1. The prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT detector
- Author
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KM3NeT Collaboration, Adrián-Martínez, S., Ageron, M., Aharonian, F., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Ameli, F., Anassontzis, E. G., Androulakis, G. C., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Anvar, S., Ardid, M., Avgitas, T., Balasi, K., Band, H., Barbarino, G., Barbarito, E., Barbato, F., Baret, B., Baron, S., Barrios, J., Belias, A., Berbee, E., Berg, A. M. van den, Berkien, A., Bertin, V., Beurthey, S., van Beveren, V., Beverini, N., Biagi, S., Biagioni, A., Bianucci, S., Billault, M., Birbas, A., Rookhuizen, H. Boer, Bormuth, R., Bouché, V., Bouhadef, B., Bourlis, G., Boutonnet, C., Bouwhuis, M., Bozza, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Cacopardo, G., Caillat, L., Calamai, M., Calvo, D., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Caruso, F., Cecchini, S., Ceres, A., Cereseto, R., Champion, C., Château, F., Chiarusi, T., Christopoulou, B., Circella, M., Classen, L., Cocimano, R., Coleiro, A., Colonges, S., Coniglione, R., Cosquer, A., Costa, M., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Cuttone, G., D'Amato, C., D'Amico, A., De Bonis, G., De Rosa, G., Deniskina, N., Destelle, J. -J., Distefano, C., Di Capua, F., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q., Drakopoulou, E., Drouhin, D., Drury, L., Durand, D., Eberl, T., Elsaesser, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Fermani, P., Fusco, L. A., Gajanana, D., Gal, T., Galatà, S., Garufi, F., Gebyehu, M., Giordano, V., Gizani, N., GraciaRuiz, R., Graf, K., Grasso, R., Grella, G., Grmek, A., Habel, R., van Haren, H., Heid, T., Heijboer, A., Heine, E., Henry, S., Hernández-Rey, J. J., Herold, B., Hevinga, M. A., van der Hoek, M., Hofestädt, J., Hogenbirk, J., Hugon, C., Hößl, J., Imbesi, M., James, C. W., Jansweijer, P., Jochum, J., de Jong, M., Jongen, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Kappos, E., Katz, U., Kavatsyuk, O., Keller, P., Kieft, G., Koffeman, E., Kok, H., Kooijman, P., Koopstra, J., Korporaal, A., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Larosa, G., Lattuada, D., Provost, H. Le, Leismüller, K. P., Leisos, A., Lenis, D., Leonora, E., LindseyClark, M., Alvarez, C. D. Llorens, Löhner, H., Lonardo, A., Loucatos, S., Louis, F., Maccioni, E., Mannheim, K., Manolopoulos, K., Margiotta, A., Mariş, O., Markou, C., Martínez-Mora, J. A., Martini, A., Masullo, R., Melis, K. W., Michael, T., Migliozzi, P., Migneco, E., Miraglia, A., Mollo, C. M., Mongelli, M., Morganti, M., Mos, S., Moudden, Y., Musico, P., Musumeci, M., Nicolaou, C., Nicolau, C. A., Orlando, A., Orzelli, A., Papaikonomou, A., Papaleo, R., Păvălaş, G. E., Peek, H., Pellegrino, C., Pellegriti, M. G., Perrina, C., Piattelli, P., Pikounis, K., Popa, V., Pradier, Th., Priede, M., Pühlhofer, G., Pulvirenti, S., Racca, C., Raffaelli, F., Randazzo, N., Rapidis, P. A., Razis, P., Real, D., Resvanis, L., Reubelt, J., Riccobene, G., Rovelli, A., Saldaña, M., Samtleben, D. F. E., Sanguineti, M., Santangelo, A., Sapienza, P., Schmelling, J., Schnabel, J., Sciacca, V., Sedita, M., Seitz, T., Sgura, I., Simeone, F., Sipala, V., Spitaleri, A., Spurio, M., Stavropoulos, G., Steijger, J., Stolarczyk, T., Stransky, D., Taiuti, M., Terreni, G., Tézier, D., Théraube, S., Thompson, L. F., Timmer, P., Trasatti, L., Trovato, A., Tselengidou, M., Tsirigotis, A., Tzamarias, S., Tzamariudaki, E., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vermeulen, J., Vernin, P., Vicini, P., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Werneke, P., Wiggers, L., Wilms, J., de Wolf, E., van Wooning, R. H. L., Zonca, E., Zornoza, J. D., Zúñiga, J., Zwart, A., Adrián Martínez, S., Ageron, M., Aharonian, F., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Ameli, F., Anassontzis, E. G., Androulakis, G. C., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Anvar, S., Ardid, M., Avgitas, T., Balasi, K., Band, H., Barbarino, Giancarlo, Barbarito, E., Barbato, FELICIA CARLA TIZIANA, Baret, B., Baron, S., Barrios, J., Belias, A., Berbee, E., van den Berg, A. M., Berkien, A., Bertin, V., Beurthey, S., van Beveren, V., Beverini, N., Biagi, S, Biagioni, A., Bianucci, S., Billault, M., Birbas, A., Boer Rookhuizen, H., Bormuth, R., Bouché, V., Bouhadef, B., Bourlis, G., Boutonnet, C., Bouwhuis, M., Bozza, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Cacopardo, G., Caillat, L., Calamai, M., Calvo, D., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Caruso, F., Cecchini, S., Ceres, A., Cereseto, R., Champion, C., Château, F., Chiarusi, T., Christopoulou, B., Circella, M., Classen, L., Cocimano, R., Coleiro, A., Colonges, S., Coniglione, R., Cosquer, A., Costa, M., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Cuttone, G., D’Amato, C., D’Amico, A., De Bonis, G., DE ROSA, Gianfranca, Deniskina, N., Destelle, J. J., Distefano, C., DI CAPUA, Francesco, Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q., Drakopoulou, E., Drouhin, D., Drury, L., Durand, D., Eberl, T., Elsaesser, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Fermani, P., Fusco, L. A., Gajanana, D., Gal, T., Galatà, S., Garufi, Fabio, Gebyehu, M., Giordano, V., Gizani, N., Gracia Ruiz, R., Graf, K., Grasso, R., Grella, G., Grmek, A., Habel, R., van Haren, H., Heid, T., Heijboer, A., Heine, E., Henry, S., Hernández Rey, J. J., Herold, B., Hevinga, M. A., van der Hoek, M., Hofestädt, J., Hogenbirk, J., Hugon, C., Hößl, J., Imbesi, M., James, C. W., Jansweijer, P., Jochum, J., de Jong, M., Jongen, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Kappos, E., Katz, U., Kavatsyuk, O., Keller, P., Kieft, G., Koffeman, E., Kok, H., Kooijman, P., Koopstra, J., Korporaal, A., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Larosa, G., Lattuada, D., Le Provost, H., Leismüller, K. P., Leisos, A., Lenis, D., Leonora, E., Lindsey Clark, M., Llorens Alvarez, C. D., Löhner, H., Lonardo, A., Loucatos, S., Louis, F., Maccioni, E., Mannheim, K., Manolopoulos, K., Margiotta, A., Mariş, O., Markou, C., Martínez Mora, J. A., Martini, A., Masullo, R., Melis, K. W., Michael, T., Migliozzi, Pasquale, Migneco, E., Miraglia, A., Mollo, C. M., Mongelli, M., Morganti, M., Mos, S., Moudden, Y., Musico, P., Musumeci, M., Nicolaou, C., Nicolau, C. A., Orlando, A., Orzelli, A., Papaikonomou, A., Papaleo, R., Păvălaş, G. E., Peek, H., Pellegrino, C., Pellegriti, M. G., Perrina, C., Piattelli, P., Pikounis, K., Popa, V., Pradier, T. h., Priede, M., Pühlhofer, G., Pulvirenti, S., Racca, C., Raffaelli, F., Randazzo, N., Rapidis, P. A., Razis, P., Real, D., Resvanis, L., Reubelt, J., Riccobene, G., Rovelli, A., Saldaña, M., Samtleben, D. F. E., Sanguineti, M., Santangelo, A., Sapienza, P., Schmelling, J., Schnabel, J., Sciacca, V., Sedita, M., Seitz, T., Sgura, I., Simeone, F., Sipala, V., Spitaleri, A., Spurio, M., Stavropoulos, G., Steijger, J., Stolarczyk, T., Stransky, D., Taiuti, M., Terreni, G., Tézier, D., Théraube, S., Thompson, L. F., Timmer, P., Trasatti, L., Trovato, A., Tselengidou, M., Tsirigotis, A., Tzamarias, S., Tzamariudaki, E., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vermeulen, J., Vernin, P., Vicini, P., Viola, S., Vivolo, Daniele, Werneke, P., Wiggers, L., Wilms, J., de Wolf, E., van Wooning, R. H. L., Zonca, E., Zornoza, J. D., Zúñiga, J., Zwart, A., Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Km3Net Collaboration, Adrian-Martinez, S, Ageron, M, Aharonian, F, Aiello, S, Albert, A, Ameli, F, Anassontzis, Eg, Androulakis, Gc, Anghinolfi, M, Anton, G, Anvar, S, Ardid, M, Avgitas, T, Balasi, K, Band, H, Barbarino, G, Barbarito, E, Barbato, F, Baret, B, Baron, S, Barrios, J, Belias, A, Berbee, E, van den Berg, Am, Berkien, A, Bertin, V, Beurthey, S, van Beveren, V, Beverini, N, Biagioni, A, Bianucci, S, Billault, M, Birbas, A, Rookhuizen, Hb, Bormuth, R, Bouche, V, Bouhadef, B, Bourlis, G, Boutonnet, C, Bouwhuis, M, Bozza, C, Bruijn, R, Brunner, J, Cacopardo, G, Caillat, L, Calamai, M, Calvo, D, Capone, A, Caramete, L, Caruso, F, Cecchini, S, Ceres, A, Cereseto, R, Champion, C, Chateau, F, Chiarusi, T, Christopoulou, B, Circella, M, Classen, L, Cocimano, R, Coleiro, A, Colonges, S, Coniglione, R, Cosquer, A, Costa, M, Coyle, P, Creusot, A, Cuttone, G, D'Amato, C, D'Amico, A, De Bonis, G, De Rosa, G, Deniskina, N, Destelle, Jj, Distefano, C, Di Capua, F, Donzaud, C, Dornic, D, Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q, Drakopoulou, E, Drouhin, D, Drury, L, Durand, D, Eberl, T, Elsaesser, D, Enzenhofer, A, Fermani, P, Fusco, La, Gajanana, D, Gal, T, Galata, S, Garufi, F, Gebyehu, M, Giordano, V, Gizani, N, Ruiz, Rg, Graf, K, Grasso, R, Grella, G, Grmek, A, Habel, R, van Haren, H, Heid, T, Heijboer, A, Heine, E, Henry, S, Hernandez-Rey, Jj, Herold, B, Hevinga, Ma, van der Hoek, M, Hofestadt, J, Hogenbirk, J, Hugon, C, Hossl, J, Imbesi, M, James, Cw, Jansweijer, P, Jochum, J, de Jong, M, Jongen, M, Kadler, M, Kalekin, O, Kappes, A, Kappos, E, Katz, U, Kavatsyuk, O, Keller, P, Kieft, G, Koffeman, E, Kok, H, Kooijman, P, Koopstra, J, Korporaal, A, Kouchner, A, Kreykenbohm, I, Kulikovskiy, V, Lahmann, R, Lamare, P, Larosa, G, Lattuada, D, Le Provost, H, Leismuller, Kp, Leisos, A, Lenis, D, Leonora, E, Clark, Ml, Alvarez, Cdl, Lohner, H, Lonardo, A, Loucatos, S, Louis, F, Maccioni, E, Mannheim, K, Manolopoulos, K, Margiotta, A, Maris, O, Markou, C, Martinez-Mora, Ja, Martini, A, Masullo, R, Melis, Kw, Michael, T, Migliozzi, P, Migneco, E, Miraglia, A, Mollo, Cm, Mongelli, M, Morganti, M, Mos, S, Moudden, Y, Musico, P, Musumeci, M, Nicolaou, C, Nicolau, Ca, Orlando, A, Orzelli, A, Papaikonomou, A, Papaleo, R, Pavalas, Ge, Peek, H, Pellegrino, C, Pellegriti, Mg, Perrina, C, Piattelli, P, Pikounis, K, Popa, V, Pradier, T, Priede, M, Puhlhofer, G, Pulvirenti, S, Racca, C, Raffaelli, F, Randazzo, N, Rapidis, Pa, Razis, P, Real, D, Resvanis, L, Reubelt, J, Riccobene, G, Rovelli, A, Saldana, M, Samtleben, Dfe, Sanguineti, M, Santangelo, A, Sapienza, P, Schmelling, J, Schnabel, J, Sciacca, V, Sedita, M, Seitz, T, Sgura, I, Simeone, F, Sipala, V, Spitaleri, A, Spurio, M, Stavropoulos, G, Steijger, J, Stolarczyk, T, Stransky, D, Taiuti, M, Terreni, G, Tezier, D, Theraube, S, Thompson, Lf, Timmer, P, Trasatti, L, Trovato, A, Tselengidou, M, Tsirigotis, A, Tzamarias, S, Tzamariudaki, E, Vallage, B, Van Elewyck, V, Vermeulen, J, Vernin, P, Vicini, P, Viola, S, Vivolo, D, Werneke, P, Wiggers, L, Wilms, J, de Wolf, E, van Wooning, Rhl, Zonca, E, Zornoza, Jd, Zuniga, J, and Zwart, A
- Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,KM3NeT ,detection unit ,neutrino telescope ,water Cherenkov ,NEUTRINO TELESCOPE ,PROJECT ,MUONS ,PMTS ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,Neutrino telescope ,KM3 ,High Energy Physics - Experiment ,[SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM] ,High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) ,PMTs ,[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex] ,Neutrino telescope, KM3 ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det] ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
A prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope has been installed at 3500m depth 80km offshore the Italian coast. KM3NeT in its final configuration will contain several hundreds of detection units. Each detection unit is a mechanical structure anchored to the sea floor, held vertical by a submerged buoy and supporting optical modules for the detection of Cherenkov light emitted by charged secondary particles emerging from neutrino interactions. This prototype string implements three optical modules with 31 photomultiplier tubes each. These optical modules were developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to enhance the detection capability of neutrino interactions. The prototype detection unit was operated since its deployment in May 2014 until its decommissioning in July 2015. Reconstruction of the particle trajectories from the data requires a nanosecond accuracy in the time calibration. A procedure for relative time calibration of the photomultiplier tubes contained in each optical module is described. This procedure is based on the measured coincidences produced in the sea by the 40K background light and can easily be expanded to a detector with several thousands of optical modules. The time offsets between the different optical modules are obtained using LED nanobeacons mounted inside them. A set of data corresponding to 600 hours of livetime was analysed. The results show good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the expected optical background and the signal from atmospheric muons. An almost background-free sample of muons was selected by filtering the time correlated signals on all the three optical modules. The zenith angle of the selected muons was reconstructed with a precision of about 3{\deg}., Comment: Accepted for publication by EPJ C
- Published
- 2015
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