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Bu çalışmada Çanakkale kent merkezinde, peyzaj deseninde meydana gelen değişimin 18 yıllık süreçte analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada peyzaj deseninde meydana gelen değişim, Landsat ETM 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018 WGS 84 projeksiyonunda Landsat Copernicus uydu görüntülerinin nesne tabanlı sınıflandırılması sonucunda elde edilen arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü (AK/AÖ) haritaları üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında peyzaj desenleri olarak yapay alanlar, tarım alanları, doğal bitki örtüsü, sulak alanlar olmak üzere 4 sınıf ve bu sınıflandırmalara yönelik alanın kullanım durumuna uygun alt sınıflar kullanılmıştır. Peyzaj deseninde meydana gelen değişimin belirlenmesi için gerekli peyzaj metrikleri, FRAGSTATS V4.2. programı aracılığıyla hesaplanmıştır. Sınıf ve peyzaj düzeyinde; CA- Class Area (Sınıf Alanı), NumP- Number of Patches (Leke Sayısı), MPS- Mean Patch Size (Ortalama Leke Büyüklüğü), ED- Edge Density (Kenar Yoğunluğu), TE- Total Edge (Toplam Kenar), MCA- Mean Core Area (Ortalama Çekirdek Alan), TCA- Total Core Area (Toplam Çekirdek Alan), MNN- Mean Nearest Neighbor (Ortalama En Yakın Komşuluk Mesafesi), MPI- Mean Procimity Index (Ortalama Yakınlık İndeksi), SDI- Shannon’s Diversity Index (Shannon Çeşitlilik İndeksi), SEI- Shannon’s Evenness Index (Shannon Düzen İndeksi), MSI- Mean Shape Index (Ortalama Şekil İndeksi) metrikleri hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda peyzaj yapısındaki parçalanmaya bağlı değişimler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, 2000-2018 yılları arasında leke büyüklüğünün yapısal alanlarda arttığı, orman alanları ve tarım alanlarında ise azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. 18 yıllık süreçte tarım alanlarında azalma yaşanmıştır. Sulak alanlarda çok belirgin bir değişim gözlemlenmemiştir. Üzüm bağları (vineyards) ve seyrek bitki örtüsünün (sparsely vegetated areas) olduğu alanlar değişime uğrayarak yerlerini başka peyzaj desenlerine bırakmıştır., In this study, it is aimed to analyze the change in the landscape pattern in Çanakkale city center in 18 years. In the study, the change in the landscape pattern was analyzed through the land use/land cover (AR/LAP) maps obtained as a result of object-based classification of Landsat Copernicus satellite images in Landsat ETM 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018 WGS 84 projection. In the research area, 4 classes as artificial areas, agricultural areas, natural vegetation, wetlands and subclasses suitable for the use of the area for these classifications were used as landscape patterns. FRAGSTATS V4.2 in determining the change in landscape pattern. Landscape metrics were calculated through the program. At the class and landscape level; CA- Class Area, NumP- Number of Patches, MPS- Mean Patch Size (Average Spot Size), ED- Edge Density (Edge Density), TE- Total Edge (Total Edge), MCA- Mean Core Area, TCA- Total Core Area, MNN- Mean Nearest Neighbor, MPI- Mean Procimity Index, SDI- Shannon's Diversity Index ( Shannon Diversity Index), SEI- Shannon's Evenness Index (Shannon Layout Index), MSI- Mean Shape Index (Mean Shape Index) metrics were calculated. As a result of the calculations, the changes in the landscape structure due to fragmentation were analyzed. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was an increase in the size of the spots in the structural areas, and a decrease in the size of the spots in the forest areas and agricultural areas, especially in the time period between 2000-2018. There has been a decrease in agricultural areas in the 18-year period. No significant change was observed in wetlands. Vineyards and areas with sparse vegetation (sparsely vegetated areas) have changed and left their place to other landscape patterns.

Heyelanlar yaşanan doğal afetler arasında en başta gelenlerdendir. Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde heyelanlar yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye’de en fazla heyelanın meydana geldiği il Trabzon’dur. Heyelanlar sebebiyle gerçekleşen kayıpları en aza indirmek amacıyla heyelan duyarlılığı yüksek olan sahaların önceden belirlenmesi için heyelan duyarlılık haritalarının hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) ve Frekans Oranı (FR) yöntemleri kullanılarak, Trabzon ilinin Akçaabat ve Düzköy ilçe sınırları içerisinde, heyelan duyarlılığı yüksek olan sahaların belirlenmesi için heyelan duyarlılık analizi yapılmış ve heyelan duyarlılık haritaları üretilmiştir. Heyelan duyarlılık analizi için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) platformlarından ArcGIS for Desktop kullanılmıştır. Kamu kuruluşları ve açık erişimli çevrimiçi kaynaklardan coğrafi veriler temin edilmiştir. Çeşitli CBS araçları ile veriler çalışma alanına ve amacına göre mekânsal olarak düzenlenmiştir. Literatür araştırması sonucunda Heyelan duyarlılığı için eğim, eğim şekli, litoloji, yağış, bakı, topoğrafik nemlilik indeksi (TNI), akarsulara, karayollarına, fay hatlarına uzaklık, arazi kullanımı, toprak, yükseklik ve normalize edilmiş fark bitki örtüsü indeksi (NDVI) olmak üzere toplam 13 kriterin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. AHS yöntemi kullanılarak her bir kriterin heyelan oluşumundaki etkilerinin önem dereceleri ile kriterler arası ağırlıkların belirlenmesi için ikili karşılaştırmalar yapılmış ve üst üste çakıştırma yapılarak AHS yöntemine göre heyelan duyarlılık haritası üretilmiştir. Ayrıca AFAD ve MTA’dan temin edilen heyelan envanter kayıtlarından yararlanılarak heyelan meydana gelen sahaların tüm çalışma sahasındaki etkisi göz önünde bulundurularak FR yöntemine göre heyelan duyarlılık haritası üretilmiştir. Her iki yöntemde üretilen haritalar karşılaştırıldığında, çalışma sahasında gözlenen heyelanların yerlerini belirleme açısından FR yönteminin AHS yöntemine göre daha gerçekçi sonuçlar ortaya koyduğu tespit edilmiştir., Landslides are one of the leading natural disasters in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Trabzon is the province where the most landslides occurred in the country. Landslide susceptibility maps should be prepared in order to predetermine the areas with high landslide susceptibility in order to minimize the losses due to landslides. In this study, landslide susceptibility analysis is performed, and landslide susceptibility maps are produced to reveal the areas with high landslide susceptibility within the boundaries of Akçaabat and Düzköy districts of Trabzon province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) methods. ArcGIS for Desktop, one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platforms, is used for landslide susceptibility analysis. Geographical data are obtained from public institutions and open access online sources. The data are spatially organized according to the study area and purpose by various GIS tools. A total of 13 criteria which are respectively; slope, curvature, lithology, precipitation, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to rivers, distance to highways, distance to fault lines, land use, soil type, elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for landslide susceptibility are evaluated as effective to cause landslides as a result of the literature review. Pairwise comparisons are made to determine the importance of the effects of each criterion on landslide formation and the weights between the criteria by using the AHP method. Then a landslide susceptibility map is produced according to the AHP method. In addition, a landslide susceptibility map was produced according to the FR method using the landslide inventory records obtained from responsible institutes of the country. It is noticed that the FR method produced more realistic results than the AHP method in terms of determining the locations of the landslides observed in the study area when the maps produced by both methods are compared.

Son yıllarda küresel ısınmanın etkisi ile orman yangınları giderek yıkıcı tahribatlara neden olmaktadır. Orman yangınlarının, orman alanlarında meydana getirdiği tahribatın belirlenmesi zaman alıcı ve maliyetli bir iştir. Orman yangınları sonucunda yanan orman alanlarının ve yanma şiddeti açısından alanın haritalanması, rehabilitasyon çalışmaları açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Orman alanlarına ait haritalama ve izleme çalışmalarında uzaktan algılama ve CBS teknikleri yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Uzaktan algılama, pratik, uygun maliyetli ve hassas sonuçlar vermesi açısından orman yangınları sonrasında yanan alan büyüklüğü ve yanma şiddeti açısından alanın haritalanmasında önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2022 yılı eylül ayında Mersin ili Gülnar ilçesinde meydana gelen orman yangınına ait yanan alan miktarının belirlenmesi ve farklı uzaktan algılama indislerinin yanan alan büyüklüğünün belirlenmesindeki performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma alanına ait haritalama kapsamında Sentinel-2 uydu görüntüsü kullanılmıştır. Yanan alan miktarı, dNDVI (Differenced normalized difference vegetation index), dSAVI (Differenced soil adjusted vegetation index) ve dNBR (Differenced normalized burn ratio) indislerine göre tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan üç farklı indise ait performans değerleri doğruluk analizi ile ortaya konmuştur. Yanan alan büyüklüğünün tespit edilmesinde, dNDVI, dSAVI ve dNBR indislerine ait genel doğruluk değerleri sırasıyla % 75.56, % 84.44 ve % 88.89 olarak bulunmuştur. dNDVI indisine ait doğruluk oranı kabul edilebilir düzeydeyken, dSAVI ve dNBR indisleri yanan alan büyüklüğünün tespit edilmesinde oldukça iyi performans göstermiştir. Orman yangınları sonucu zarar gören alanlar, uydu görüntüleri ve uzaktan algılama teknikleri ile hızlı ve hassas bir şekilde tespit edilebilmektedir., In recent years, with the effect of global warming, wildfires are causing increasingly destructive damages. Determining the destruction caused by wildfires in forest areas is a time-consuming and cost effective. The mapping of the forest areas burned as a result of wildfires and the area in terms of burn severity is of great importance in terms of rehabilitation activities. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are widely used in mapping and monitoring studies of forest areas. In terms of providing practical, cost-effective and sensitive results, remote sensing offers significant advantages in mapping the area in terms of burned area and burn severity after wildfires. In this study, the determination of the amount of burned area belonging to the wildfire that occurred in Mersin province Gülnar district in September 2022 and the performances of different remote sensing indices in determining the size of the burned area were compared. Sentinel-2 satellite image was used in the mapping of the study area. The amount of burned area was estimated according to the dNDVI (Differenced normalized difference vegetation index), dSAVI (Differenced soil adjusted vegetation index) and dNBR (Differenced normalized burn ratio) indices. The performance values of three different indices used within the scope of the study were revealed by accuracy analysis. The general accuracy values of the dNDVI, dSAVI and dNBR indices were found to be 75.56%, 84.44% and 88.89%, respectively, in determining the size of the burned area. While the accuracy of the dNDVI was acceptable, the dSAVI and dNBR indices performed very well in detecting the size of the burned area. Areas damaged by wildfires can be detected quickly and precisely with satellite images and remote sensing techniques.

In Turkey, the General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) utilizes helicopters in various forestry activities such as firefighting, forest protection, wildlife management, shipping, and other activities. In firefighting activities, mostly Russian-designed “Mil Mi-8MTV-1” series helicopters are rented by the GDF during the fire season. These fire helicopters are designed to carry up to 20 people and 2.5 tons of water with a special bucket attached underneath. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the location of the fire helicopter platforms in the border of Bursa Forestry Regional Directorate (FRD). In the solution process, the areas reached by the fire helicopters in the critical response time was determined using proximity analysis in ArcGIS. Accessible areas were also found for productive forest and degraded forest separately. The results indicated that 85.97 % of the total area of FRD was reached by the fire helicopter within the critical response time while it was 84.06 % for the forested areas. In terms of fire sensitivity degrees, 79.18 % of the first degree sensitive forests were accessed within the critical response time, while all of the second and third degree sensitive forests were reached on time. On the other hand, the accessible forest areas were 85.61 % and 81.21 % for productive forest and degraded forest. These results suggested that location of the fire helicopter platforms should be re-evaluate and possible new platforms should be located in Bursa FRD in order to improve the efficiency of the helicopter fleet and access the forest area in the critical response time. In this process, GIS techniques should be employed by the fire managers to evaluate the optimum locations for the fire helicopter platforms., Türkiye'de Orman Genel Müdürlüğü (OGM), yangınla mücadele, orman koruma, yaban hayatı yönetimi, transport ve diğer faaliyetler gibi çeşitli ormancılık faaliyetlerinde helikopterlerden yararlanmaktadır. Yangınla mücadele faaliyetlerinde, yangın sezonu boyunca OGM tarafından genellikle Rus üretimi “Mil Mi-8MTV-1” serisi helikopterler kiralanmaktadır. Bu yangın helikopterleri, 20 kişiye kadar personel ve altına takılı özel bir kova ile 2,5 ton su taşıyabilecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Bursa Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü (FRD) sınırındaki yangın helikopteri platformlarının konumunun değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çözüm sürecinde, ArcGIS yazılımında yakınlık analizi kullanılarak yangın helikopterlerinin kritik müdahale süresinde ulaştığı alanlar belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca verimli ormanlar ve bozuk ormanlar için ayrı ayrı erişilebilir alanlar bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, yangın helikopterinin kritik müdahale süresi içinde toplam FRD alanının %85,97'sine ulaşıldığını, ormanlık alanlarda ise bu oranın %84,06 olduğunu göstermiştir. Yangına hassasiyet dereceleri açısından, birinci dereceden hassas ormanların %79,18'ine kritik müdahale süresi içerisinde ulaşılırken, ikinci ve üçüncü dereceden hassas ormanların tamamına zamanında ulaşılmıştır. Öte yandan, verimli ormanlar ve bozuk ormanlar için erişilebilir orman alanları sırasıyla % 85.61 ve % 81.21 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, kritik müdahale süresinde helikopter filosunun verimliliğini artırmak ve ormanlık alana erişim sağlamak için yangın helikopteri konumlarının yeniden değerlendirilmesi ve olası yeni platformların Bursa FRD alanında yerleştirilmesi gerektiğini önermektedir. Bu süreçte, yangın helikopteri platformları için optimum konumları değerlendirmek için yangın yöneticileri tarafından CBS teknikleri kullanılmalıdır.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinden (CBS) faydalanılarak, Giresun’un Bulancak ilçesinin bazı arazi özelliklerini belirlemek ve tarımla ilişkili olarak değerlendirmektir. Sayısal yükseklik modeli (SYM/DEM) verileri kullanılarak haritaların oluşturulması ve alan hesaplamaları aşamalarında ArcGIS-ArcMap 10.3 programı kullanılmıştır. İlçede, 0-3.102 m aralığında değişen yükselti değerleri 10 sınıfa ayrılmıştır. 0-1.200 m arasında yükseltiye sahip toplam alanın oranı % 44,504 olarak bulunmuştur. 1.200-1.500 m yükselti grubu % 20,655 ile en geniş alanı kaplamakta iken, en az alan (% 0,444) kaplayan yükselti grubu 2.700-3.102 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulancak’ta eğim; hafif, orta ve dik olacak şekilde sınıflandırılmıştır. Dik eğim sınıfındaki alan miktarının, orta eğim sınıfındaki alan miktarından 4,609 kat fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Dik (% 20+) eğimli araziler tarımsal faaliyetler için uygun bulunmamıştır. Bu alanlarda, ağaçlandırma çalışmaları yapılmalı ve doğal bitki örtüsü de korunmalıdır. İlçenin bakı analizine göre, kuzey bakı grubu olarak belirlenen kuzey, kuzeybatı, kuzeydoğu ve doğu bakılı alanların, ilçe yüzölçümünün yarısından fazlasını (% 56,214) kapladığı belirlenmiştir. CORINE arazi örtüsü 2018 verileri analiz edildiğinde; Bulancak ilçesinde karışık ormanların 163,822 km2 (% 22,757) ile en geniş alana sahip olduğu; buna karşın en az alana sahip olan arazi örtüsü sınıfının 0,212 km2 (% 0,029) ile deniz ve okyanus olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ortaya çıkan verilerin, tarımsal faaliyetler başta olmak üzere, gelecekte Bulancak’ta yapılabilecek bazı araştırmalar için ön fikir verebileceği düşünülmektedir., The aim of this research is to determine some land characteristics of Bulancak district of Giresun and evaluate them in relation to agriculture by using geographic information systems (GIS). ArcGIS-ArcMap 10.3 program was used in the creation of maps and area calculations using digital elevation model (SYM/DEM) data. Altitude values varying between 0-3.102 m in the district are divided into 10 classes. The ratio of the total area with an altitude between 0-1.200 m was found to be 44,504%. While the altitude group of 1.200-1.500 m covers the largest area with 20,655%, the altitude group covering the least area (0,444%) is determined as 2.700-3.102 m. The slope in Bulancak; classified as mild, moderate and steep. It was determined that the amount of area in the steep slope class is 4,609 times more than the amount of area in the medium slope class. Lands with steep (20+%) slopes were not found suitable for agricultural activities. Afforestation works should be carried out in these areas and natural vegetation should be protected. According to the aspect analysis of the district, it has been determined that the north, northwest, northeast and east facing areas, which are determined as the north aspect group, cover more than half of the district's surface area (56,214%). When CORINE land cover 2018 data is analyzed; In Bulancak district, mixed forests have the largest area with 163,822 km2 (22,757%); on the other hand, it was determined that the land cover class with the least area is sea and ocean with 0,212 km2 (0,029%). It is thought that the data revealed in the study can give preliminary idea for some future researches that can be done in Bulancak, especially agricultural activities.

Küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak meydana gelen iklim değişikliği yağışların ve sıcaklıkların düzensizleşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu nedenle sosyoekonomik açıdan küresel ölçekte büyük öneme sahip kıyı alanlarında hızlı değişimler meydana gelmektedir. Kıyı alanlarındaki uzun süreli değişimlerin izlenmesi için kullanılan yöntemlerden birisi uzaktan algılama yöntemidir. NASA ve USGS tarafından sağlanan Landsat uydu misyonu sayesinde 1970 li yıllardan günümüze kadar düzenli multispektral veri temin edilebilmektedir. Yine NASA tarafından geliştirilen ve ArcGIS yazılımı üzerinden kullanılabilen DSAS aracı sayesinde kıyı çizgilerinin farklı tarihler arasındaki değişimleri izlenebilmekte ve değişim miktarları istatistiksel olarak analiz edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Manisa ili sınırları içerisinde bulunan ve bir alüvyal set gölü olan Marmara Gölü’ne ait 1985-2020 arasındaki 5’er yıllık periyotlarda kıyı alanlarındaki değişimler incelenmiştir. 8 adet Landsat verisi üzerinden MNDWI ve nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma yöntemiyle kıyı çizgisi çıkarılmıştır. Çıkarılan kıyı çizgisi üzerinden DSAS ile erozyon ve dolgu miktarları belirlenerek istatistiksel yöntemlerle (EPR ve LRR) analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda R2 ve Pearson's r yöntemine göre EPR ve LRR arasındaki korelasyon değerleri sırasıyla %94 ve %97 olarak hesaplanmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, Antalya ilinde bulunan Küçük Aksu Çayı’nda Hec-RAS ile taşkın riski olan alanlar belirlenmiştir. İlk olarak, farklı tekerrür debilerine göre Hec-RAS modelleri geliştirilmiş ve taşkın yayılım haritaları ile taşkın derinlik haritaları oluşturulmuştur. 100 yıllık taşkın tekerrür debisi kullanılarak geliştirilen model sonucunda 6,04 ha yerleşim alanı ile 33,73 ha tarım alanının su altında kaldığı görülmüştür. 100 yıllık taşkın tekerrür debisine karşılık gelen maksimum su yüksekliği 11,60 m olarak saptanmıştır. Daha sonra derinlik-hasar grafiği yardımıyla Küçük Aksu Çayı için yapısal taşkın analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda taşkınların neden olduğu ekonomik kaybın 1.152 milyon-1.946 milyon TL arasında olduğu görülmüştür., In this study, flood risk areas were determined with Hec-RAS hydraulic model for the Küçük Aksu River in Antalya, Turkey. Firstly, Hec-RAS models were developed according to different recurrence flow rates and, flood propagation maps and flood depth maps were generated. As a result of the model that was developed by using a 100-year flood recurrence flow rate, it was seen that 6.04 ha of the residential area and 33.73 ha of the agricultural area is submerged. The maximum water level was determined as 11.60 m according to the 100-year flood recurrence flow rate. Then, structural flood analysis was performed using the depth-damage graph for the Küçük Aksu River. As a result of this analysis, it was seen that the economic loss caused by floods was between 1.152 million-1.946 million TL.

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which have developed rapidly in recent years, in archaeological sites provides a basis for many studies. It is important to produce the permanent records of archaeological sites for the management cultural heritage. While many methods are used to produce permanent records and boundaries, photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques have begun to be preferred within the process by considering their advantages such as low cost, saving time, and completing studies on cultural heritage without contact. In this study, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Orthomosaic were produced using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in Anemurium Ancient City located in Mersin province. These data were used as a basis, and a relational database was created for GIS. Thus, an inventory study of all stone buildings and roads in the area was conducted, and the data sets were created according to the quality of the remains. Furthermore, the stone buildings in the ancient city were named on an address basis, and a relational database including the boundaries of the country, province, district, and ancient city area was created. This study serves as a guide for studies to be conducted on the management of archaeological sites., Son yıllarda hızla gelişen Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin (CBS) arkeolojik alanlarda kullanılması birçok çalışmaya altlık oluşturmaktadır. Arkeolojik alanların kalıcı kayıtlarının üretilmesi, kültürel mirasın yönetimi açısından önemlidir. Kalıcı kayıtların ve sınırların üretilmesi için birçok yöntem kullanılmakla birlikte süreç içerisinde fotogrametri ve uzaktan algılama teknikleri; düşük maliyetli olması, zamandan tasarruf edilmesi ve kültür mirasları üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların temas olmaksızın tamamlanması gibi olumlu getirileri göz önünde bulundurularak tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Mersin ili Anamur ilçesinde bulunan Anemurium Antik Kent alanında İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) kullanarak Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli ve Ortomozaik üretilmiştir. Bu veriler altlık olarak kullanılmış ve CBS için ilişkisel veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Böylelikle alanda bulunan tüm taş yapıların, yolların envanter çalışması yapılmış, kalıntıların niteliğine göre veri setleri oluşturulmuş, buna ek olarak antik kent alanında taş yapılar için adres niteliğinde adlandırma yapılmış ve ülke, il, ilçe, antik kent alanı sınırlarını da kapsayan ilişkisel veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışma, arkeolojik alanların yönetimine ilişkin yapılacak çalışmalar için rehber niteliğindedir.

Havayolu modern dünyanın vazgeçilmez ulaşım yollarından biridir. Sağladığı güvenilirlik ve hızla beraber, insan ve kargo taşımacılığıyla ülkenin ve yerelin kalkınmasında büyük rol oynamaktadır. Günden güne artan talep doğrultusunda mevcut havalimanları ihtiyaçları karşılamakta yetersiz kalmakta bu da yeni havalimanlarının inşasını getirmektedir. İnşa edilecek havalimanlarının konumlandırılmasında birçok kriter etkili olmaktadır. Bu kriterlerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi ve önem derecelerine göre kıyaslaması çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri kapsamında gerçekleşmektedir. Analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHP) çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden biridir. Problemin çözülmesinde etkili olan kriterlerin ikili olarak karşılaştırılmasına ve bir hiyerarşik yapıda düzenlenmesine dayanmaktadır. Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri, (CBS) analiz, depolama, veri yönetimi, görselleştirme ve karar verme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde etkili bir yöntemdir. Aynı zamanda farklı yöntemlerle sağladığı uyum ile hızlı ve kullanışlıdır. Bu çalışmada inşa edilecek havalimanı için en elverişli konumun belirlenmesinde CBS ve AHP yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sürdürülebilir bir sonuç elde etmek amacıyla belirlenen teknik kriterlere çevresel ve kültürel kriterler de dâhil edilmiştir., The airline is one of the indispensable means of transportation in the modern world. Along with the reliability and speed it provides, it plays a big role in the development of the country and the locality of human and cargo transportation. Due to the increasing demands day by day, the existing airports cannot meet the needs, and this situation brings the construction of new airports. Many criteria are effective in the positioning of the airports to be built. Evaluation of these criteria as a whole and comparison according to their importance takes place within the scope of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. It is based on the pairwise comparison of the criteria that are effective in solving the problem and their arrangement in a hierarchical structure. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis is an effective method for developing storage data management, visualization and decision-making strategies. At the same time, it is fast and convenient thanks to its compatibility with different methods. In this study, GIS and AHP methods were used to determine the most suitable location for the airport to be built. In order to achieve a sustainable result, environmental and cultural criteria are also included in the technical criteria determined.

Rainfall-induced slope failures commonly occur in residual soil slopes. Slope failures are triggered by the reduction in soil strength. This is attributed to the decrease in soil suction due to rainwater infiltration. Slope covers like capillary barrier system and vegetative cover are effective methods that can be used to prevent rainfall-induced slope failures. The capillary barrier system is able to limit the rainwater infiltration, and vegetation can contribute to the increase in soil strength. Vetiver grass is widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas of the world for soil and water conservation. This study investigates the characteristics of unsaturated soil slope covered with capillary barrier system and Vetiver grass in comparison with the original slope through numerical analyses and field measurements. The analyses were carried out under the advanced, normal, and delayed rainfall patterns. The results of the analyses indicated that the capillary barrier system played a more significant role than the Vetiver grass in maintaining slope stability, although both the capillary barrier system and Vetiver grass contributed to the slope stability. In addition, both numerical analyses and field measurements showed that under the delayed and normal rainfall patterns, when antecedent rainwater infiltration could increase the soil moisture, the capillary barrier system performed much better compared to Vetiver grass in maintaining soil matric suctions and slope stability. Housing & Development Board Published version This study was supported by the Housing and Development Board and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Before making tourism investments, it is important to carry out suitability analyzes by considering natural and human characteristics, in order to prevent waste of resources and wrong land use. In this study, a suitability analysis was carried out for the Suleymaniye Winter Tourism Center, which is planned to be established in the city of Gümüşhane, in line with the geographical characteristics of the region. Gümüşhane City is located in the inner part of the Eastern Black Sea Region, and Süleymaniye District is located on the eastern slope of Tenceli Hill in Gümüşhane city center. Within the scope of the study, it is aimed to determine the situation in the field of the parameters affecting the winter tourism activities and to offer suggestions for sustainable tourism based on the findings. For this purpose, by making use of field studies and literature, the factors that will affect the winter tourism potential of the area have been determined, and the situation of these parameters in the field has been explained by comparing them with some winter tourism centers in Turkey. In addition, a suitability analysis was carried out by giving effect and weight values to the determined parameters. Secondary data about the field from various organizations were obtained and evaluated. According to the findings, in the suitability analysis consisting of five classes, most of the area where winter tourism investments are planned in Süleymaniye District is at a medium level; few of them are in the appropriate class. The most important advantages are that the site is located in the center of Gümüşhane City, close to the main roads, ease of transportation, slope, aspect and suitability of the land cover for winter tourism. However, artificial snow is likely to be needed in order to keep the snow thickness at an ideal level and to extend the winter tourism period. Designing the facility to be established in the field to produce its own energy will reduce the cost, while its association with other touristic destinations in the region will allow it to be used outside of the winter season., Turizm yatırımları yapılmadan önce doğal ve beşerî özellikler göz önüne alınarak uygunluk analizlerinin yapılması, kaynak israfını ve yanlış arazi kullanımını önleme açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Gümüşhane Şehrinde kurulması planlanan Süleymaniye Kış Turizmi Merkezi için yörenin coğrafi özellikleri doğrultusunda bir uygunluk analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gümüşhane Şehri, Doğu Karadeniz’in iç kesiminde, Süleymaniye Mahallesi ise Gümüşhane şehir merkezindeki Tenceli Tepe’nin doğu yamacında yer almaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında kış turizmi faaliyetlerini etkileyen parametrelerin sahadaki durumunun belirlenmesi, bulgulardan yola çıkarak sürdürülebilir turizme yönelik öneriler sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla arazi çalışmaları, literatürden faydalanarak sahanın kış turizmi potansiyelini etkileyebilecek faktörler tespit edilmiş, bu parametrelerin sahadaki durumu Türkiye’deki bazı kış turizm merkezleriyle kıyaslanarak açıklanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra belirlenen parametrelere etki ve ağırlık değerleri verilerek CBS ile uygunluk analizi yapılmıştır. Çeşitli kuruluşlardan sahayla ilgili ikincil veriler temin edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, beş sınıftan oluşan uygunluk analizinde Süleymaniye Mahallesinde kış turizmi yatırımlarının yapılması planlanan sahanın büyük bölümü orta seviyede; az bir kısmı ise uygun sınıfında yer almaktadır. Sahanın, Gümüşhane Şehrinin merkezinde yer alması, ana yollara yakınlığı, ulaşım kolaylığı, eğim, bakı ve arazi örtüsünün kış turizmine uygunluğu en önemli avantajlardır. Ancak sahada kar kalınlığını ideal seviyede tutmak, kış turizmi süresini uzatabilmek için yapay kara ihtiyaç duyulması muhtemeldir. Sahada kurulacak tesisin kendi enerjisini kendi üretecek şekilde tasarlanması maliyetin düşürülmesinde, yöredeki diğer turistik destinasyonlarla ilişkilendirilmesi ise kış mevsimi dışında da kullanılmasına olanak tanıyacaktır.

Mekânın algılanması ve bilişsel süreçlerde bireysel özellikler, geçmiş deneyimler ve rutinleşmiş davranışlar önemli bir yere sahiptir. Buçalışmanın amacı bireylerin sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik özelliklerinin, mekânın algılanması ve mekânsal bilişin oluşumuna etkisinientegre analiz teknikleri ile ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler anketler aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın evreniniGiresun Üniversitesi’nin Giresun şehrindeki birimlerinde eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerine katılan öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilenveriler SPSS yazılımı ile hem betimsel hem de istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Ortak kümeleme yöntemi kullanılarak bilişsel haritalarArcGIS ortamına aktarılmıştır. Bilişsel haritalar üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmış olan değişkenler CBS tabanlı bilişselharitalara aktarılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bireylerin sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik özellikleri ile mekânsal algıları arasındaki ilişki tespitedilmiştir. Örneklem grubunda mekânsal deneyim süresi daha uzun olan grupların bilişsel haritalarındaki fenomen sayısı ve bilişselharitalara ait detaylar daha az çıkmıştır. Deneyim süresi daha kısa olan gruplarda ise tersi bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Metalaşmaya dayalıtüketim toplumunda mekânın da metalaştığı ve insanların bilişlerinde yer etme süresinin kısalarak hızla tükendiği sonucuna varılmıştır.Çalışmamız hem ortaya koyduğu sonuçlar hem de sonuçlara ulaşmak amacıyla kullanmış olduğu entegre analiz teknikleri ile literatürekatkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. In the perception ofspace and cognitive processes, individual characteristics, past experiences and routine behavior have an important place. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect ofsocio-economic and demographic features of individual on the perception ofspace and the formation of spatial cognition. For this, integrated analysis techniques were used. The data used in the study were collected through via questionnaires. The population of the study consists of students who participate in educational activities in the units of Giresun University in Giresun city.The data obtained were analyzed both descriptively and statistically with SPSS software. Cognitive maps were transferred to ArcGIS environment by using common clustering method. The variables that statistically proven effect on cognitive maps were transferred to GIS based cognitive maps. As a result, the relationship between the socio-economic and demographic features with spatial perceptions of individuals was determined. The number of phenomena in the cognitive maps and the details of the cognitive maps were more poor in the sample group with longer spatial experience. It has been concluded that in the meta-based consumer society, the space also commodifies, and the time it takes to get involved in people's cognition is shortened rapidly. It is thought that the study will provide significant contributions to the literature due to the use of both findings and different analysis techniques.

In order to be able to plan the infrastructure of a city where rapid and unplanned urbanization occurs, it is necessary to examine the urban growth and its model. Impermeable surface area is an important factor affecting urbanization and urban environmental quality. Timely and accurate analysis of the dynamic changes of impermeable surfaces is of great importance for urban zoning planning. Köyceğiz district is one of the oldest settlements of Muğla province and preserves its current structure, historical status and cultural texture. In this study, the relationship between population growth, urbanization and land use changes, the effect on the city image and the increase in impermeable surface areas of Köyceğiz district were examined. Satellite images and census data for the years 2004 and 2019 were used to identify different patterns of expansion and land use change in the district. Urban expansion in Köyceğiz was evaluated for a period of 15 years (2004-2019). Maps show that between 2004 and 2019, the amount of urban or developed land increased by 3,25% annually, while non-plant areas decreased by 0,28% and green areas by 0,44%. The urban growth index for Köyceğiz was calculated 1,36., Hızlı ve plansız kentleşmenin oluştuğu bir kentin altyapısını çevresel açıdan uygun şekilde planlayabilmek için kentsel büyüme ve modelini incelemek zorunludur. Geçirimsiz yüzey alanı, kentleşmeyi ve kentsel çevre kalitesini etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Geçirimsiz yüzeylerin dinamik değişimlerinin zamanında ve doğru bir şekilde analiz edilmesi kentsel imar planlaması için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Köyceğiz ilçesi, Muğla ilinin en eski yerleşimlerinden birisi olup, mevcut yapısını, tarihsel statüsünü ve kültürel dokusunu korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Köyceğiz ilçesinin nüfus artışı, kentleşme ve arazi kullanım değişiklikleri arasındaki ilişki, şehir görüntüsüne etkisi ve geçirimsiz yüzey alanlarındaki artış incelenmiştir. İlçenin genişleme ve arazi kullanım değişiminin farklı desenlerini belirlemek için 2004 ve 2019 yıllarına ilişkin uydu görüntüleri ve nüfus sayım verileri kullanılmıştır. Köyceğiz’deki kentsel genişleme 15 yıllık bir süreç (2004-2019) için değerlendirilmiştir. Haritalar 2004 ve 2019 yılları arasında kentsel veya gelişmiş arazi miktarının yıllık %3,25 arttığını, boş alanların %0,28, yeşil alanların %0,44 azaldığını göstermiştir. İlçe merkezi için kentsel gelişme endeksi 1,36 olarak hesaplanmıştır.

İklim karakterlerinin bilinmesi, farklı iklim tiplerine sahip sınırların tespitine olanak sağlamakta; bu durum bölge kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanması ve arazi kullanım planlarına yön verilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. İklimsel sınırların tespiti ayrıca iklimin mülkiyet üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenerek önlenebilmesine ve mülkiyet üzerindeki kullanımın daha planlı ve kontrollü çerçevede ele alınmasına altlık oluşturabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda iklimsel sınırların tespiti noktasında iklim sınıflama yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler, iklim tiplerinin bölgesel farklılığının tespit edilmesi, yıllara bağlı olarak değişiminin incelenmesi ve iklim tiplerine uygun olacak şekilde farklı sınırların oluşturulmasına imkân sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada iklimin mülkiyet kullanımında etkili rol oynaması ve dolayısıyla da planlama noktasında altlık oluşturacak olması gereksinimlerinden yola çıkarak, Karadeniz Bölgesi (Artvin, Ordu, Rize, Rize-Pazar, Trabzon, Şebinkarahisar, Akçaabat, Ünye, Bafra, Hopa, Giresun ve Samsun’da yer alan meteorolojik istasyon noktaları) iklim sınır haritasının oluşturulması esas alınmıştır. Bölgeye ait meteorolojik istasyon noktalarında 1988-2018 yılları arasında ölçümü yapılmış son 30 yıllık hava durumu parametreleri temin edilerek, konumla ilişkilendirilmiş ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sisteminde (CBS) bir veritabanında düzenlenmiştir. Ardından meteorolojik veriler Thornthwaite iklim sınıflaması yöntemine göre değerlendirilerek meteorolojik istasyon noktalarının iklim tipleri sınıflandırılmıştır. Son olarak iklim tipi belirlenmiş meteorolojik noktalar esas alınarak, Kriging enterpolasyon yöntemi ile tüm bölgeyi yansıtan iklim sınır haritaları üretilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuç ürünün başta iklim sınırlarını yansıtması, ayrıca mülkiyetin iklim yönünden kullanım vasfının etkilendiği ve değişim gösterdiği alanların tespit edilmesi; böylece yapılacak planlama ve koruma odaklı mülkiyet çalışmalarına altlık oluşturması hedeflenmektedir.

This paper proposes a new design of leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for THz applications. The suggested LWA structure has a combination of longitudinal and transverse slots and makes a 10-element linear array of radiating elements. To address the problem of open-stop-band (OSB), four additional smaller slots were etched on the corners of longitudinal and transversal slots. At the broadside, this LWA provided a gain of 12.33 dBi, and a continuous wide beam scanning range from +78° to −6° via the broadside while exhibiting efficient radiation performance over the operating frequency bands of 105 GHz to 109 GHz with a peak gain of 16.02 dBi.

In aquafeeds in which plant proteins are used to replace fishmeal, exogenous methionine (Met) sources are demanded to balance the amino acid composition of diets and meet the metabolic fish requirements. Nonetheless, since different synthetic Met sources are commercially available, it is important to determine their bioavailability and efficacy. To address this issue, we conducted a two-month feeding trial with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which were fed diets supplemented with five different forms of Met: Met-Met, L-Met, HMTBa, DL-Met, and Co DL-Met. No differences in growth performance were found in trout fed with different Met forms, but changes in the whole-body composition were found. In particular, Met-Met and L-Met promoted a significant body lipid reduction, whereas the protein retention was significantly increased in fish fed with HMTBa and Co DL-Met. The latter affected the hepatic Met metabolism promoting the trans-sulfuration pathway through the upregulation of CBS gene expression. Similarly, the L-Met enhanced the remethylation pathway through an increase in BHMT gene expression to maintain the cellular demand for Met. Altogether, our findings suggest an optimal dietary intake of all tested Met sources with similar promoting effects on fish growth and hepatic Met metabolism. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these effects warrant further investigation.

Bu çalışmada evsel katı atık toplama ve taşıma sisteminden kaynaklanan önemli hava kirleticileri (CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM, N2O, NH3, SO2 ve CO2) emisyonlarının hesaplanması ve toplama aracı kapasitesinin (8+1 m3 ve 13+1.5 m3 ) kirletici emisyonlarına etkisinin incelenmesi için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı bir yöntem geliştirilmiş ve İzmir’in Çiğli ilçesi için uygulanmıştır. CBS tabanlı Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) yöntemi ile optimum güzergahların tayini, toplam kat edilen mesafelerin ve toplam araç çalışma sürelerinin tespiti gerçekleştirilmiştir. Akabinde araç ve yakıt türüne bağlı emisyon faktörleri ve CBS analizleri sonucu elde edilen yakıt tüketiminin çarpımına dayalı hesaplama yöntemi ile emisyonlar hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular büyük araç ile toplama yapılması halinde ihtiyaç duyulan işçi ve araç sayısı azalırken toplam yakıt tüketiminin arttığını göstermektedir. Büyük araçla toplama yapılması halinde çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen hava kirleticilerinin tamamının emisyonlarında küçük araca göre %17 artış hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışma temel CBS bilgisi olan katı atık yönetimi planlayıcılarına optimum toplama güzergahlarının planlanması ve emisyonların hesaplanması için az veri ile uygulanabilir, basit ve hızlı bir modelleme yöntemi sunmaktadır. In this study, A Geographic Information System (GIS) based methodology was presented to calculate the emissions of solid waste collection induced important air pollutants (CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM, N2O, NH3, SO2 and CO2) and to analyze the effect of collection vehicle capacity (8 + 1 m3 and 13 + 1.5 m3 ) on pollutant emissions and the methodology was applied to the district of Cigli in Izmir. Determination of optimum routes, total distances and total vehicle driving times were calculated through GIS-based Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) method. Afterwards, emissions were calculated through the multiplication of fuel consumptions, obtained as a result of GIS analysis, and emission factors related to vehicle and fuel type. Results show that total fuel consumption increases while the number of employees and vehicles required are reduced when large vehicles are used. Collection with the large vehicle resulted in 17% increase in all emissions compared to the small vehicle. This study provides solid waste management planners, with basic GIS knowledge, a simple and fast modeling method that can be applied with little data for planning optimal collection routes and calculating emissions.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the changes in forest areas by using Geographical Information System. Forest changes were examined between 1990-2019 in Çamsu Forest Sub-district under Uşak Forest Management Directorate, Denizli Regional Directorate of Forestry selected as the study area. Forest management plans and stand maps made in 1990 and 2013 were used for the study. The printed stand maps of 1990 were digitized and a raster-vector conversion process was applied. After organizing the land cover type characteristics in the geographical database, the stand maps of 1990 and 2013 were compared with the overlay analysis by Geographic Information System software and a change layer was obtained. Change matrices were produced and the changes were calculated from geodatabase of the change layer. In addition, silvicultural applications made in 2014-2019 were saved and mapped in this geodatabase. According to the results obtained from the study, changes in various directions and sizes were detected in 34% of the general area. In 2013, it was determined that forest areas increased by 484.05 hectares, approximately half of the stands below 10% crown closure turned into normal closed stands, and agricultural areas decreased by approximately 5%. In silvicultural applications between 2014-2019, it was revealed that seed-tree, release and removal cuts were made in a total of 340 hectares of black pine stands. The data obtained from this study shows that the Geographic Information System is a powerful tool that can be used to determine the temporal changes in forest areas. We emphasize that these systems, which can provide important decision support to the practitioners in forestry studies, can be transformed into an efficient forest information system by supporting the data of forestry activities that are entered to the geographical database daily and remote sensing data such as unmanned aerial vehicles, aerial photographs and satellite images., Bu çalışmada Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi yardımıyla orman alanlarındaki değişimlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denizli Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Uşak Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Çamsu Orman İşletme Şefliği olarak belirlenen çalışma alanındaki ormanlarda 1990-2019 yılları arasında meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 1990 ve 2013 yıllarında yapılan orman amenajman planları ve meşcere haritalarından yararlanılmıştır. Basılı olarak elde edilen 1990 yılı meşcere haritaları sayısallaştırılmış ve raster-vektör dönüşümü işlemi uygulanmıştır. Coğrafi veri tabanında arazi örtüsü tipi öz nitelikleri düzenlendikten sonra 1990 ve 2013 yılı meşcere haritaları Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi yazılımında bindirme analizi ile karşılaştırılmış ve değişim katmanı elde edilmiştir. Bu katmana ait coğrafi veri tabanı yardımıyla değişim matrisleri üretilmiş ve değişimler hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca 2014-2019 yıllarında yapılan silvikültürel uygulamalar da coğrafi veri tabanına girilerek haritalanmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, genel alanın %34’ünde çeşitli yön ve büyüklükte değişimler tespit edilmiştir. 2013 yılında orman alanlarının 484 hektar arttığı, kapalılığı %10’un altındaki meşcerelerin yaklaşık yarısının normal kapalılıktaki meşcerelere dönüştüğü ve tarım alanlarının yaklaşık %5 oranında azaldığı belirlenmiştir. 2014-2019 yılları arasındaki silvikültür uygulamalarda toplam 340 hektar karaçam meşceresinde tohumlama, ışık ve boşaltma kesimlerinin yapıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmadan edinilen veriler, Coğrafi Bilgi Sisteminin orman alanlarındaki zamansal değişimlerin belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek güçlü bir araç olduğunu göstermektedir. Ormancılık çalışmalarında uygulamacılara önemli bir karar desteği sağlayabilecek bu sistemler, coğrafi veri tabanına günübirlik aktarılan ormancılık aktivitelerine ait veriler ve insansız hava araçlarından alınan fotoğraflar, hava fotoğrafları ve uydu görüntüleri gibi uzaktan algılama verileri ile desteklenerek verimli bir orman bilgi sistemi haline dönüşebilecektir.

The aim of this research is to map the potential forest fire risk zones using various landscape analysis techniques in Manisa province, Turkey. Forest fire, which is defined as an ecological disaster caused by natural processes or as a result of human activities, causes environmental degradation and fragmentation of the landscape. Therefore, it is very important to produce a fire risk zone map that can be used to minimize the frequency of fire, to prevent damage, to provide a prediction for the problems that may cause fire and to form a decision mechanism for the solution methods. This research utilized CORINE 2018 produced under the framework of the Copernicus Program which is the European Union's Earth Observation Programme coordinated and managed by the European Commission, ASTER Global DEM digital elevation model data obtained from the website of NASA Earthdata, fire archive records based on MODIS satellite images, digital stand map displaying the spatial distribution of tree species, and the OpenStreetMap (OSM) which were used for mapping the existing road network. Vegetation cover, slope, aspect, elevation, distance to settlement, and distance to road variables were used to determine risk zones. The specific weights were assigned to each thematic map layer according to their capacity on fire ignition. The slope, aspect, and elevation maps were generated from the digital elevation model. The distance to settlement map was generated from the CORINE database while the distance to road map was produced from OSM. The Fire Risk Zone Index (FRZI) was utilized to determine forest fire risk zones. According to the generated final fire risk map, almost 25.8% of the study area was predicted to be under very high and highrisk zones. The final forest fire risk model was validated with past fire incidents data that was acquired from MODIS images as fire points. The result of this research showed that out of 149 fire incidents in Manisa between 2001 and 2018, 97 incidents had occurred in very high and highrisk areas. This finding supports that the presented methodology based on RS and GIS techniques is reliable and can be effectively used in the process of delineation of the forest fire risk zones.

The relationship between in vivo synaptic density and tau burden in primary tauopathies is key to understanding the impact of tauopathy on functional decline and in informing new early therapeutic strategies. In this cross-sectional observational study, we determine the in vivo relationship between synaptic density and molecular pathology, in the primary tauopathies of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), as a function of disease severity. Twenty three patients with PSP, and twelve patients with Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) were recruited from a tertiary referral centre. Nineteen education, sex and gender-matched control participants were recruited from the National Institute for Health Research ‘Join Dementia Research’ platform. Cerebral synaptic density and molecular pathology, in all participants, were estimated using PET imaging with the radioligands [11C]UCB-J and [18F]AV-1451, respectively. Patients with CBS also underwent amyloid PET imaging with [11C]PiB to exclude those with likely Alzheimer’s pathology – we refer to the amyloid negative cohort as having CBD although acknowledge other pathologies exist. Disease severity was assessed with the PSP rating scale; regional non-displaceable binding potentials (BPND) of [11C]UCB-J and [18F]AV-1451 were estimated in regions of interest from the Hammersmith Atlas, excluding those with known off-target binding for [18F]AV-1451. As an exploratory analysis, we also investigated the relationship between molecular pathology in cortical brain regions, and synaptic density in subcortical areas. Across brain regions, there was a positive correlation between [11C]UCB-J and [18F]AV-1451 BPND (ß = 0.4, t = 3.6, p = 0.001), independent of age or time between PET scans. However, this correlation became less positive as a function of disease severity in patients (ß = - 0.02, t = -2.9, p = 0.007, R = -0.41). Between regions, cortical [18F]AV-1451 binding was negatively correlated with synaptic density in subcortical areas (caudate nucleus, putamen). Brain regions with higher synaptic density are associated with a higher [18F]AV-1451 binding in PSP/CBD, but this association diminishes with disease severity. Moreover, higher cortical [18F]AV-1451 binding correlates with lower subcortical synaptic density. Longitudinal imaging is required to confirm the mediation of synaptic loss by molecular pathology. However, the effect of disease severity suggests a biphasic relationship between synaptic density and molecular pathology with synapse rich regions vulnerable to accrual of pathological aggregates, followed by a loss of synapses in response to pathology. Given the importance of synaptic function for cognition, our study elucidates the pathophysiology of primary tauopathies and may inform the design of future clinical trials.

The molecular mechanisms underlying lupus nephritis (LN) pathogenesis are not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in many pathological and physiological processes. We sought to investigate the roles of H2S in LN pathogenesis. H2S synthase cystathionine–lyase (CSE) and cystathionine–synthetase (CBS) expression was downregulated in renal tissues of patients with LN and their levels were associated with LN’s prognosis using the Nephroseq database. Reduced CSE and CBS protein expression in kidney tissues of LN patients and MRL/lpr mice were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CSE and CBS mRNA levels were reduced in MRL/lpr and pristine- and R848-induced lupus mice. Given that H2S exerts an anti-inflammatory role partly via regulating inflammatory transcription factors (TFs), we analyzed hub TFs by using a bioinformatics approach. It showed that STAT1, RELA, and T-cell-related signaling pathways were enriched in LN. Increased STAT1 and RELA expression were confirmed in renal tissues of LN patients. Treatment of MRL/lpr and pristine mice with H2S donors alleviated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) phenotypes and renal injury. H2S donors inhibited RELA level and T-cell infiltration in the kidneys of MRL/lpr and pristine mice. Our data indicated that CSE/CBS/H2S contributes to LN pathogenesis. Supplementation of H2S would be a potential therapeutic strategy for LN.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) are tauopathic parkinsonian syndromes, presently lacking disease-modifying treatments. Patients affected by these diseases suffer due to multidimensional deteriorations resulting in motor and cognitive impairment. Previously published research has confirmed risk factors that may impact the course of PSP and CBS, among them hypertension and diabetes. Less data is available regarding prediabetes and glycemic variability. In this study, 26 patients with clinical diagnoses of PSP and CBS were examined using glycated hemoglobin and perfusion single-photon emission tomography (SPECT). Patients were divided into two groups—PSP/CBS patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) below and above 5.7%. The results of the perfusion evaluation were compared with the values from healthy volunteers from the software's database. A decrease in perfusion in certain regions of interest was observed among patients affected by increased glycemic variability. A more pronounced decrement in perfusion was observed only in some regions of interest—the hippocampus, pons, left thalamus, right insula. The results indicated that, among PSP/CBS patients, individuals with more pronounced glycemic variability had more severe hypoperfusion in certain brain regions in comparison with PSP/CBS patients without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Due to the fact that PSP and CBS are associated with cognitive impairment, an additional decrease in perfusion in the hippocampal area may impact the rate of cognitive deterioration.

Air pollution adversely affects human health, visibility distance, materials, plants and animal health. Air pollution’s impact on human health arises from inhaling high amounts of harmful substances in the atmosphere. Notably, our understanding of the damage caused by PM10 pollutants is improving daily. This study aims to measure and analyze PM10 pollution in the Konya Organized Industrial Zone at certain times and places. Measurements were taken at twenty-four locations in the morning, noon and evening hours. The results were compared with the Turkish Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation, and pollution maps of the regions were created with Surfer Software and ArcGIS 10.1 programs. With the measurements, it was observed that the times at which the limit was exceeded were mainly the evening hours. While no limit exceedance was recorded in the morning hours, the average concentration value was observed once in those hours, and around noon the maximum value was observed five times. In this study, we correlated the measurement results, the values of the measurement points located in the city center and the average number of vehicles passing through the region. It was observed that the PM10 -induced air pollution in the Konya Organized Industrial Zone was caused by dense traffic during evening hours. To prevent traffic-related pollution in the region, it is recommended to increase the number of entrance and exit gates in the industrial zone and to plant trees in appropriate sections.

Orientadores: Theo Guenter Kieckbusch, Valdecir Luccas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: A influência da incorporação de gorduras alternativas low e zero trans na cristalização da manteiga de cacau foi avaliada através da caracterização física de misturas binárias de manteiga de cacau com gordura de cupuaçu, gordura CBR low trans e gordura CBS, nas proporções de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 %. O processo de pré-cristalização (temperagem) foi realizado em um reator encamisado de escala piloto dotado de um agitador e com capacidade para 700 mL. As amostras foram caracterizadas através da curva de sólidos, tensão de ruptura (snap test), calorimetria diferencial de varredura e difração de raios-X. A melhor condição de pré-cristalização da manteiga de cacau pura (taxa de resfriamento de 1,8 ºC/min, cristalização à 24 ºC por um tempo de 8 minutos) também foi utilizada nos ensaios com as misturas, com exceção das amostras com 20, 25 e 30 % de CBR e CBS que foram pré-cristalizadas a 23 ºC por 10 minutos. A manteiga de cacau apresentou um perfil de fusão de gordura na boca, DS(25ºC-35ºC), de 59,2 %, que sofreu apenas pequenas alterações com a adição de até 20 % de cupuaçu e até 30 % de CBR. A curva do conteúdo de sólidos sugere a formação de um eutético entre a manteiga de cacau e a gordura CBS. A tensão de ruptura para a manteiga de cacau foi de 2,48 kgf/cm2 e a adição das gorduras tende a diminuí-la, sendo que com 30 % de cupuaçu e 30 % de CBR esse valor foi 1,90 kgf/cm2 e 1,81 kgf/cm2, respectivamente. Para a amostra com 30 % de CBS a tensão de ruptura baixou para 0,39 kgf/cm2. Observou-se uma diminuição do ponto de fusão das misturas quando comparadas à da manteiga de cacau pura. A difração de raios-X identificou a forma cristalina b como predominante para a manteiga de cacau e para a gordura de cupuaçu enquanto que para as gorduras CBR e CBS a principal forma cristalina é a b'. A incorporação de apenas 10 % das gorduras CBR e CBS à manteiga de cacau promoveu interferências na estruturação cristalina das amostras. O estudo indicou ser possível adicionar até 30 % de gordura de cupuaçu ou CBR e até 10 % de gordura CBS sem alterar de forma sensível os atributos físicos da manteiga de cacau Abstract: Physical properties of pre-crystallized cocoa butter with the addition of alternative low and zero trans fats were studied. Binary mixtures of cocoa butter were conducted using cupuassu fat, CBR low trans and CBS at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % (w/w) levels. Pre-crystallization was carried out using a lab scale jacket vessel (700 mL) whit stirring system. Samples were evaluated by means of solid fat content, snap test, differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction. The better condition for plain cocoa butter pre-crystallization was determined as follows: cooling rate (1,8 ºC/min), crystallization time (8 minutes), crystallization temperature (24 ºC). These conditions were also used for mixtures precrystallization (tempering). Mixtures with 20, 25 and 30 % of CBR and CBS were pre-crystallized at 23 ºC for 10 minutes. Regarding to solid fat content, cocoa butter fusion profile DS(25ºC-35ºC) was 59,2 %. Similar values were obtained for mixtures with up to 30 % of cupuassu and up to 30 % of CBR fats. Mixtures with CBS fat indicated eutectic effect. Snap value for crystallized cocoa butter was 2,48 kgf/cm2. The snap values decreased with the increase of the alternative fats proportion. Mixtures containing cupuassu fat or CBR have similar trend regarding to snap values profile. For mixtures with 30 % of cupuassu and CBR the snap values were 1,90 kgf/cm2 and 1,81 kgf/cm2, respectively. CBS 30% have the lowest snap value (0,39 kgf/cm2). Similar trend was observed regarding to melting point. Alternative fats incorporation decreased the melting point of the mixtures. Regarding to X-Ray diffraction, cocoa butter and cupuassu fat patterns results showed the formation of ß phase. For CBS and CBR patterns, there are evidence of ? phase formation. The addition of 10 % CBR and CBS fat to cocoa butter was detected by X-ray diffraction patterns. The addition of up to 30 % cupuassu or CBR fat, and up to 10 % CBS butter showed no significant differences of physical properties when compared to cocoa butter Doutorado Engenharia de Processos Doutor em Engenharia Química

Bu çalışmada dallı darının ekolojik istekleri doğrultusunda belirlenen parametrelerin coğrafi katmanlarının oluşturulması, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci yöntemi ile bu parametrelerin önceliklerinin belirlenmesi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri teknikleri ile işlenerek dallı darının potansiyel uygunluk haritasının elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Girdi olarak Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğünden temin edilen ve 1970- 2017 yılları arası günlük ortalama, minimum ve maksimum sıcaklık iklim verisi, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı tarafından üretilen sayısal toprak haritaları ve 2012 yılında güncellenen CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) sınıflama sistemine göre sınıflandırılmış arazi kullanımı (LCLU) haritaları altlık veriler olarak kullanılmıştır. İklim veri tabanından “thin plate smoothing spline” enterpolasyon yöntemiyle iklim yüzey haritaları elde edilmiştir. Üretilen haritalarda dallı darı isteklerine bağlı sorgulamalar yapılmış anlamlı bulunan parametreler katman olarak seçilmiştir. Raster formatında üretilen günlük ortalama sıcaklık (°C), dallı darıda biyokütle için biçim sayısı, toprak derinliği (cm) ve arazi kullanımı katmanları yeniden sınıflandırılmıştır. Böylece katmanlar alt katmanlara ayrılmış ve dallı darının ekolojik ihtiyaçlarına uygunluğu oranında yüksek puan verilmiştir. Daha sonra AHS yöntemiyle ana katmanların ağırlık değerleri (W) hesaplanmıştır. Katmanlar, hesaplanan ağırlık değerleri ile birlikte Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ortamında (CBS) uygunluk analizi için ağırlıklı çakıştırma analizine alınmıştır. Bu işlemin sonucunda 4 sınıflı “dallı darı potansiyel uygunluk haritası” elde edilmiştir. Bu haritada FAO (1976) sistemine göre yapılan sınıflama ile Türkiye’de dallı darıya çok uygun alanların (S1) %12 oranında, orta derecede uygun alanların (S2) %32 oranında, az derecede uygun alanların (S3) %41 oranında ve uygun olmayan alanların (N) %14 oranında yer aldığı belirlenmiştir.

Belediye çöplüğü olarak adlandırılan ve çöplerin düzensiz olarak depolandığı alanlar çevreninyaşam kalitesini düşürmesinin yanında toprağa ve su kaynaklarına zarar vermektedir. Bu alanlarınen önemli etkisi depolanan çöplerin içerdiği zararlı maddelerin çevreye yayılması, topraktabirikmesi ve taban suyuna karışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada uzun yıllardır düzensiz çöp depolama alanıolarak kullanılmış olan Çorlu düzensiz çöp depolama alanının, yakınında bulunan tarım alanlarınakirletici etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla depolama alanı ile Çorlu deresi arasında kalan ve tarımyapılan alandan örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Çöp depolama alanına farklı mesafede 22 noktadan ve3 farklı derinlikten toplam 66 toprak ve 14 bitki örneği alınmıştır. Toprak ve bitki örneklerindeMagnezum (Mg), Potasyum (K), Kalsiyum (Ca), Fosfor (P), Demir (Fe), Mangan (Mn), Bakır(Cu), Çinko (Zn) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca verilerin daha kolay anlaşılırlığını sağlamak için,Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla makro ve mikro elementlerin dağılım haritalarıyapılarak, toprak ve bitkide bulunan miktarların daha kolay anlaşılabilirliği sağlanmıştır. Analizsonuçlarına göre toprakların element içerikleri ile çöp alanı arasında mesafe ile ilgili bir ilişkibulunamamıştır. Araştırma alanının eğimli olması ve bahar yağışlarının topraklarda yıkanmayaneden olması toprakların element konsantrasyonunun değişmesine neden olmuştur. Ayrıcaçalışma alanının tekstürü kumlu tından kile kadar değişiklik göstermektedir. Toprak analizsonuçları kil içeriği yüksek olan noktalarda element konsantrasyonlarının nispeten yüksekolduğunu göstermektedir. Toprakların kirlilik sınıflandırmasına göre tehlikeli metaller içinde yeralan Cu ve Zn sınır değerleri aşmamıştır. Bitkilerde ise Fe hariç Mn, Cu ve Zn içerikleri sınırdeğerleri aşmamıştır. Municipal waste repositories in which municipal wastes were stored haphazardly reduce life quality of surrounding environment and generate damages on soils and water resources. The hazardous materials in these wastes stored in those repositories are spread around, accumulated in soils and leached into groundwater. In this study, potential polluting impacts of Çorlu uncontrolled waste repository, which has long been used as uncontrolled municipal waste repository, on surrounding agricultural fields were investigated. Soil samples were taken from the agricultural fields between the water repository and Çorlu creek. Totally 66 soil samples were taken from 3 different depth segments of 22 locations with different distances from the waste repository. Totally 14 plant samples were also taken from different locations. Soil and plant samples were subjected to Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn analyses. Spatial distribution maps were generated for macro and micro nutrients with the aid of GIS technology for better comprehension of the experimental data. Present findings revealed that there were not any correlations between the element contents and the distance from the waste repository. Undulated topography and leach outs through spring precipitations resulted in different element concentrations in different locations of the experimental site. Experimental soils had a texture ranging from sandy loam to clay. The locations with greater clay contents had relatively greater element concentrations. According to pollution classification of the soils, Cu and Zn levels of the present samples were below the threshold values. Plant Mn, Cu and Zn levels were also below the threshold values.

Meteorological drought is one specific type of drought that occurs when precipitation is less than the long-term averages in a particular area. One of the hazardous impacts of this phenomenon observed on subsurface waters is the decline of water level in response to droughts. In this study, the climatic and groundwater data were used to analyze their trends in Marand plain, NW Iran, over the past decades to understand the likely relationship between them. To this, groundwater level data were first analyzed and its temporal trends were extracted. Then, the climatic condition of the region studied using the Ombrothermic diagram. Finally, drought analyses were conducted through drought index (SPI). Based on the results of the study, a descending trend was detected in both monthly and annual fluctuations of the groundwater level. It's also found that the region had a partially dry climate with a period of dry months between May and October. The SPI values showed extremely dry periods in 2001 and 2002 and months of July and June during the study period. The joint analysis of groundwater level and SPI values revealed that the impacts of drought were evident on groundwater level changes. Accordingly, the region's groundwater fluctuations found to be mostly under the control of monthly droughts where water level responds to wet and dry months in an expected manner. However, it's also found that the yearly changes in the groundwater level of the study area were not directly correlated to drought periods, suggesting that other factors might be effective in this phenomenon.

Software engineering is the process of developing software by utilizing applications of computer engineering. In the present day, predicting the reliability of the software system become a recent issue and an attractive issue for the research area in the field of software engineering. Different techniques have been applied to estimate and predict the reliability of a system. To make new software from the beginning is a difficult task. Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) helps in minimizing these efforts in making new software because it utilizes factors like reusability, component dependency, and component interaction that results in decreasing complexity of the system. Soft computing may be applied to estimate reliability. A new model is proposed to estimate the reliability of Component-based Software (CBS) using series and parallel reliability models and later on, the proposed component-based software reliability model is evaluated using two soft computing techniques- Fuzzy Logic and PSO. The experimental results conclude that the proposed reliability model has a lower error rate in predicting CBSE reliability as compared to reliability prediction utilizing fuzzy logic and PSO.

Due to high specific strength and modulus requirements, demand for the use of polymer-based composites in structural applications has been increasing more than ever. On the other hand, their interlaminar properties are known to be relatively weak. Such structures are prone to interlaminar failures including delaminations under static or impact loads. Interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) is one of the interlaminar properties which gives an indication of delamination onset in through the thickness loading for composite structures, while fracture toughness is another property which gives information about the propagation of delamination. Conventionally ILTS value which is experimentally obtained specifically for 0˚//0˚ interface according to ASTM International D 6415/D 6415 M (2013) is used in design and analysis even for interfaces with different ply orientation. In this paper, our objective is to investigate the effect of ply orientation on the ILTS for CFRP. For this purpose, curved beam strength (CBS) experiments are conducted on CFRP 0˚//0˚, and 45˚//-45˚ interfaces. It is found that for CFRP laminates 0˚//0˚ ILTS is significantly higher than the other orientation.

Üç boyutlu kent modelleri; arazi yüzeyleri, yerleşim bölgeleri, binalar, bitki örtüsü, altyapı ve peyzaj öğeleri gibi kentsel alanlara ait nesneleri içeren dijital temsilleridir. Üç boyutlu kent modelleri, bilgisayar oyunları ve eğitim amaçlı kullanıldığı gibi kentsel planlama, afet yönetimi, tesis yönetimi, lojistik, güvenlik, telekomünikasyon, konumsal servisler, gayrimenkul değerlendirmeleri gibi birçok farklı uygulamada sunum, üretim, analiz ve yönetim görevlerinde de kullanılmaktadır. 3B konumsal analizlerden biri olan silüet analizi, kentsel alan düzenlemesi ve peyzaj planlaması için önemli analizlerdendir. Silüet analizleri, özellikle kentsel alanlarda kent simgesi haline gelmiş önemli binaların silüetinin korunması için kullanılmaktadır. Yaygın kullanılan Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri yazılımlarından biri olan ArcGIS, sahip olduğu 3D Analyst modülünün sunduğu fonksiyonlar sayesinde çeşitli görünürlük analizlerinin gerçekleştirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Ancak, 3D Analyst modülünde binaların silüet görünümünü oluşturacak bir fonksiyon bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ArcGIS yazılımı için Python programlama dili kullanılarak bir silüet analiz modülü geliştirilmiş ve bu modülün kullanılacağı bir araç çubuğu tasarlanmıştır. Silüet analiz modülü, gözlem yapılan noktadan belirli bir görüş alanında kalan binaların silüet görüntüsünü üretebilmekte ve aynı alanda yapılması düşünülen yeni binaların silüete etkilerini tespit edebilmektedir. Ayrıca siluet analiz modülünün kullanılması ile yeni yapılan binanın kent silüetini bozup bozmadığı belirlenebilmekte ve yeni binaların maksimum yüksekliği ve kat adedi hesaplanabilmektedir. Böylelikle kentsel planlama sürecinde ve imar planlarının uygulanmasında karşılaşılan kentsel silüetin bozulması problemlerinin çözümüne önemli katkı sağlanmıştır.

Background CIMP (CpG island methylator phenotype) is an epigenetic molecular subtype, observed in multiple malignancies and associated with the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressors. Currently, for most cancers including gastric cancer (GC), mechanisms underlying CIMP remain poorly understood. We sought to discover molecular contributors to CIMP in GC, by performing global DNA methylation, gene expression, and proteomics profiling across 14 gastric cell lines, followed by similar integrative analysis in 50 GC cell lines and 467 primary GCs. Results We identify the cystathionine beta-synthase enzyme (CBS) as a highly recurrent target of epigenetic silencing in CIMP GC. Likewise, we show that CBS epimutations are significantly associated with CIMP in various other cancers, occurring even in premalignant gastroesophageal conditions and longitudinally linked to clinical persistence. Of note, CRISPR deletion of CBS in normal gastric epithelial cells induces widespread DNA methylation changes that overlap with primary GC CIMP patterns. Reflecting its metabolic role as a gatekeeper interlinking the methionine and homocysteine cycles, CBS loss in vitro also causes reductions in the anti-inflammatory gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S), with concomitant increase in NF-κB activity. In a murine genetic model of CBS deficiency, preliminary data indicate upregulated immune-mediated transcriptional signatures in the stomach. Conclusions Our results implicate CBS as a bi-faceted modifier of aberrant DNA methylation and inflammation in GC and highlights H2S donors as a potential new therapy for CBS-silenced lesions.

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a eukaryotic enzyme that maintains the cellular homocysteine homeostasis and catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to L-cystathionine and Hydrogen sulfide, via the trans-sulfuration pathway. In Caenorhabditis elegans, two cbs genes are present: cbs-1 functions similarly as to human CBS, and cbs-2, whose roles are instead unknown. In the present study we performed a phenotypic characterization of the cbs-2 mutant. The null cbs-2 mutant is viable, fertile and shows the wild-type complement of six bivalents in most oocyte nuclei, which is indicative of a correct formation of crossover recombination. In absence of synaptonemal complex formation (syp-2 mutant), loss of cbs-2 leads to chromosome fragmentation, suggesting that cbs-2 is essential during inter-sister repair. Interestingly, although proficient in the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint after exposure to genotoxic stress, the cbs-2 mutant is defective in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in meiotic germ cells. These results suggest possible functions for CBS-2 in meiosis, distinct from a role in the trans-sulfuration pathway. We propose that the C. elegans CBS-2 protein is required for both inter-sister repair and execution of DNA damage-induced apoptosis.

Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, which is classified as a quarantine organism in certain countries whose concerns are that CBS-infected fruit may be a pathway for introduction of the pathogen. This study evaluated the reproductive capability and viability of P. citricarpa under simulated conditions in which the whole fruit, peel segments, or citrus pulp with CBS lesions were discarded. Naturally infected ‘Midknight’ Valencia orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit, either treated using standard postharvest sanitation, fungicide, and wax coating treatments or untreated, were placed into cold storage for 5 weeks (oranges at 4 °C and lemons at 7 °C). Thereafter, treated and untreated fruit were incubated for a further 2 weeks at conditions conducive for CBS symptom expression and formation of pycnidia. The ability of pycnidia to secrete viable pycnidiospores after whole fruit and peel segments or peel pieces from citrus pulp were exposed to sunlight at warm temperatures (±28 °C) and ±75% relative humidity levels was then investigated. The combination of postharvest treatments and cold storage effectively controlled CBS latent infections (>83.6% control) and pycnidium formation (

Background The goal of our study is to investigate whether the methylation levels of AHCY and CBS promoters are related to the risk of cerebral infarction by detecting the methylation level of AHCY and CBS genes. Methods We extracted peripheral venous blood from 152 patients with cerebral infarction and 152 gender- and age-matched healthy controls, and determined methylation levels of AHCY and CBS promoters using quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. We used the percentage of methylation reference (PMR) to indicate gene methylation level. Results We compared the promoter methylation levels of two genes (AHCY and CBS) in peripheral blood DNA between the cerebral infarction case group and the control group. Our study showed no significant difference in AHCY promoter methylation between case and control. Subgroup analysis by gender showed that the methylation level of AHCY in males in the case group was lower than that in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant in females. In a subgroup analysis by age, there was no significant difference in the AHCY methylation level between the case and control in the young group (≤44 years old). However, the level of AHCY gene methylation in the middle-aged group (45–59 years old) was significantly higher and the aged group (≥60 years old) was significantly lower than that in the control groups. However, CBS promoter methylation levels were significantly lower in the case group than in the control group (median PMR: 70.20% vs 104.10%, P = 3.71E-10). In addition, the CBS methylation levels of males and females in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group (male: 64.33% vs 105%, P = 2.667E-08; female: 78.05% vs 102.8%, P = 0.003). We also found that the CBS levels in the young (23–44), middle-aged (45–59), and older (60–90) groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (young group: 69.97% vs 114.71%; P = 0.015; middle-aged group: 56.04% vs 91.71%; P = 6.744E-06; older group: 81.6% vs 119.35%; P = 2.644E-04). Our ROC curve analysis of CBS hypomethylation showed an area under the curve of 0.713, a sensitivity of 67.4%, and a specificity of 74.0%. Conclusion Our study suggests that hypomethylation of the CBS promoter may be closely related to the risk of cerebral infarction and may be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for cerebral infarction.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodologies and approaches are becoming topics of increasing interest within several infrastructural engineering applications. As far as Construction Management (CM) is concerned, BIM technologies provide a valid support-decision tool, which includes a repository of CM related data, useful for any further development and use. This work presents current Infrastructural Building Information Modeling (InfraBIM) implementation possibilities regarding the correlation between information digital modeling, schedule, and cost management dimensions. The methodology is applied to case studies simulation of excavation and construction phases in underground structures to generate budgeted cost and time schedules linked to BIM models. The major benefit in applying such an approach results in obtaining a model with different types of information that can be updated during the design and construction phases. Also, the associated workflow management system allows to update the 3D model, time schedule, and cost estimation while maintaining relations and interconnections previously defined between model components and specific information on their activities and cost. Another key result is about the chance to communicate design and construction schedules via Virtual and Augmented Reality (VAR) techniques, which provide a consistent support tool for the visualization of infrastructure projects. QC 20230706

As the #MeToo movement swept the nation from Hollywood to Washington, within less than a week's time in November of 2017, longstanding news anchors, Matt Lauer and Charlie Rose were fired from their respective news networks because of sexual harassment allegations. As a result, each network had to grapple with repairing a destroyed image while simultaneously fulfilling the duty to report on news objectively. This qualitative analysis examined NBC and CBS's response to the allegations of sexual harassment against each anchor, allegations of withholding information and allegations of ignoring complaints through the lens of image repair theory in order to identify if any of the strategies were present in the networks' response. Applications of image repair discourse to news media organizations is a relatively novel examination and it highlights the complex duality of an organization's right to uphold its image but obligation to present the news objectively, even when it has become the news. Master of Arts As the #MeToo movement swept the nation from Hollywood to Washington, within less than a week's time in November of 2017, longstanding news anchors, Matt Lauer and Charlie Rose were fired from their respective news networks because of sexual harassment allegations. As a result, each network had to grapple with repairing a destroyed image while simultaneously running business as usual. This study examined NBC and CBS's response to the allegations of sexual harassment against each anchor, the allegations of withholding information and allegations of ignoring complaints made by employees over the past two decades, all the while attempting to fulfill the duty of objectively reporting the news. This study examined each networks' response using a crisis communication theory and offers an extension to the theory that can be utilized by news network organizations and the like.

Simple Summary For sustainable aquaculture development, fish meal from the sea in aquafeed should be replaced with other sustainable materials such as insect larvae. The authors fed black soldier fly maggot meal to rainbow trout and examined the expression of three genes and two metabolites involved in turn-over of methionine that is an essential amino acid in fish. According to the increase in the maggot content in the aquafeed, gene expression was modulated to maintain an optimal level of methionine metabolites. Dietary replacement of up to 50% of fish meal with the maggot meal was acceptable, implying future development of a new aquafeed for sustainable aquaculture. Abstract This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of replacement of fishmeal (FM) with insect meal from Hermetia illucens (HI) on the transcript levels of three genes involved in methionine (Met) metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Two target genes—betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH)—are involved in Met resynthesis and the third one—cystathionine β synthase (CBS)—is involved in net Met loss (taurine synthesis). We also investigated the levels of two Met metabolites involved in the maintenance of methyl groups and homocysteine homeostasis in the hepatic tissue: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Three diets were formulated, an FM-based diet (HI0) and two diets in which 25% (HI25) and 50% (HI50) of FM was replaced with HI larvae meal. A 78-day feeding trial involved 360 rainbow trout with 178.9 ± 9.81 g initial average weight. Dietary replacement of up to 50% of FM with HI larvae meal, without any Met supplementation, did not negatively affect rainbow trout growth parameters and hepatic Met metabolism. In particular, Met availability from the insect-based diets directly modulated the transcript levels of two out of three target genes (CBS, SAHH) to maintain an optimal level of one-carbon metabolic substrates, i.e., the SAM:SAH ratio in the hepatic tissue.

Yoichiro Masuda,1 Hisaharu Iwaki,2 Akira Watanabe,3 Akiko Takada,3 Toshinori Okamoto,4 Kotaro Oki,5 Tadashi Nakano,3 Hiroshi Tsuneoka3 1Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University, Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; 2Iwaki Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; 4Nakamurabashi Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; 5Oki Eye Surgery Center, Tokyo, Japan Abstract: Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) changes the intraoperative environment due to the generation of intracapsular gas that induces a high intracapsular volume. Manual hydrodissection (mH) may induce high intracapsular pressure (ICP) and additional intracapsular volume, thereby leading to capsular block syndrome (CBS). Since the phaco-sleeve irrigation-assisted hydrodissection (iH) technique is used to initially groove and split the lens and remove the intracapsular gas, this can reduce the intracapsular volume while bypassing the intracapsular lens prior to the hydrodissection. As iH uses the phaco tip to intentionally vacuum the intraocular fluid for use in inducing the irrigation jet from the sleeve side holes, the ICP cannot surpass the set irrigation pressure, thereby avoiding CBS. Using this technique, we performed FLACS without CBS in 310 cataract eyes. Our findings suggest that the iH technique may be beneficial for patients by preventing CBS during FLACS. Keywords: FLACS, irrigation dynamic pressure, hydrodissection-related complication, capsular block syndrome, CBS, low invasive cataract surgery

Türkiye'nin7 coğrafi bölgesinden biri olan Marmara Bölgesi, Avrupa ve Asya’yı birbirinebağlayan köprü görevi görmektedir. Bölge, yaklaşık olarak 67 bin km2’likbir yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Demografik olarak ele alındığında ise nüfusunun 24milyon olduğu görülmektedir. Bu yoğunluk, bölgenin Türkiye'nin önemli sanayi,toptan ve perakende ticaret, uzmanlaşmış tarım ve turizm bölgesi olmasındankaynaklanmaktadır. İstihdam olanakları nedeniyle bölgede kentleşme oranı artmıştır.Kentleşme ise beraberinde atık su, katı atık ve hava kirliliği gibi önemliçevre sorunlarını getirmiştir. Hava kirliliği ise bölgede kendini hissettirenönemli çevre sorunlarından bir tanesidir. Özellikle yoğun sanayi, trafik veyerleşimin olduğu alanlarda hava kirliliği artan oranlarda görülmektedir. Buçalışmada, Marmara Bölgesi’nin 2015-2016 yılları kış sezonu (1 Ekim-31 Mart)hava kalitesi SO2 ve PM10 bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışma zamanına aitveriler Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı’na bağlı Hava Kalitesi İzlemeİstasyonları web sitesinden temin edilmiştir. Bu verilerin hava kalitesiüzerindeki etkileri ve dağılımları, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardımıylaüretilen dağılım haritalarıyla incelenmiştir. Kirletici verilerikarşılaştırılmış ve bölgede hava kalitesi düşük olan iller belirlenmiştir.Çalışmada elde edilen kış sezonu ortalamaları 06.06.2008 tarih ve 26898 sayılıHava Kalitesi Değerlendirme ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği'nde bulunan Kış SezonuLimit Değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara bakıldığında SO2kirleticisi için en yüksek konsantrasyona sahip ilin 2015 ve 2016 yıllarındaEdirne olduğu belirlenmiştir. PM10 incelendiğinde ise 2015 ve 2016 yıllarındaBursa’nın en yüksek konsantrasyona sahip il olduğu görülmüştür., Marmara Region, one of the 7 geographicalregions of Turkey, serves as a bridge connecting Europe and Asia. It has asurface area of approximately 67 thousand km2. When considered as apopulation, it’s determined that there’re approximately 24 million in total.The reason for this density is that the region is a major industrial,commercial, agricultural, tourism region of Turkey. The urbanization rate in the region hasincreased due to employment opportunities. Consequently, there are significant environmental problems likeurbanization, wastewater, solid waste and air pollution in the region. Airpollution is one of the environmental problems that makes itself felt in theregion. Especially air pollution is seen at increasing rates in areas wherethere are intensive industry, traffic and settlement. In this study, airquality parameters of SO2 and PM10 in Marmara region during thewinter season of 2015-2016 (1 October-31 March) was examined. The effects anddistributions of these data on air quality have been examined with distributionmaps generated by Geographic Information Systems. The data of pollutants werecompared statistically and cities with low air quality were identified. Theaverage pollution values for the winter season obtained in this study wascompared with the Winter Season Limit Values in the Air Quality Assessment andManagement Regulation No. 26898 dated 06.06.2008. According to the statisticalresults, the province with the highest concentration for SO2pollutant was Edirne in 2015 and 2016. When the PM10 value was examined, Bursa hadthe highest concentration in 2015 and 2016.

A numerical investigation of heat and fluid flow in electro-osmotically driven systems is presented, by considering plain channels and channels packed with charged solid particles. The results show that the introduction of charged solid particles a_ects the internal potential distribution, fluid flow and temperature distribution in the channel. Under the analysed conditions, the effect on heat transfer is confined to the centre of the channel. This topic needs to be further investigated since it is of interest in practical applications.

// Geng Xue 1, * , Chao-Jing Lu 2, * , Shu-Jun Pan 3, * , Yin-Ling Zhang 1 , Hui Miao 1 , Shi Shan 1 , Xiao-Ting Zhu 1 and Yi Zhang 1 1 Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China 3 Department of Medical Administration, Hangzhou Sanatorium of People’s Liberation Army, Hangzhou 310007, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Geng Xue, email: xg_smmu@hotmail.com Yi Zhang, email: yizhang@smmu.edu.com Keywords: DNA methylation, colorectal cancer, folate, CBS, cell-free DNA Received: August 11, 2016 Accepted: May 06, 2017 Published: May 18, 2017 ABSTRACT Aberrant DNA methylation patterns, which induced by folate deficiency, play important roles in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Some DNA methylation alterations can also be detected in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients’ plasma, making cfDNA an ideal noninvasive circulating biomarker. However, exact DNA methylation alterations induced by folate deficiency in tumorigenesis of CRC and exact potential circulating cfDNA methylation biomarker are still unclear. Therefore, DNA methylation patterns of the normal human colon mucosal epithelial cell line (NCM460), cultured with normal or low folate content, were screened and the DNA hypomethylation of cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) promoter was further validated in vitro and vivo. Then, the correlation analysis between folate level, DNA methylation alteration in promoter and expression of CBS was carried out in vitro and vivo. Further, the methylation patterns of CBS promoter in plasma cfDNA were detected and statistically correlated with pathological parameters and clinical outcome. Our study showed that DNA hypomethylation in CBS promoter, induced by folate deficiency, would lead to up-regulation of CBS both in vitro and vivo. Patients with cfDNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter in plasma were correlated with high tumor stage and poor clinical outcome. In addition, cfDNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter in plasma was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and cancer-related death in CRC. Our results indicated that DNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter induced by folate deficiency could serve as a potential noninvasive circulating biomarker and may be helpful in developing more effective prognostic markers for CRC.

Heterozygous mutations in NADP‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) define the large majority of diffuse gliomas and are associated with hypermethylation of DNA and chromatin. The metabolic dysregulations imposed by these mutations, whether dependent or not on the oncometabolite D‐2‐hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), are less well understood. Here, we applied mass spectrometry imaging on intracranial patient‐derived xenografts of IDH‐mutant versus IDH wild‐type glioma to profile the distribution of metabolites at high anatomical resolution in situ . This approach was complemented by in vivo tracing of labeled nutrients followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis. Selected metabolites were verified on clinical specimen. Our data identify remarkable differences in the phospholipid composition of gliomas harboring the IDH1 mutation. Moreover, we show that these tumors are characterized by reduced glucose turnover and a lower energy potential, correlating with their reduced aggressivity. Despite these differences, our data also show that D2HG overproduction does not result in a global aberration of the central carbon metabolism, indicating strong adaptive mechanisms at hand. Intriguingly, D2HG shows no quantitatively important glucose‐derived label in IDH‐mutant tumors, which suggests that the synthesis of this oncometabolite may rely on alternative carbon sources. Despite a reduction in NADPH, glutathione levels are maintained. We found that genes coding for key enzymes in de novo glutathione synthesis are highly expressed in IDH‐mutant gliomas and the expression of cystathionine‐β‐synthase ( CBS ) correlates with patient survival in the oligodendroglial subtype. This study provides a detailed and clinically relevant insight into the in vivo metabolism of IDH1‐mutant gliomas and points to novel metabolic vulnerabilities in these tumors.

As already demonstrated by different authors, the Taylor-Galerkin (TG) scheme, in the context of the Finite Element Method (FEM), is particularly suitable for the solution of supersonic flows. The TG scheme, using hexahedral finite elements with analytical evaluation of element matrices, is applied in this work. Tools to avoid locking and a shock capturing technique for the solution of supersonic viscous and non-viscous compressible flows are also employed. However, TG scheme usually presents instabilities in subsonic flows. Even in cases in which the free stream Mach number corresponds to supersonic flows, there are always flow regions, specifically near the walls of the immersed obstacles, where the speed is lower and the local Mach number corresponds to a subsonic flow. The CharacteristicBased Split (CBS) scheme was developed in order to obtain a single method to improve the behavior with respect to TG method in subsonic and supersonic regimes. In the last two decades some works have shown advantages in convergence rates of the CBS method when compared to the TG algorithm. However, simulation time increases in the CBS method since split operations, typical of this algorithm, imply in additional element loops. In this paper a hybrid algorithm called Modified-Taylor-Galerkin scheme (MTG) is proposed. This algorithm presents advantages with respect to TG and CBS schemes in terms of convergence properties and computational processing time. In order to get an efficient algorithm, the element matrices are analytically integrated. This is performed with two different approaches. In the first approach the inverse matrix and the determinant of the Jacobian matrix at element level are evaluated with a reduced integration form, using the point located in the center of the element for mass, convective, diffusive and stabilization element matrices; all these matrices are integrated analytically. In the second approach, mass and convective matrices are calculated by a complete integration scheme (including the inverse matrix and the determinant of the Jacobian matrix at element level in the analytical expression to be integrated) and the diffusive and stabilization matrices are calculated with a reduced integration form, using the point located at the center of the element to calculate the inverse matrix and the determinant of the Jacobian matrix at element level. Finally, this work incorporates the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model using a conservative version of the transport equation, as proposed by the authors of the original S-A model in a later paper. Algorithms are tested to determine convergence rate improvements in both laminar and turbulent cases and for different Mach numbers (supersonic, transonic and subsonic flows)., Grupo Fluidodinámica Computacional

Detailed study of Jensen’s polarization-consistent vs. Dunning’s correlation-consistent basis set families performance on the extrapolation of raw and counterpoise-corrected interaction energies of water dimer using coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative correction for connected triple excitations (CCSD(T)) in the complete basis set (CBS) limit are reported. Both 3-parameter exponential and 2-parameter inverse-power fits vs. the cardinal number of basis set, as well as the number of basis functions were analyzed and compared with one of the most extensive CCSD(T) results reported recently. The obtained results for both Jensen- and Dunning-type basis sets underestimate raw interaction energy by less than 0.136 kcal/mol with respect to the reference value of − 4.98065 kcal/mol. The use of counterpoise correction further improves (closer to the reference value) interaction energy. Asymptotic convergence of 3-parameter fitted interaction energy with respect to both cardinal number of basis set and the number of basis functions are closer to the reference value at the CBS limit than other fitting approaches considered here. Separate fits of Hartree-Fock and correlation interaction energy with 3-parameter formula additionally improved the results, and the smallest CBS deviation from the reference value is about 0.001 kcal/mol (underestimated) for CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVXZ calculations. However, Jensen’s basis set underestimates such value to 0.012 kcal/mol. No improvement was observed for using the number of basis functions instead of cardinal number for fitting.

Günümüzde coğrafi bilgi teknolojileri, yaşadığımız çağın da etkisiyle her alanda kendini göstermektedir. CBS ve Uzaktan Algılama sistemleri ile günlük hayatımızı kolaylaştıracak ve en önemlisi düzene sokacak önemli parametreler kontrol altına alınabilmektedir. Bu sistemler sayesinde okul, hastane, alışveriş merkezleri vb. her türlü faaliyet alanı insanların rahatlıkla ve kolayca ulaşabileceği alanlarda hizmet verecek şekilde konumlandırılmaktadır. Yerel yönetimler, özel şirketler ve farklı bilim dallarında akademisyenler CBS ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) kullanarak geliştirilen yöntemler ile oldukça detaylı çalışmalar gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada geniş bir alanda katı atık depolama alanı olmaya uygun yerlerin tespiti, bunların hacminin ve dolayısı ile depolama kapasitesinin belirlenmesi ve belirlenen uygun yerlerin haritalandırılması hedeflenmiştir. CBS ortamında çoklu kriter metodu kullanılarak hazırlanan 11 veri katmanı Ağırlıklı Doğrusal Kombinasyon yöntemiyle analiz yapılmıştır. Analizlerin sonuçlarına dayalı olarak alternatif katı atık depolama alanları ve en uygun yer seçimi yapılmıştır.

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), is a potent vasodilator that can be stimulated by estradiol-17β (E 2 β) in uterine artery (UA) smooth muscle (UASMC) in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study tested a hypothesis that E 2 β stimulates H 2 S biosynthesis by upregulating CBS expression via specific estrogen receptor (ER). Treatment with E 2 β stimulated time- and concentration- dependent CBS and CSE messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions, and H 2 S production in cultured primary UASMC isolated from late pregnant ewes, which were blocked by ICI 182,780. Treatment with specific ERα or ERβ agonist mimicked these E 2 β-stimulated responses, which were blocked by specific ERα or ERβ antagonist. Moreover, E 2 β activated both CBS and CSE promoters and ICI 182,780 blocked the E 2 β-stimulated responses. Thus, E 2 β stimulates H 2 S production by upregulating CBS and CSE expression via specific ER-dependent transcription in UASMC in vitro.

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is an atypical parkinsonian presentation characterized by heterogeneous clinical features and different underlying neuropathology. Most CBS cases are sporadic; nevertheless, reports of families and isolated individuals with genetically determined CBS have been reported. In this systematic review, we analyze the demographical, clinical, radiological, and anatomopathological features of genetically confirmed cases of CBS. A systematic search was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, included all publications in English from 1 January, 1999 through 1 August, 2020. We found forty publications with fifty-eight eligible cases. A second search for publications dealing with genetic risk factors for CBS led to the review of eight additional articles. GRN was the most common gene involved in CBS, representing 28 out of 58 cases, followed by MAPT, C9ORF72, and PRNP. A set of symptoms was shown to be significantly more common in GRN-CBS patients, including visuospatial impairment, behavioral changes, aphasia, and language alterations. In addition, specific demographical, clinical, biochemical, and radiological features may suggest mutations in other genes. We suggest a diagnostic algorithm to help in identifying potential genetic cases of CBS in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy and to better understand the still poorly defined underlying pathogenetic process.

Recent findings revealed in cancer cells novel stress response pathways, which in response to many chemotherapeutic drugs causing nucleolar stress, will function independently from tumor protein p53 (p53) and still lead to cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Since it is known that most cancers lack functional p53, it is of great interest to explore these emerging molecular mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that nucleolar stress induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colon cancer cells devoid of p53 leads to the activation of ribosomal protein L3 (rpL3) as proapoptotic factor. rpL3, as ribosome-free form, is a negative regulator of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) expression at transcriptional level through a molecular mechanism involving Sp1. The rpL3-CBS association affects CBS stability and, in addition, can trigger CBS translocation into mitochondria. Consequently apoptosis will be induced through the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway characterized by an increased ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase activation. It is noteworthy that silencing of CBS is associated to a strong increase of 5-FU-mediated inhibition of cell migration and proliferation. These data reveal a novel mechanism to accomplish p53-independent apoptosis and suggest a potential therapeutic approach aimed at upregulating rpL3 for treating cancers lacking p53.

International audience; Spectro-spatial dimensionality reduction in HyperSpectral Images (HSI) classification is a challenging task due to the problem of curse dimensionality, i.e. the high number of spectral bands and the heterogeneity of data. In this context, many dimensionality reduction methods have been developed to overcome the high correlation between bands and the redundancy of information in order to improve the classification accuracy. Most of these methods represent the original HSI as a set of vectors. Therefore, they only exploit spectral properties, neglecting the spatial information, i.e. the spatial rearrangement is lost. To jointly take advantage of spatial and spectral information, HSI has been recently represented as a tensor. In order to preserve the spatial and spectral information, we develop a hybrid method using both the Tensor Locality Preserving Projections method (TLPP) projecting the original data into a lower subspace and the Constrained Band Selection method (CBS) to select the relevant bands. These two methods will be jointly used to get high-level quality classification. Moreover, since the two obtained classifications are uncertain and imprecise, we propose to fuse them using the Dempster-Shafer's Theory (DST) to obtain an accurate classification preserving the spectro-spatial information. The proposed approach has been applied on real HSI showing its efficiency compared with conventional dimensionality reduction methods.

Environmental hazard in the form any ecological phenomenon that has a high intensity for manage that needs to help out of organization. Conforntation with natural hazard after they occur, whitaut any predetermined plan and management after crisis, a clear solution in todays world after occuring manage with thw situation. Infact it can be assumed after an accident all facilities will be ready to dealor with a predicted plan are ready and available that in both cases for manage and outreach will need located information. According necessity and priority of processing of location data in management process and assistance and for preventiing the unnecessary expenses and waste of sources, measures must be essential in regional and national scope. In othe word, located information in the collection topic quantity and information is diffreut and the record is necessary. In this regard, a system that and in the collision course in necessary for accounting or removing. So GIS ( geographic information system) due to capacity and for orincipled solution based on available information the best option to help improve in natural hazard management. To avoid confusion due to the natural disaster in the country, deal with it should be continued. Disasters or natural hazard, at the beginning and end, that its time can be short and sometimes continuous. At the end mention that every hazard will be end, providing the conditions in the face of that for prevention especialy dealing with in crisis.