken av elektriske kjøretøy ikke bare en mulighet, men også en utfordring. En større bilpark sammen med tendensen til å øke batterikapasiteten og ladeprisen, kompromitterer sikker drift av distribusjonsnettet og begrenser det. Med det formål å unngå den fysiske oppgraderingen av nettverket oppstår konseptet Smart lading, i samsvar med prinsippene i Smart Grid: integrere oppførselen til alle brukere for å sikre økonomisk effektiv og bærekraftig drift av strømnettet. Blant Smart Charging-settet med teknikker søker Smart Pricing å fremme en effektiv ladeadferd ved å sende forbrukerne økonomiske signaler som gjenspeiler de faktiske energikostnadene. Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) er en markedsdesign som allerede er i bruk, og som gjør det mulig for grossistprisene for elektrisk energi å reflektere de faktiske energikostnadene på forskjellige steder, og ikke bare utgjør systemprisen, men også for belastning og tapskostnader i Nettverk. I denne oppgaven studeres innføringen av et prisopplegg basert på LMP for ladestasjonene. Hensikten er å vurdere effektiviteten i å flytte etterspørselen i både tid og rom, dvs. oppfordre sjåfører til å lade i perioder med høyere generasjon og dermed lavere priser, samtidig som belastningen fordeles mellom stasjonene med færre belastninger og tapskostnader. For dette formålet er det utviklet et sanntids samarbeidende simuleringsverktøy, som integrerer en Agentbasert modell av sjåførenes oppførsel, og den optimale kraftstrømmen til nettverkets begrensninger, basert på et reelt norsk lokalt nettverk med 856 forbrukere. Ved å analysere agensenes respons på den dynamiske lokale prisingen over flere dager, og i sammenligning med to andre referansescenarier, viser resultatene hvordan ladeaksjonen kan optimaliseres på kort og lang sikt ved å flytte etterspørselen i henholdsvis rom og tid. Sammenlignet den foreslåtte prisordningen med dagens situasjon i Norge, ser kostnadene for lading av energi en reduksjon på opptil 35 % for nettet og 18 % for sjåførene, mens de øker gevinstmarginene til infrastrukturleverandøren, og dermed gjør ladingen av elektriske kjøretøyer som er mer fordelaktig for alle involverte parter. Transport and energy sectors are source to the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Electric vehicles are regarded as an effective alternative towards the optimisation of the transport energy efficiency, the introduction of low-emission energies, and the shift to zero-emission vehicles. Simultaneously, there is the need of accelerating the uptake of renewable energies, with a special focus on the electricity generation. Electric vehicles can indeed also contribute to their introduction, by making the demand more flexible and adding energy storage to the system, thus tackling the variability of some renewable sources such as wind or solar. Nevertheless, the growing adoption of electric vehicles is not only an opportunity but also a challenge. A larger fleet of vehicles, together with the tendency of increasing their battery capacity and charging rates, compromises the safe operation of the distribution grid and limits its hosting capacity. With the purpose of avoiding the physical upgrade of the network, the concept of Smart Charging arises, aligned with the principles of the Smart Grid: integrating the behavior of all users to assure the economically efficient and sustainable operation of the power grid. Among the Smart Charging set of techniques, Smart Pricing seeks fostering an efficient charging behavior by means of sending the consumers economic signals that reflect the actual cost of energy. Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) is a market design, already in use, that enables the wholesale electric energy prices to reflect the actual cost of energy in different locations, accounting not only for the system price but also for the congestion and losses costs in the network. In this thesis, the introduction of a pricing scheme based on LMP for the charging stations is studied. The purpose is to assess its efficiency in relocating the demand in both time and space, i.e., encouraging drivers to charge during periods of higher generation thus lower prices, while distributing the load among the stations with fewer congestion and losses costs. For this purpose, a real-time cooperative simulation tool has been developed, integrating an Agent-Based Model of the drivers' behavior, and the Optimal Power Flow of the network constraints, based on a real Norwegian local network with 856 consumers. By analysing the response of agents to the dynamic local pricing over several days, and in comparison with two other reference scenarios, results show how the charging operation can be optimized in the short and long terms, by relocating the demand in space and time respectively. Comparing the proposed pricing scheme with the current situation in Norway, the cost of charging energy sees a reduction of up to 35 % for the grid and 18 % for the drivers while increasing the profit margins to the infrastructure provider, hence making the charging of electric vehicles more advantageous for all the parties involved.

Modern data stores achieve scalability by partitioning data into shards and fault-tolerance by replicating each shard across several servers. A key component of such systems is a Transaction Certification Service (TCS), which atomically commits a transaction spanning multiple shards. Existing TCS protocols require 2f+1 crash-stop replicas per shard to tolerate f failures. In this paper we present atomic commit protocols that require only f+1 replicas and reconfigure the system upon failures using an external reconfiguration service. We furthermore rigorously prove that these protocols correctly implement a recently proposed TCS specification. We present protocols in two different models--the standard asynchronous message-passing model and a model with Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA), which allows a machine to access the memory of another machine over the network without involving the latter's CPU. Our protocols are inspired by a recent FARM system for RDMA-based transaction processing. Our work codifies the core ideas of FARM as distributed TCS protocols, rigorously proves them correct and highlights the trade-offs required by the use of RDMA., Comment: Extended version of the PODC' 19 paper: Reconfigurable Atomic Transaction Commit

En este proyecto se implementa un sistema de comunicaciones móviles basado en la tecnología LTE (Long Term Evolution Advanced) a través del lenguaje de programación gráfico Labview, sobre dispositivos USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral). Estos dispositivos pertenecer al conjunto de dispositivos conocidos como Radio definido por software (SDR). La implementación de este proyecto se va a realizar en dos partes. En la primera parte, se desarrolla el software del sistema transmisor y receptor utilizando una modulación 4-QAM tal y como se encuentra en el archivo SimulacionLTE.vi. Una vez desarrollado, se concatenan en software ambos sistemas para analizar su funcionamiento. En la segunda parte, la implementación se adapta el software del sistema de trasmisión y recepción desarrollado en la primera parte a los dispositivos USRP con el objetivo de analizar su comportamiento en un entorno real. Por tanto, analizando los resultados y las especificaciones implementadas del estándar LTE se puede afirmar que los dispositivos USRP son óptimos para implementar la tecnología móvil LTE debido a eficiencia, posibilidad de trabajar en diferentes modos de operación y la baja Tasa de Error de Bit. In this project, a mobile communication system based on LTE (Long Term Evolution Advanced) technology will be implemented through the Labview graphic programming language, on USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) devices. The USRP devices can be included in the set of devices which are known as Software Defined Radio (SDR). The implementation of this project will be carried out in two parts. In the first part, the software of the transmitter and receiver system is developed using a 4-QAM modulation as it is found in SimulacionLTE.vi file. Once this part is developed, both systems are concatenated in software in order to analyze their operations. In the second part, the implementation adapts the software of transmission and reception system developed in the first part to the USRP devices in order to analyze their behavior in a real environment. Therefore, analyzing the results and the implemented specifications of the LTE standard, it can be affirmed that the USRP devices are optimal to implement the LTE mobile technology due to the efficiency, the possibility to work in different operating modes. Ingeniería en Tecnologías de Telecomunicación

This article describes the orthodontic treatment of an adolescent patient presenting a class II skeletal, convex profile, mesofacial biotype, upper dental midline deviated 1 mm to the left, Class I bilateral molar, canine distoclusion of ½ right unit and left canine relationship non-determinable because piece 23 is in ectopic position, proinclination and inferior protrusion. The treatment plan was to distalize the maxillary molars and create enough space to incorporate pieces 13, 23 in the dental arch, a pendulum appliance supported with two orthodontic mini implants were used. The active treatment lasted 18 months and at the end of it, all the objectives were fulfilled, resulting in facial balance. The pendulum appliance is a good alternative for a Class II dental correction, it produces distalization of the maxillary molars in an optimal treatment time.

Actas del III Congreso Interacadémico itSMF España / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid celebrado el 13 de mayo de 2008 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Leganés, Madrid)

Objectives: The objective was to analyze the impact of preventive programmes on oral quality of life in school students aged 11-12 yrs. Study design: In the school year 1996/97, a quasi-experimental study was initiated in Granada province with four groups of students aged 6-7 yrs: Sealant + Fluoride (sealants on first permanent molars applied in the health centre for a 3-yr active programme, and fluoride varnish applied every four months for 3 yrs, n=65), Sealant (only sealants, n=80), Fluoride (only fluoride varnish, n=107) and Control group (n=59). All students were examined every 6 months at school during the 3-yr active programme and received an oral health report after each examination. At 5.5 yrs (school year 2002/03), after 2.5 yrs with no programme, students were again examined and completed a questionnaire on oral quality of life scored from -6 (minimum) to +6 (maximum). Results: Oral quality of life values (± standard deviation) were: 3.31±0.30 (Sealant + Fluoride), 3.11±0.27 (Sealant), 3.18±0.23 (Fluoride) and 2.95±0.32 (Control), with no statistically significant differences among them. Conclusions: Fissure sealant and fluoride varnish programmes had no significant influence on oral quality of life after a 5.5- yr follow-up (3 yrs of active programme plus 2.5 yrs of discontinuation). Objetivos: El objetivo es analizar el impacto de programas preventivos sobre la calidad de vida oral en escolares de 11-12 años. Diseño del estudio: En el curso académico 1996/97 se inició un estudio quasiexperimental en la provincia de Granada con cuatro grupos de escolares de 6-7 años de edad: Sellador + Flúor (selladores en primeros molares permanentes aplicados en el centro de salud, durante 3 años de programa activo, y barniz de flúor aplicado cuatrimestralmente durante 3 años, n=65), Sellador (sólo selladores, n=80), Flúor (sólo barniz de flúor, n=107) y grupo Control (n=59). Todos los escolares fueron explorados cada 6 meses en los colegios durante los 3 años de programa activo, entregándoseles un informe de salud oral tras cada exploración. Tras un periodo de discontinuidad de 2.5 años, en el curso escolar 2002/03 (a los 5.5 años), los escolares fueron explorados, y se les pasó un cuestionario de calidad de vida oral, cuya puntuación va de -6 (mínima) a +6 (máxima). Resultados: Los valores de calidad de vida oral (± desviación estándar) fueron: 3.31±0.30 (Sellador + Flúor), 3.11±0.27 (Sellador), 3.18±0.23 (Flúor) y 2.95±0.32 (Control), sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos. Conclusiones: Los programas de Sellador de fisuras y Barniz de flúor no muestran influencia significativa sobre la calidad de vida oral a 5.5 años de seguimiento (3 años de programa activo y 2.5 años de discontinuidad).

A 112/014(12) ; A 112/098(5) ; A 113/044(21)