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The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and adipose/liver tissue histology analysis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected subjects undergoing single-port sleeve gastrectomy with prospective enrolment and frequency age (±5 years), sex, and body mass index (BMI, ± 5 kg/m2) matched on HIV-uninfected subjects.This study was conducted at a single clinical site at Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital-Paris-France comprising 19 HIV-uninfected and 21 HIV-infected subjects with plasma VL20 copies/mL, all with a BMI40 kg/m2 or35 kg/m2 with comorbidities. Histology of subcutaneous and visceral abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT/VAT) and liver biopsies was collected during single-port sleeve gastrectomy. Outcomes included anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, cardiovascular parameters, adipose tissue, and liver histology.The age of HIV-infected participants was (median, interquartile range IQR) 48 y (42-51), with 76.2% females, a BMI of 41.4 kg/m2 (37.3-44.4), an antiretroviral duration of 16 y (8-21), current integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen in 15 participants and non-INSTI regimen in 6 participants, and a CD4 count of 864/mm3 (560-1066). The age of controls was 43 y (37-51), with 78.9% females and a BMI of 39.2 kg/m2 (36.3-42.6). Anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, and cardiovascular parameters did not differ according to HIV status and INSTI treatment. The number of macrophage crown-like structures in SCAT was lower in INSTI-treated participants than in HIV-uninfected participants (P = 0.02) and non-INSTI-treated HIV-infected subjects (P = 0.07). Hepatic steatosis and liver disease severity global score were lower in INSTI-treated participants than in non-INSTI-treated HIV-infected participants (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively).HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects undergoing bariatric surgery presented a similar profile regarding anthropometric measures, cardiovascular parameters, and comorbidities. However, INSTI-treated participants presented milder SCAT and liver alterations than non-INSTI-treated participants.

Objectif : Au CHU d'Angers, hopital pavillonnaire, les transports intrahospitaliers medicalises, dits « tertiaires », reposent sur le Smur du SAMU 49. Cette organisation semble provoquer des evenements indesirables organisationnels (EIO) car le medecin de l'equipe ne peut assurer ni une autre intervention urgente, ni un renfort en regulation. L'objectif de cette etude est donc d'objectiver le retentissement reel d'une telle organisation.Materiel et methodes : Nous avons realise une etude observationnelle prospective de 120 jours ou etaient releves les EIO et les periodes sans renfort en regulation possible. Les EIO etaient definis par les carences, les retards d'engagement et les desengagements d'interventions Smur. Le critere de jugement principal etait la comparaison de frequence de survenue des EIO entre les periodes avec ou sans tertiaire en cours. Le critere de jugement secondaire etait la comparaison de frequence d'impossibilite de renfort en regulation entre les periodes avec ou sans tertiaire en cours.Resultats : Nous avons releve 156 EIO. La survenue d'EIO etait significativement plus elevee en periode avec tertiaire en cours (5,3 %) comparativement a celle sans tertiaire (1 %) (p : La realisation des transports tertiaires par le Smur du Samu 49 impacte directement son organisation et son activite. Au decours de cette evaluation, des mesures correctives ont ete mises en place dont l'efficacite devra etre evaluee.

To elucidate the catalytic action of Zn(II) in the exchange reactions taking place in epoxy-acid vitrimers, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy on vitrimers. The presence of Zn(II) in vitrimers is revealed by characteristic alterations in both the hydroxide groups and the ester carbonyl bond structures. An EXAFS analysis showed that the zinc cation is coordinated by four oxygen atoms, two of them being negatively charged, i.e. alkoxide groups to satisfy the electroneutrality, whereas IR analysis demonstrated the lengthening of the ester carbonyl bond. The catalytic effect of Zn2+ can be stated as follows: (1) shifting the alcohol/alkoxide equilibrium towards the more nucleophilic alkoxide form; (2) activating the carbonyl bonds by increasing the electrophilicity of the carbon atom; (3) bringing reacting centres close to each other. Zn2+ coordinated in the epoxy-based network therefore appears as a good option to catalyze exchange reactions by transesterification and afford vitrimer properties.

Since its co-receptors were discovered, HIV tropism is defined by the type of co-receptor used to infect its host cells : R5 for viruses using only CCR5, X4 for viruses using only CXCR4, and R5/X4 or dual for viruses using either CCR5 or CXCR4. Tropism prediction actually made is via recombinant phenotypic assays, which are labour-intensive, long-lasting and expensive, available in only a few highly qualified laboratories. Prescription of CCR5-antagonists requires screening for the presence of X4 variants before starting therapy. With development of this new class of antiretrovirals there is a need for genotypic tests, based on V3 loop gp 120 env gene sequencing and its interpretation with an algorithm. As for resistance tests 10 years ago, these genotypic tests will be easier to introduce into routine clinical practice. These genotypic tropism assays will help to select patients before CCR5-antagonist prescription and to follow patients treated by this class of antiretrovirals, looking for a potential switch of tropism during therapy.

This paper introduces a generic and opened multi-agent platform that provides a powerful scientific equipment for collective research on self-organized systems. A general thought on the mutation of object model towards the agent model is presented. The paper details the construction of the platform upon generic models of environment and agent. Then we present the extension of the toolkit to web-based technologies, and its suitability for collective research and remote works.

Resume En Europe, la transmission verticale du virus de l'hepatite C est asymptomatique, et se produirait dans 0 a 25 % des cas avec viremie maternelle. La seule mesure preventive est de deconseiller l'allaitement. La faible charge virale, l'absence de replication ancienne et la non-integration genomique sont des conditions favorables a un essai de sero-prophylaxie chez le nouveau-ne par des anticorps neutralisants d'origine humaine. Les obstacles a un essai randomise et controle sont nombreux : - Epidemiologiques : rarete du recrutement; risque faible; transmission in utero possible par les meres les plus viremiques; risque de contamination horizontale du nourrisson au foyer. - Methodologiques : randomisation complexe des groupes (genotypes, PCR quantitative, hepatite maternelle, modes d'accouchement et d'allaitement). - Ethiques : benefice individuel direct non etabli; l'allaitement par des meres viremiques serait-il autorise en l'absence de seroprophylaxie ? Risque de fvoriser l'emergence de variants viraux chez le nourrisson; origine et selection des plasmas-source.

To evaluate the contribution of CD4 T cells from blood and gut compartments to the HIV-1 reservoir, we directly quantified cell-associated HIV DNA in isolated rectal (R-) and peripheral blood (PB-) memory CD4 T cells from 11 successfully long-term treated patients. Proportion of activated (CD25(+); CD69(+); and HLA-DR(+)) and CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells were markedly higher in rectal tissue compared with blood. However, HIV-1 infection levels of R- and PB-memory CD4 T cells did not significantly differ (medians: 4000 and 2100 copies per million cells) after effective long-term viral control, suggesting that each of these 2 compartments does not contribute in a similar fashion to the total HIV reservoir.

One or both of two co-receptors, CCR5 (R5) and CXCR4 (X4), are used by HIV-1 to enter into host cells. The glycoprotein 120 (gp120) V3 sequence is correlated with the R5 and X4 phenotype. CCR5 inhibitors are specifically active against R5 viruses, suggesting the need to determine tropism before the use of these antagonists. A comparison of the position-specific scoring matrices (PSSM) and Geno2pheno algorithms based on the V3 loop gp120 sequences and previously described to be correlated to the R5 or X4 phenotype was carried out.V3 envelope (env) genes from 83 plasma samples were amplified and sequenced, and 69 sequences were analysed with the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms.These two algorithms were concordant in 86.5% of cases. The Geno2pheno algorithm gave a tropism result more frequently than the PSSM algorithm, but R5X4 or X4 viruses were less frequently detected by the Geno2pheno algorithm. R5X4 or X4 tropism was predicted in 29.9% of samples. There was more R5X4 co-receptor use in the antiretroviral-treated group than in the antiretroviral-naïve group.It is advisable to run a validated co-receptor use prediction tool before using co-receptor antagonists. If genotyping methods are considered, the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms are complementary and both are necessary. The association between predicted co-receptor use and virological response to co-receptor antagonists needs to be thoroughly evaluated.

There are numerous studies describing the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on patients with disturbances of vigilance, memory and cognitive functions associated with aging and senility. Describing the pattern of gene expression in EGb 761-treated human hNT neurons may elucidate the molecular pathways leading to the neuroprotection. We used cDNA macroarrays including genes implicated in the antioxidant and stress responses to define the transcriptional effects of EGb 761 (250 microg/ml, 24 hr) on human hNT neurons. Seven genes were identified whose expression was strongly modified by the EGb 761 treatment. Three groups are distinguished: genes encoding transcription factors (increase of NF-kappaB p65 subunit and zinc finger protein 91 mRNAs, and decrease of c-myc transcripts), genes involved in antioxidant defenses (increase of the CuZn SOD mRNAs, and decrease of glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase pi mRNAs) and genes involved in stress responses (up-regulation of HSP70 transcripts). Consistent with the modulation of mRNAs by EGb 761, the enzymatic activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were decreased. Surprisingly, CuZn SOD activity was decreased despite increased abundance of the mRNAs; furthermore MnSOD activity was unmodified, and thus the effect of EGb 761 was specific to CuZn SOD. These results support the idea that modulation of target genes and transcription factors may be involved in the neuroprotective action of EGb 761.

HBs Ag carrier rate among pregnant women is 1.5% in our hospital near Paris, six times higher than French national prevalence among women. 78% of them are of extra-metropolitan origin (especially from the African continent), 80% have a low socioeconomic status. Their newborns are at risk of "mother-to-infant" transmission of the virus HB. The risks, mechanisms and consequences of such a transmission are studied. For these reasons, it seems reasonable to perform routine prenatal testing for HBs Ag carriage. We have successively carried out two prophylactic methods. From June 1980 to October 1982, prevention with specific immunoglobulins (HBIG) was used: ten infants received at birth 0.5 ml, and 0.1 ml/kg at 1, 2, 4, 6 months of age. At 6 months, they all were safe of liver damage, HBs Ag and HBe Ag negative. Eleven infants received only the first HBIG injection. From October 1982 to September 1983, fifteen carrier women were identified at the time of delivery, and all accepted the sero-vaccination procedure for the newborn: HBIG (1 ml) and vaccine before 48 hours of life and at one month, vaccine alone at two months. The babies were controlled (9 at 4 months, 3 at 12 months) and all were safe of liver damage, HBs Ag and HBe Ag negative, with HBs antibody mean value of 240 m I.U./ml. We are grateful to the collaboration of the Departments for Mother and Infant Protection in our region--according to the usual chronology of the visits--for these satisfactory performance and results of the sero-vaccination.

The elastic bulk effect was measured during a 2 MeV electron irradiation of pure nickel at 18 K. A value (δM/M)/C = − 70 was obtained. Au cours [dcirc]une irradiation de nickel pur a 18 K par des electrons de 2 MeV, des mesures de [lcirc]effet elastique en volume ont ete effectuees. La valcur (δM/M)/C= − 70, caracteristique de cet effet a ete obtenue.