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This ESM includes additional information on how the sample was selected, including the frequency of adoptions to close relatives and the age distribution of adoption. We also provide a figure showing how age-specific mortality compares among biological daughters, adopted daughters of two kinds, and based on model life tables. An analysis of mortality comparing ADIL to AD without parity is included, as are four logistic regressions of the probability of living to age 5 versus age 10 (with and without children dying before 6 months). Finally, we include a table that shows the distribution of AD and ADIL based on head of household's occupation in the natal and adoptive families.