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In this paper, a new concept called Trident Fuzzy Aggregation Operators in which the operation is made by the grouping of numerous Trapezoidal Trident Fuzzy Numbers (TTriFN) to become a solitary trapezoidal trident fuzzy numeral for parallel computing application is introduced. This proposed operator in computing architecture is applicable in the development of fuzzy networking and ranking concepts. Also, the geometric mean over ‘n’ TTriFN on the left-side apex-base angles and right-side apex-base angles are introduced in the architecture development process.

Effective monitoring of wildlife populations forms the foundation of modern-day conservation biology. Without reliable estimates of population size, it is not possible to determine population trends, a key requirement in determining species status under international legislation. Carnivores are one of the more difficult taxonomic groups to monitor due to low population densities and elusive behavior. Here, we compare conventional live trapping and two more modern, noninvasive field methods of population estimation: genetic fingerprinting from hair tube sampling and camera trapping for the pine marten (Martes martes). We apply marked spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models to the genetic and live-trapping data where individuals were identifiable, and unmarked SCR (uSCR), camera-trap distance sampling (CT-DS), and random encounter models (REMs) to the camera-trap data where individual ID was not possible. All five approaches produced plausible and relatively consistent point estimates (0.49–1.20 individuals/km2) despite differences in precision, cost, and effort being apparent. Genetic fingerprinting produced the most precise estimate out of the two approaches for marked animal populations and had the key benefit of being noninvasive but was the most expensive of all the methods. Live trapping produced the highest point estimate while being cheapest, but the most labor intensive and least precise. The camera-trapping methods for unmarked animal populations were the most time efficient and precise except uSCR with a moderately informative prior (uSCRm), which produced the second least precise density estimate of all the methods compared. The CT-DS produced the most precise estimate of all the methods, followed by REM and then uSCR with a strongly informative prior (uSCRs). While choice of method of density estimation depends on objectives and funding constraints, as well as the species of interest, we demonstrate the importance of using a priori knowledge of target species and consideration of planned statistical analysis to produce appropriate experimental designs with critical consideration required regarding trap spacing and spatial extent. Such considerations broaden the comparability and applicability of these methods and will serve to provide key reference estimates for researchers, wildlife managers, and non-governmental organizations involved in monitoring wildlife populations.

In this response Daniela C. Augustine engages the three articles, published in the present issue of the journal, which dialogue with her monograph The Spirit and the Common Good: Shared Flourishing in the Image of God (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2019). Her dialogue partners are Frank D. Macchia, Chris E.W. Green, and Joseph M. Lear.

The present article looks at the Encyclical of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church (Crete, 2016) and its implications for ecumenical relations between Orthodox and Classical Pentecostals. The text reflects on the Encyclical through an Eastern-European Pentecostal perspective, engaging its inherent ecclesiological pneumatology, by focusing on three interrelated themes, namely, the understanding of the church as a continuing Pentecost, the apostolic succession as a guardian of the church’s charismatic essence, and the church’s sobornost—its pneumatic conciliarity and catholicity.

This chapter reflects on Marvell’s reception over the last century, asking why reading Marvell has been and remains a task at the forefront of early modern scholarship. Marvell’s endurance and indeed expanding presence within 20th and 21st-century critical debates, this chapter argues, has to do with his instructive mastery, yes, of words – to recall the title of Elsie Duncan-Jones’s 1975 Warton Lecture – but moreover of ‘language games’, in the sense first described by Ludwig Wittgenstein and later incorporated into the methodology of the ‘Cambridge School’ of intellectual historians. Nowhere are such games played more brilliantly than in the Horatian Ode; no poem better illuminates the central contests of literary criticism in the century since Eliot; nor have we exhausted the potential of learning to read with Marvell.

Free-roaming cats are a conservation concern in many areas but identifying their impacts and developing mitigation strategies requires a robust understanding of their distribution and density patterns. Urban and residential areas may be especially relevant in this process because free-roaming cats are abundant in these anthropogenic landscapes. Here, we estimate the occupancy and density of free-roaming cats in Washington D.C. and relate these metrics to known landscape and social factors. We conducted an extended camera trap survey of public and private spaces across D.C., and analyzed data collected from 1,483 camera deployments from 2018-2020. We estimated citywide cat distribution by fitting hierarchical occupancy models and further estimated cat abundance using a novel random thinning spatial capture-recapture model that allows for the use of photos that can and cannot be identified to individual. Within this model, we utilized individual covariates that provided identity exclusions between photos of unidentifiable cats with inconsistent coat patterns, thus increasing the precision of abundance estimates. This combined model also allowed for unbiased estimation of density when animals cannot be identified to individual at the same rate as for free-roaming cats whose identifiability depended on their coat characteristics. Cat occupancy and abundance declined with increasing distance from residential areas, an effect that was more pronounced in wealthier neighborhoods. There was noteworthy absence of cats detected in larger public spaces and forests. Realized densities ranged from 0.02-1.75 cats/ha in sampled areas, resulting in a district-wide estimate of ~ 7,296 free-roaming cats. Ninety percent of cat detections lacked collars and nearly 35% of known individuals were ear-tipped, indicative of district Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs. These results suggest that we mainly sampled and estimated the unowned cat subpopulation, such that indoor/outdoor housecats were not well represented. The precise estimation of cat population densities is difficult due to the varied behavior of subpopulations within free-roaming cat populations (housecats, stray and feral cats), but our methods provide a first step in establishing citywide baselines to inform data-driven management plans for free-roaming cats in urban environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Optical properties of ZnS thin films coated with organic dye extract on different Zn2+ concentrations from ZnSO4 are presented in this study. The effects of concentration and post-deposition annealing temperatures on the optical properties of the films were investigated. Aqueous dye extract-coated ZnS nanocrystals, were prepared by a simple and low-cost chemical bath deposition method. Results obtained revealed that optical properties of the films were modified by concentration and post-deposition annealing temperature. Increasing concentration reduced the transparency of the films. Annealing increased the transparency of the films except for films deposited with 0.1M concentration of ZnSO4. In general, the heat-treated layers were found to transmit better than the as-deposited layers. The analysis of energy band gap showed a reduction in band gap with increasing Zn2+ concentration of the as-deposited films. It also indicated that post-deposition annealing, increased energy band gap except for films deposited with 0.1M concentration of ZnSO4. The relationship between the energy band gap with both concentration and post-deposition annealing fit into the quadratic model with high R2 values. The range of values of 3.889–3.981eV recorded for the band gaps is within the range for application in diverse solar architecture and optoelectronic devices.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding raw Senna obtusifolia seed meal (RSOSM) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics and organ weights of albino rats. Five experimental diets were compounded to contain RSOSM at graded levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%designated asT1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Sixty albino rats with an average body weight of 70.52 to 81.05 g were allotted to the five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates of four rats each. The chemical composition and the anti-nutritional factors were determined. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage and organ weights (heart, liver, kidney and lungs).Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. The productive performance, carcass characteristics and organ weights were observed to be significantly (P

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of raw Senna obtusifolia seed meal (RSOSM) on carcass characteristics, organ weights and economic performance of broilerchickens in a 9 weeks trial. One hundred and eighty (180) broiler chicks weremanaged on deep litter pens. Six (6) experimental diets were formulated to contain RSOSM at concentrations of 0,5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, and designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. The broiler chicks were randomly allotted to the 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with pen location serving as the blocking factor. Data were collected on final live weight, plucked and dressed weight, cut-up parts and economic performance of broiler chickens fed RSOSM based-diets. The data collected were analysed using a computer statistical package (Statistix, 9.0). Carcass parameters such as dressed weight and dressing percentage were observed to be depressed as the level of RSOSM increases in the diets. Dressing percentage decreased from 78.69 to 52.38% in T1 to T6, respectively. The weight of cut-upparts followed similar trend as above. Thigh and drum stick significantly (P

The external globus pallidus (GPe) is a critical node within the basal ganglia circuit. Phasic changes in the activity of GPe neurons during movement and their alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD) argue that the GPe is important in motor control. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons and Npas1+neurons are the two principal neuron classes in the GPe. The distinct electrophysiological properties and axonal projection patterns argue that these two neuron classes serve different roles in regulating motor output. However, the causal relationship between GPe neuron classes and movement remains to be established. Here, by using optogenetic approaches in mice (both males and females), we showed that PV+neurons and Npas1+neurons promoted and suppressed locomotion, respectively. Moreover, PV+neurons and Npas1+neurons are under different synaptic influences from the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Additionally, we found a selective weakening of STN inputs to PV+neurons in the chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of PD. This finding reinforces the idea that the reciprocally connected GPe–STN network plays a key role in disease symptomatology and thus provides the basis for future circuit-based therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe external pallidum is a key, yet an understudied component of the basal ganglia. Neural activity in the pallidum goes awry in neurologic diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. While this strongly argues that the pallidum plays a critical role in motor control, it has been difficult to establish the causal relationship between pallidal activity and motor function/dysfunction. This was in part because of the cellular complexity of the pallidum. Here, we showed that the two principal neuron types in the pallidum have opposing roles in motor control. In addition, we described the differences in their synaptic influence. Importantly, our research provides new insights into the cellular and circuit mechanisms that explain the hypokinetic features of Parkinson's disease.

Autophagic recycling of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and organelles is essential for cellular homeostasis and optimal health, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. To better understand how this turnover affects plant growth, development, and survival upon nutrient stress, we applied an integrated multiomics approach to study maize (Zea mays) autophagy mutants subjected to fixed-carbon starvation induced by darkness. Broad metabolic alterations were evident in leaves missing the core autophagy component ATG12 under normal growth conditions (e.g., lipids and secondary metabolism), while changes in amino acid-, carbohydrate-, and nucleotide-related metabolites selectively emerged during fixed-carbon starvation. Through combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified numerous autophagy-responsive proteins, which revealed processes underpinning the various metabolic changes seen during carbon stress as well as potential autophagic cargo. Strikingly, a strong upregulation of various catabolic processes was observed in the absence of autophagy, including increases in simple carbohydrate levels with a commensurate drop in starch levels, elevated free amino acid levels with a corresponding reduction in intact protein levels, and a strong increase in the abundance of several nitrogen-rich nucleotide catabolites. Altogether, this analysis showed that fixed-carbon starvation in the absence of autophagy adjusts the choice of respiratory substrates, promotes the transition of peroxisomes to glyoxysomes, and enhances the retention of assimilated nitrogen.

[Figure][1] Pascal Genschik Accounting for more than 1600 genes in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in nearly all facets of plant biology ranging from hormone biology and plant pathogen responses to development and

This article offers a constructive exploration of Eastern Orthodox liturgical pneumatology’s potential contributions toward the development of Pentecostal liturgical theology. It highlights two main themes: the organic continuity between word and sacrament as a proclaimed and ‘choreographed’, communally-enacted theology; and the catechetical significance of ‘visualized theology’ or ‘theology in images’ within the context of worship in the Spirit, constituting the life of the church as a continual Pentecost.

Modeling the population dynamics of patchily distributed species is a challenge, particularly when inference must be based on incomplete and small data sets such as those from most species of conservation concern. Open population spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models are ideally suited to quantify population trends, but have seen only limited use since their introduction.To investigate population trend and sex-specific population dynamics, we applied an open SCR model to a capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) population in Switzerland living in eight distinct forest patches totalling 22 km2 within a region of 908 km2. The population was surveyed using genetic sampling of scat in 2009, 2012 and 2015. We fit an open SCR model with sex-specific detection and population dynamics parameters while accounting for the patchy distribution of habitat and the uncertainty introduced by observing the population in three years only.Between 2009 and 2015, a total of 143 males, 112 females and 4 individuals of uncertain sex were detected. The annual per capita recruitment rate was estimated at 0.115 (SE 0.0144) for males and 0.127 (0.0168) for females. The estimated annual survival probability for males was 0.758 (0.0241) and 0.707 (0.0356) for females. The population trajectory implied by these survival and recruitment estimates was a decline of 2% per year; however, the sex specificity of the model revealed a decline in the male population only, with no evidence of decline in the female population. Further, the population decline observed in males was explained by the demography of just two of the eight patches.Using a customized open population SCR model, we determined that the endangered capercaillie in our Swiss study area had a stable female population and a declining male population, with the male decline due to population dynamics in a subset of the study area. Our study highlights the flexibility of open population SCR models for assessing population trajectories through time and across space and emphasizes the desirability of estimating sex-stratified population trends especially in species of conservation concern.

Group living in species can have complex consequences for individuals, populations, and ecosystems. Therefore, estimating group density and size is often essential for understanding population dynamics, interspecific interactions, and conservation needs of group-living species. Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) has been used to model both individual and group density in group-living species, but modeling either individual-level or group-level detection results in different biases due to common characteristics of group-living species, such as highly cohesive movement or variation in group size. Furthermore, no SCR method currently estimates group density, individual density, and group size jointly. Using clustered point processes, we developed a cluster SCR model to estimate group density, individual density, and group size. We compared the model to standard SCR models using both a simulation study and a data set of detections of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), a group-living carnivore, on camera traps in northern Botswana. We then tested the model's performance under various scenarios of group movement in a separate simulation study. We found that the cluster SCR model outperformed a standard group-level SCR model when fitted to data generated with varying group sizes, and mostly recovered previous estimates of wild dog group density, individual density, and group size. We also found that the cluster SCR model performs better as individuals' movements become more correlated with their groups' movements. The cluster SCR model offers opportunities to investigate ecological hypotheses relating group size to population dynamics while accounting for cohesive movement behaviors in group-living species.

This chapter delves deeply into Marvell’s stay (1650–1652) at the Yorkshire estate of Nun Appleton as tutor to Mary Fairfax, daughter of Thomas Lord Fairfax, late Captain General of the parliamentary armies. It was during this time that Marvell wrote much of his most famous poetry. ‘An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’, ‘Tom May’s Death’, ‘Upon Appleton House’, and ‘The Garden’ are considered at length in this chapter.

This chapter covers the poet’s family history and early life in the East Riding of Yorkshire, from Marvell’s birth in 1621 until his matriculation to university in 1633, with particular attention to the place of the grammar school in early modern education and in Marvell’s formation as a poet. These years are also situated within the political and religious contexts of early Stuart England. Discussed in this chapter are Marvell’s Latin poem ‘Ad Regem Carolum Parodia’ and the lyric ‘Mourning’.

This chapter continues the discussion of Marvell and pastoral begun in the last chapter before moving on to Marvell’s employment as tutor to Oliver Cromwell’s ward William Dutton and then as a secretary and colleague of John Milton’s in the Protectoral government, covering the years 1652–1659. Discussed in this chapter are the Mower poems, ‘The Character of Holland’, ‘Bermudas’, ‘The First Anniversary of the Government under His Highness the Lord Protector’, and ‘A Poem upon the Death of His Late Highness the Lord Protector’.

This introductory chapter asks what it means to live a literary life and what it means to write one, specifically, what it means to write one for the poet Andrew Marvell in view of the approaching four hundredth anniversary of his birth. Surveying modern criticism and biography of Marvell, the chapter argues for a rebalancing of the terms ‘poet’ and ‘politician’ in the scholar’s brief.

This chapter follows the poet to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied for a BA degree (from 1633) and then proceeded to MA study (from 1639), the course of which was interrupted by the tragic death of his father in January 1641 and the subsequent loss of his place. Discussed in this chapter are Marvell’s dialogue and debate poems, including ‘A Dialogue between Thyrsis and Dorinda’, ‘Clorinda and Damon’, ‘A Dialogue, Between the Resolved Soul, and Created Pleasure’, and ‘A Dialogue between the Soul and Body’.

This chapter follows the poet to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied for a BA degree (from 1633) and then proceeded to MA study (from 1639), the course of which was interrupted by the tragic death of his father in January 1641 and the subsequent loss of his place. Discussed in this chapter are Marvell’s dialogue and debate poems, including ‘A Dialogue between Thyrsis and Dorinda’, ‘Clorinda and Damon’, ‘A Dialogue, Between the Resolved Soul, and Created Pleasure’, and ‘A Dialogue between the Soul and Body’.

A Feeding trial was conducted for sixteen weeks to evaluate nutrient utilization and growth performanceofcockerelsfedprocessedSennaobtusifoliamealbased-diets.Sixexperimental diets werecompounded tocontain 0%and20%eachoftheraw,boiled, soaked, sproutedand fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meal designated T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Data were collected on nutrient digestibility, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality. Poor nutrient digestibility for crude protein (45.18%), nitrogen free extract (42.39%) and ether extract (49.22%) were recorded in the group of cockerels fed raw Senna obtusifolia seed meal based-diet. However, better nutrient digestibility for crude protein (76.23%), nitrogen free extract (67.62%) and ether extract (68.65%) digestibility was observed in the group of cockerel fed 0% Senna obtusifolia seed meal based-diet. Among the cockerels fed the processed Senna obtusifolia seed meal based-diets, those fed the fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meal based-diet showed better crude protein (75.08%), ether extract (68.65%) nitrogen free exract (67.62%) and crude fibre (32.78%) digestibility. The result of productive performance revealed a significantly (P

Antioxidants comprise a group of molecular systems that removes oxidizing agents potentially damaging biological and chemical environments. Since the oxidizing agents give rise to chemical reactions that can produce free radicals, which in turn lead the way to chain reactions that may damage cells, the removal of such oxidizing agents is inevitable in the living systems. Electronic structure calculations based on quantum chemistry provides a relatively good prediction of the molecular structure of biological antioxidants and it can be utilized to calculate molecular parameters, such as electron affinity, ionization potential, electronegativity, chemical potential, hardness, electrophilicity, and Fukui indices. From these a theoretical prediction is possible about the performance of an antioxidant. In this analysis one of the natural anti­oxidants leucocyanidin (C15H14O7) is selected and its performance is theoretically evaluated using different model chemistries. The chemical computations assert that leucocyanidin has an intrinsic nature of donating electrons and hence it can be regarded as a natural antioxidant.

Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) are listed as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list of Threatened Species, yet we lack knowledge on basic demographic parameters across much of the ocelot's geographic range, including population density. We used camera‐trapping methodology and spatially explicit capture‐recapture (SECR) models with sex‐specific detection function parameters to estimate ocelot densities across 7 field sites over 1 to 12 years (from data collected during 2002–2015) in Belize, Central America. Ocelot densities in the broadleaf rainforest sites ranged between 7.2 and 22.7 ocelots/100 km2, whereas density in the pine (Pinus spp.) forest site was 0.9 ocelots/100 km2. Applying an inverse‐variance weighted average over all years for each broadleaf site increased precision and resulted in average density ranging from 8.5 to 13.0 ocelots/100 km2. Males often had larger movement parameter estimates and higher detection probabilities at their activity centers than females. In most years, the sex ratio was not significantly different from 50:50, but the pooled sex ratio estimated using an inverse weighted average over all years indicated a female bias in 1 site, and a male bias in another. We did not detect any population trends as density estimates remained relatively constant over time; however, the power to detect such trends was generally low. Our SECR density estimates were lower but more precise than previous estimates and indicated population stability for ocelots in Belize.

Cell wall assembly requires harmonized deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides. Cortical microtubules orient the deposition of cellulose by guiding the trajectory of cellulose synthase complexes. Vesicles containing matrix polysaccharides are thought to be transported by the FRAGILE FIBER1 (FRA1) kinesin to facilitate their secretion along cortical microtubules. The cortical microtubule cytoskeleton thus may provide a platform to coordinate the delivery of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the tail region of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FRA1 kinesin physically interacts with cellulose synthase–microtubule uncoupling (CMU) proteins that are important for the microtubule-dependent guidance of cellulose synthase complexes. Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but differentially affected the protein levels and microtubule localization of CMU1 and CMU2, thus regulating the lateral stability of cortical microtubules. Phosphorylation of the FRA1 tail region inhibited binding to CMUs and consequently reversed the extent of cortical microtubule decoration by CMU1 and CMU2. Genetic experiments demonstrated the significance of this interaction to the growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis plants. We propose that modulation of CMU protein levels and microtubule localization by FRA1 provides a mechanism that stabilizes the sites of deposition of both cellulose and matrix polysaccharides.

The external globus pallidus (GPe) is a critical node within the basal ganglia circuit. Phasic changes in the activity of GPe neurons during movement and their alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD) argue that the GPe is important in motor control. Parvalbumin-positive (PV(+)) neurons and Npas1(+) neurons are the two principal neuron classes in the GPe. The distinct electrophysiological properties and axonal projection patterns argue that these two neuron classes serve different roles in regulating motor output. However, the causal relationship between GPe neuron classes and movement remains to be established. Here, by using optogenetic approaches in mice (both males and females), we showed that PV(+) neurons and Npas1(+) neurons promoted and suppressed locomotion, respectively. Moreover, PV(+) neurons and Npas1(+) neurons are under different synaptic influences from the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Additionally, we found a selective weakening of STN inputs to PV(+) neurons in the chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of PD. This finding reinforces the idea that the reciprocally connected GPe–STN network plays a key role in disease symptomatology and thus provides the basis for future circuit-based therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The external pallidum is a key, yet an understudied component of the basal ganglia. Neural activity in the pallidum goes awry in neurologic diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. While this strongly argues that the pallidum plays a critical role in motor control, it has been difficult to establish the causal relationship between pallidal activity and motor function/dysfunction. This was in part because of the cellular complexity of the pallidum. Here, we showed that the two principal neuron types in the pallidum have opposing roles in motor control. In addition, we described the differences in their synaptic influence. Importantly, our research provides new insights into the cellular and circuit mechanisms that explain the hypokinetic features of Parkinson's disease.

Accelerating declines of an increasing number of animal populations worldwide necessitate methods to reliably and efficiently estimate demographic parameters such as population density and trajectory. Standard methods for estimating demographic parameters from noninvasive genetic samples are inefficient because lower quality samples cannot be used, and they do not allow for errors in individual identification. We introduce the Genotype Spatial Partial Identity Model (SPIM), which integrates a genetic classification model with a spatial population model to combine both spatial and genetic information, thus reducing genotype uncertainty and increasing the precision of demographic parameter estimates. We apply this model to data from a study of fishers (Pekania pennanti) in which 37% of samples were originally discarded because of uncertainty in individual identity. The Genotype SPIM density estimate using all collected samples was 25% more precise than the original density estimate, and the model identified and corrected 3 errors in the original individual identity assignments. A simulation study demonstrated that our model increased the accuracy and precision of density estimates 63% and 42%, respectively, using 3 PCRs per genetic sample. Further, the simulations showed that the Genotype SPIM model parameters are identifiable with only one PCR per sample, and that accuracy and precision are relatively insensitive to the number of PCRs for high quality samples. Current genotyping protocols devote the majority of resources to replicating and confirming high quality samples, but when using the Genotype SPIM, genotyping protocols could be more efficient by devoting more resources to low quality samples.SignificanceWe present a new statistical framework for the estimation of animal demographic parameters, such as abundance, density, and growth rate, from noninvasive genetic samples (e.g., hair, scat). By integrating a genetic classification model with a spatial population model, we show that accounting for spatial proximity of samples reduces genotype uncertainty and improves parameter estimation. Our method produces a fundamentally different approach to genetic capture-recapture by sharing information between the normally disjunct steps of assigning individual identities to genetic samples and modeling population processes. Further, it leads to more efficient protocols for processing genetic samples, which can lower project costs and expand opportunities for applying noninvasive genetics to conservation and management problems.

The November 2018 midterm elections engaged more voters than any midterm election since World War I. Moreover, from a Black Church perspective, the midterm elections arguably engaged more constituent members in secular politics than any time since the Civil Rights Movement and the historic passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. If the axiom is true that, “For every action there is a reaction,” the series of actions that have been part of Donald J. Trump’s “Make America Great Again” narrative have been met with a reaction that is “Making the Black Church Great Again!” This interdisciplinary Article, juxtaposing aspects of law and theology, as well as history and sociology, asks the focal question, “And When Does the Black Church Get Political?” It uses an interdisciplinary approach to respond around a central thesis that Black Church politicization, as a fight for social justice, is responsive to certain sociopolitical and cultural events. In illustratively drawing a parallel between sociopolitical conditions during the Civil Rights Movement and those during the Era of Trump, this Article uses the African Methodist Episcopal Church as a quasi-case study in arguing the Black Church “gets political” when it responds to the needs of marginalized and oppressed people. In addition to an extended literature review, this Article engages ethnographic research by using a set of fixed questions addressed to five members of the Council of Bishops of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in outlining a theology of resistance that is an intricate part of the Black Church experience. In response to Trump’s “Make America Great Again” narrative, I argue the time is now to also “Make the Black Church Great Again!”

John Dryden has long been central to accounts of eighteenth-century satire. This chapter asks how such accounts have come to be written, and whether there may be new ways of mapping this aspect of the poet, critic, translator, and controversialist. Indeed, one of the chapter’s aims is to question the inevitability of Dryden’s acquiring a reputation as a satirist, both in his own time and in the centuries following. Though we associate the Stuart laureate most closely with the imperial coolness of Absalom and Achitophel, such mastery and control was gained through countless literary skirmishes over the previous two decades. Before we can understand Dryden as satire’s master, this chapter proposes, we must understand him first as its victim.

We used open population, spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models to estimate sex-specific density, survival, per capita recruitment, and population growth rate of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) at five sites in Belize with up to 12 yr of data per site. Open population SCR models enabled us to separate survival and recruitment from migration using an ecologically realistic, spatially explicit movement model. Yearly survival probability across 4 broadleaf forest sites was estimated at 0.73-0.84 for males and 0.81-0.87 for females, with no clear indication of sex differences. Yearly per capita recruitment was estimated across four broadleaf forest sites at 0.06-0.08 recruits/N for males and 0.09-0.12 recruits/N for females, again with no clear indication of sex differences. At a pine forest site with a population comprised largely of males, survival and recruitment estimates were similar to the broadleaf sites. Population densities in the broadleaf forest sites ranged from 6.5 to 14.7 ocelots/100 km(2), and 0.9-2.5 ocelots/100 km(2) in the pine forest site, with strong evidence of a female-biased sex ratio in the broadleaf sites and a male-biased sex ratio in the pine forest site. We also found strong evidence that female within-year space use at the broadleaf sites was smaller than that of males, and that within-year space use at the pine forest site was larger than that at broadleaf sites. Between-year home-range relocation at broadleaf sites was of a similar spatial scale as within-year space use, consistent with philopatry. We found evidence of a small population decline (posterior probability > 0.9) at two of four broadleaf sites; however, given the level of uncertainty about decline magnitudes, we suggest continued monitoring of these sites to increase site-years and gain further precision on population growth rate estimates. Estimating demographic parameters at large spatial and temporal scales is important for establishing reliable baseline estimates for future comparison and for understanding changes in population dynamics. Long-term data sets like those we collected are of particular importance for long-lived species living at low densities and large spatial scales, where not many individuals are exposed to capture in any one year. Philadelphia Zoo; Virginia Tech; Wildlife Conservation Society; Panthera We thank the Belize Forest Department, Program for Belize, Gallon Jug Estate, Yalbac Ranch and Cattle Company, Belize Audubon Society, and Bull Run Farm (G. W. and M. Y. Headley) for permission to conduct this research. We thank the Philadelphia Zoo, Virginia Tech, Wildlife Conservation Society, and Panthera for funding over the years. We thank Richard Chandler for providing an MCMC script, which served as the foundation for the script used in our analyses. We thank Nicodemus Bol, Mauricio Aguilar, Thomas Mc Namara, former graduate students Adam Dillon, Claudia Wultsch, and Miranda Davis, and numerous volunteers and assistants who conducted field and laboratory work, from multiple universities, especially the University of Belize, The Environmental Research Institute, and Virginia Tech.

The starting point of this chapter is Marvell’s cautious relationship to publication and publicity generally and to print publication in particular. On what terms or under what conditions was publication through the press to be avoided or pursued? What were the nature of Marvell’s interactions with the various actors, institutions, and technologies of print culture throughout his career? We have a reasonably good idea of Marvell’s intimacy with the world of print as a Restoration politician and polemicist—though his ingenious manipulations of the material form of the book still bear more scrutiny. But we have some way to go in understanding Marvell’s strategic appearances in—and indeed disappearances from—printed works before 1660. For Marvell the MP, secrecy and pseudo-identity belong clearly to the arts of influence; can the same be said for the lyric poet, or is his fragmentary and reluctant identity as a print author part of some other story?

Detailed analysis of the optical band gap of zinc sulphide (ZnS) film coated with organic dye extract was conducted in this research. The chemical bath deposition technique was used in the deposition of ZnS coated with aqueous and alkanone dye extracts on glass substrate, annealed at different temperatures (100OC, 150OC and 200OC). Transmittance measurements were taken at room temperature in the wavelength range 300–1000 nm. The plots of the square of the product of absorption coefficient and photon energy were used to estimate the optical band gap energy of the film samples. The band gap exhibited red shift for some of the films and blue shift for other samples. Increasing the concentration of the precursor (Zn2+), increased the band gap of some film samples and decreased for others. The Urbach tail estimated from the plot of natural logarithm of the absorption coefficient as a function of photon energy, depicted a linear relationship for some of the film samples with respect to post-deposition temperature. In terms of the effect of concentration, the Urbach rule did not show a trend. The optical band gaps obtained in this study are in the range suitable for use in optoelectronics and solar photovoltaic applications.

The eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens fed raw or processed Senna obtusifolia seed meal (SOSM). Six experimental diets were compounded to contain 0% SOSM and 20% each of the raw, boiled, soaked, sprouted and fermented SOSM respectively. Two hundred and sixteen (216) broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six (6) dietary treatments in a randomised complete block design with three (3) replicates containing 12 chicks each. Data were collected on nutrient digestibility, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality. The result of productive performance indicated that feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P

Many large carnivores are recolonizing range as a result of improved management and conservation policy, habitat restoration, and reintroduction programs. American black bears (Ursus americanus) are projected to recolonize portions of the United States, but few studies have characterized or provided practical methods for monitoring this process. We used noninvasive hair sampling at 4 proximal study areas along the Kentucky–Virginia, USA, border during 2012–2013 to estimate demographics and population genetics, and investigate recolonization patterns of an American black bear population that was founded by 55 bears reintroduced to a fragmented mountainous landscape during the 1990s and subjected to harvest 6 years post-reintroduction. Using spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models, we estimated a density of 0.26 bear/km2, or minimum abundance of 482 bears, distributed among 2 primary core areas previously identified by occupancy analysis: a southern and northern core area. The southern core area was established by a founder adult female that exhibited post-release dispersal, but moderate asymmetrical gene flow (Nm = 6 bears) from the northern core area mitigated deleterious genetic consequences typical of such founder events. Effective number of breeders (NB = 62 bears) was similar to the number of founders, suggesting that genetically, the population remains mostly the product of reintroduction. Despite limited connectivity with other populations in the region, genetic diversity (HE = 0.78) was retained because of rapid population growth during the 16 years post-reintroduction (λ = 1.14/year). This bear population exhibited demographic characteristics indicative of continued recolonization, including a significantly female-biased sex ratio (0.53M:1.00F) and female density decreasing with increasing distance from the reintroduction release areas in the northern core. Few bear detections at 2 peripheral study areas and results from SECR model detection function transformation suggested recolonization may continue to the southwest and northeast along prominent linear mountain ridges. Although the population has grown and is genetically stable, because of relatively low population density and recolonization direction, we suggest monitoring demographic vital rates to evaluate harvest sustainability and population viability. Our study demonstrates the utility of noninvasive genetic sampling in conjunction with SECR models to characterize and monitor recolonizing bear populations, which may also be useful for management of expanding populations of other large carnivores. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.

Compelling evidence demonstrates that the external globus pallidus (GPe) plays a key role in processing sensorimotor information. An anatomical projection from the GPe to the dorsal striatum has been described for decades. However, the cellular target and functional impact of this projection remain unknown. Using cell-specific transgenic mice, modern monosynaptic tracing techniques, and optogenetics-based mapping, we discovered that GPe neurons provide inhibitory inputs to direct and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs). Our results indicate that the GPe input to SPNs arises primarily from Npas1-expressing neurons and is strengthened in a chronic Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Alterations of the GPe-SPN input in a PD model argue for the critical position of this connection in regulating basal ganglia motor output and PD symptomatology. Finally, chemogenetic activation of Npas1-expressing GPe neurons suppresses motor output, arguing that strengthening of the GPe-SPN connection is maladaptive and may underlie the hypokinetic symptoms in PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAn anatomical projection from the pallidum to the striatum has been described for decades, but little is known about its connectivity pattern. The authors dissect the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons involved in this projection, and show its cell-specific remodeling and strengthening in parkinsonian mice. Chemogenetic activation of Npas1+pallidal neurons that give rise to the principal pallidostriatal projection increases the time that the mice spend motionless. This argues that maladaptive strengthening of this connection underlies the paucity of volitional movements, which is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.

In response to abiotic and biotic challenges, plants rapidly attach small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to a large collection of nuclear proteins, with studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) linking SUMOylation to stress tolerance via its modification of factors involved in chromatin and RNA dynamics. Despite this importance, little is known about SUMOylation in crop species. Here, we describe the plant SUMO system at the phylogenetic, biochemical, and transcriptional levels with a focus on maize (Zea mays). In addition to canonical SUMOs, land plants encode a loosely constrained noncanonical isoform and a variant containing a long extension upstream of the signature β-grasp fold, with cereals also expressing a novel diSUMO polypeptide bearing two SUMO β-grasp domains in tandem. Maize and other cereals also synthesize a unique SUMO-conjugating enzyme variant with more restricted expression patterns that is enzymatically active despite a distinct electrostatic surface. Maize SUMOylation primarily impacts nuclear substrates, is strongly induced by high temperatures, and displays a memory that suppresses subsequent conjugation. Both in-depth transcript and conjugate profiles in various maize organs point to tissue/cell-specific functions for SUMOylation, with potentially significant roles during embryo and endosperm maturation. Collectively, these studies define the organization of the maize SUMO system and imply important functions during seed development and stress defense.

Stewart Mottram’s fine new study is a sustained exercise in synecdochic reading. The nodes of his attention across the book’s five main chapters are literary representations of ruined monasteries a...

This chapter reconsiders John Dryden’s dramatic adaptation of Paradise Lost, The State of Innocence. Not exactly neglected, neither has Dryden’s opera been much appreciated by modern critics. Focusing on the relation between text and paratext, this chapter brings into focus not only Dryden’s ambivalence about Milton but also about the nature and direction of his own art by the middle of the 1670s. Suspended daringly between the heroic and the mock-heroic, Dryden’s opera detunes the antithesis between Milton’s ‘strenuous liberty’ and Restoration libertinage even as it accommodates Milton’s anti-Augustan poetics to Dryden’s mature Augustan vision.

Literary historians long considered Thomas Browne uninterested in the great events of his day. While more recent scholarship has revised this picture, it has tended to place the famous Dr Browne on the wrong side of a conflict between conservatives and radicals. This chapter begins by re-examining the relations between and among writing, politics, and class in revolutionary England, emphasising the fluidity of the ideological context in which Browne’s meditation was first written and published. The second part of the chapter traces the processual character of Browne’s text, that is, the multiplicity of material forms and circumstances in which his Religio Medici might have been encountered, and the various interlocutions that soon attached themselves to it and mediated its meanings. Finally, it seeks to reconstruct the religious subject and the spiritual politics constituted out of the text’s distinctive rhetorical form. Stepping out provisionally, with a sense of limitation, with a sense of style, this chapter argues, Religio Medici brilliantly addresses itself to the heresy of certainty under which Browne saw the Stuart church beginning to buckle.