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Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium with the ability to survive in extreme acid environments, with pH below 4.0. It is estimated that more than half of the world’s population is infected with this bacterium. Objective: To determine the prevalence, clinical and demographic characteristics of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy in two specialized centers of the Coffee Growing Axis in Pereira and Manizales from February to October 2018. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study in which the proportion of positivity to Helicobacter pylori in a period of time was determined. Results: The study included 94 patients; the prevalence of positivity to Helicobacter pylori was 86.1% (81/94), 56 (59.5%) of which were diagnosed by culture and 52 (55.3%) by histology. In the histological study, of the 24 (25.5%) subjects who presented precursor lesions of malignancy, 9 (9.5%) were positive for Helicobacter pylori, while in the 70 subjects (74.5%) without precursor lesions of malignancy, 43 (45.7%) were positive. The significant variables for Helicobacter pylori infection were: Histological response for precursor lesions of malignancy: OR of 0.3808 (95% CI: 0.1408-0.9907) p=0.04 and epigastric pain: OR 0.09489 (95% CI: 0.01928-0.3637) p=0.001. Conclusion: The frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Departments of Risaralda and Caldas is high, and does not discriminate against gender, age, race or origin of the study subjects; Epigastric pain continues to be the most relevant symptom in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and the combination of diagnostic tests improves the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with gastroduodenal disease and gastric cancer. Empirical therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection increases the risk of apparition of antimicrobial drug resistance. In a previous report, in H. pylori clinical isolates, resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial drugs were as follows: metronidazole 82%, clarithromycin 3.8%, and amoxicillin 1.9%. The aim was to establish the variation of resistance rates and the detection of H. pylori genetic mutations isolated from dyspeptic patients. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were performed by the E-test method for metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline in 61 clinical isolates. Sequencing was performed to detect mutations associated with resistance to clarithromycin. Results: According to our results, resistance rates found in the 61 isolates were 78.60% for metronidazole and 8.20% for clarithromycin. None of the studied isolates had resistance to tetracycline and amoxicillin. Secondary resistance rates displayed an increase when compared to primary rates for metronidazole (87.50 vs. 77.35%) and for clarithromycin (25.66 vs. 5.66%). Of 5 isolates resistant to clarithromycin, 3 had the A2143G mutation. By comparing the results in this work with previous reports, antimicrobial drug resistance rates did not show major modifications for metronidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline during the last 10 years. For clarithromycin, the resistance rate showed a moderate increase; nevertheless, it remains low (Conclusion: Together, all findings in this work indicate that these antimicrobial drugs can still be used as first line of defense on infected patients living in this region of the country.

Helicobacter pylori infects more than 50% of the world population and it has been associated to the development of gastroduodenal pathologies such as: chronic gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma (lymphoid tissue lymphoma associated to mucosa). In the last years, a significant number of publications have appeared which suggest the existence of a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and pathologies that deviate from the digestive system (extraintestinal) such is the case of vascular type pathologies (such as ischemic coronary disease), dermatological pathologies (such as rosacea), endocrine type pathologies and immunological diseases, among others. This article aims to deal with cardiovascular type pathologies.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with gastroduodenal disease and gastric cancer. Empirical therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection increases the risk of apparition of antimicrobial drug resistance. In a previous report, in H. pylori clinical isolates, resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial drugs were as follows: metronidazole 82%, clarithromycin 3.8%, and amoxicillin 1.9%. The aim was to establish the variation of resistance rates and the detection of H. pylori genetic mutations isolated from dyspeptic patients.Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were performed by the E-test method for metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline in 61 clinical isolates. Sequencing was performed to detect mutations associated with resistance to clarithromycin.According to our results, resistance rates found in the 61 isolates were 78.60% for metronidazole and 8.20% for clarithromycin. None of the studied isolates had resistance to tetracycline and amoxicillin. Secondary resistance rates displayed an increase when compared to primary rates for metronidazole (87.50 vs. 77.35%) and for clarithromycin (25.66 vs. 5.66%). Of 5 isolates resistant to clarithromycin, 3 had the A2143G mutation. By comparing the results in this work with previous reports, antimicrobial drug resistance rates did not show major modifications for metronidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline during the last 10 years. For clarithromycin, the resistance rate showed a moderate increase; nevertheless, it remains low (15%) and this change was not statistically significant.Together, all findings in this work indicate that these antimicrobial drugs can still be used as first line of defense on infected patients living in this region of the country.

To establish the clinical, pathological and microbiological association of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies in a population of the department of Caldas (Colombia).We included 72 patients, who were referred for digestive endoscopy to the San Marcel clinic in the city of Manizales during the second half of 2015; two biopsies of the antrum and two of the body of the stomach were taken for histopathological study and microbiological culture. Data were submitted to descriptive and relational statistical procedures.H. pylori was found in 47.2% by histological analysis and 26.4% by microbiological culture, with predominance in the female sex. Epigastralgia is the main reason for consultation associated with H. pylori infection.we found an association between the reason for consultation, female sex, microbiological culture and histological presence of H. pylori. Age was associated with established endoscopic diagnosis. The culture presented a high specificity (84.2%) and a low sensitivity (38.2%), compared to the histopathological finding.

El cáncer Colorrectal (CCR) ocupa la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer en Estados Unidos de América y la quinta causa de muerte por cáncer en Colombia y de esta forma se convierte en un problema de salud pública. El 98 % de los cánceres Colorrectales son adenocarcinomas y el otro 2% corresponden a linfomas, carcinoides y tumores estromales gastrointestinales. Las manifestaciones clínicas se relacionan con el tamaño y la localización de la lesión, el 80% de los casos reportados de CCR no presentan un componente hereditario convirtiéndolos en CCR esporádicos. El CCR está asociado con la acumulación de mutaciones en genes supresores de tumores (p53, APC, SMAD, SCC, NM23), oncogenes (MYC y RAS) y genes reparadores del ADN (MSH1, MSH6 y MLH2) estas alteraciones genéticas hacen de este tipo de cáncer un desorden poligenético, convirtiéndolo en un modelo clásico para estudiar las bases genéticas del cáncer. Colorectal cancer took the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United Statesof America and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in Colombia and thus becomesa public health problem. 98% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas and theother 2% are lymphomas, carcinoids, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the clinicalmanifestations are related to the size and location of the lesion, 80% of reported casesof CRC not present a hereditary component making them sporadic CRC. The CRC isassociated with the accumulation of mutations in tumor suppressor genes (p53, APC,SMAD, SCC, NM23), oncogenes (MYC and RAS) and DNA repair genes (MSH1, MSH6and MLH2) these genetic alterations make this type of cancer a polygenic disorder,making it a classic model for studying the genetic basis of cancer.

Background and Objectives: Currently, pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are recognized with increasing frequency and have become a more common finding in clinical practice. EUS is challenging in the diagnosis of PCLs and evidence-based decisions are lacking in its application. This study aimed to develop strong recommendations for the use of EUS in the diagnosis of PCLs, based on the experience of experts in the field. Methods: A survey regarding the practice of EUS in the evaluation of PCLs was drafted by the committee member of the International Society of EUS Task Force (ISEUS-TF). It was disseminated to experts of EUS who were also members of the ISEUS-TF. In some cases, percentage agreement with some statements was calculated; in others, the options with the greatest numbers of responses were summarized. Results: Fifteen questions were extracted and disseminated among 60 experts for the survey. Fifty-three experts completed the survey within the specified time frame. The average volume of EUS cases at the experts' institutions is 988.5 cases per year. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of EUS alone in the morphologic diagnosis of PCLs, the results of the survey indicate that EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration is widely expected to become a more valuable method.

Background and Objectives: EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) was shown to be useful for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). However, there is lack of consensus on how EUS-BD should be performed. Methods: This was a worldwide multi-institutional survey among members of the International Society of EUS conducted in February 2018. The survey consisted of 10 questions related to the practice of EUS-BD. Results: Forty-six endoscopists of them completed the survey. The majority of endoscopists felt that EUS-BD could replace percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage after failure of ERCP. Among all EUS-BD methods, the rendezvous stenting technique should be the First choice. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) were recommended by most endoscopists. For EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (HGS), superiority of partially-covered SEMS over fully-covered SEMS was not in agreement. 6-Fr cystotomes were recommended for fistula creation. During the HGS approach, longer SEMS (8 or 10 cm) was recommended. During the choledochoduodenostomy approach, 6-cm SEMS was recommended. During the intrahepatic (IH) approach, the IH segment 3 was recommended. Conclusion: This is the first worldwide survey on the practice of EUS-BD for MBO. There were wide variations in practice, and randomized studies are urgently needed to establish the best approach for the management of this condition.