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Introdução: A obstrução infravesical (OIV) associada à hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) pode causar alterações morfológicas na bexiga urinária, incluindo o aumento da deposição de colágeno no detrusor. O aumento de colágeno no detrusor está associado a alterações funcionais como diminuição da complacência vesical e detrusor hipoativo. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos nesse processo não estão esclarecidos. Cogita-se que a elevada pressão detrusora, característica da OIV, module a expressão de genes que sintetizam proteínas envolvidas no processo fibrogênico, incluindo o colágeno I (COL I), colágeno III (COL III), o fator de crescimento transformador b1 (TGF- b1), a histona deacetilase-4 (HDAC-4), o fator potencializador de miócito 2 (MEF-2) e o microRNA 29c (miR-29c). Objetivo: Avaliar a expressão dos genes COL I, COL III, TGF-b1, HDAC-4, MEF-2 e miR-29c no detrusor de homens com OIV associada a HPB. Métodos: Foram incluídos 29 homens submetidos a prostatectomia transvesical para tratamento de HPB. Todos foram avaliados com exame urodinâmico no pré-operatório. Nove doadores de órgãos cadavéricos compuseram o grupo controle. Uma biópsia da cúpula vesical foi obtida durante a prostatectomia e ao final da cirurgia para captação de órgãos. Amostras da camada detrusora foram preparadas para análise da expressão dos genes COL I, COL III, TGF-b1, HDAC-4, MEF-2 e miR-29c. A expressão gênica foi avaliada por reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real e todas as reações foram realizadas em duplicata. O controle endógeno utilizado para expressão dos genes e do miR-29c foram a beta-2- microglobulina (B2M) e os pequenos RNA nucleolares (RNU-48), respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados com DataAssist Software (Applied Biosystems, USA). As comparações foram executadas por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney, teste exato de Fischer e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Valores de p £ 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: As expressões de COL I, COL III, MEF-2 e miR- 29c foram similares no detrusor de homens com HPB e controles. As expressões de TGF-b1 e HDAC-4 foram significativamente inferiores no detrusor de homens com HPB comparado aos controles. TGF-b1, HDAC-4 e MEF-2 demonstraram-se superexpressos no detrusor de pacientes com HPB e retenção urinária em comparação aos pacientes com micção espontânea. As expressões de TGF-b1 e HDAC-4 foram inferiores nos pacientes com hiperatividade detrusora em comparação aos pacientes sem hiperatividade detrusora. Os valores de expressão de TGF-b1 e HDAC-4 correlacionaram- se positivamente com a complacência vesical. Conclusões: A subexpressão dos genes TGF-b1 e HDAC-4 parece estar envolvida na fisiopatologia da disfunção vesical associada a OIV em homens com HPB. A subexpressão destes genes associa-se à hiperatividade detrusora e à má complacência vesical. Além disso, a retenção urinária associa-se à superexpressão de ambos TGF-b1 e HDAC-4 Introduction: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may lead to morphological changes in the bladder, including increased collagen deposition in the detrusor. The increased collagen content in the detrusor is associated with functional abnormalities, such as decreased compliance and detrusor underactivity. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. It has been hypothesized that high detrusor pressure due to BOO influences the expression of genes that synthesize proteins involved in the fibrogenic process, such as collagen I (COL I), collagen III (COL III), transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b-1), histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC-4), myocit enhancer factor 2 (MEF-2) and microRNA-29c (miR-29c). Objective: Evaluate the gene expression of COL I, COL III, TGF-b1, HDAC-4, MEF-2 e miR-29c in the detrusor of men with BOO due to BPH. Methods: We evaluated 29 men undergoing suprapubic prostatectomy due to BPH. Urodynamic was performed in all patients preoperatively. Nine cadaveric organ donors composed the control group. A bladder specimen from the dome was obtained during the prostatectomy and the organ harvesting surgery. Detrusor biopsies were prepared for gene expression analyses of COL I, COL III, TGF-b1, HDAC-4, MEF-2 e miR-29c. Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and all reactions were performed in duplicate. Beta-2 microglobulin and small nucleolar RNA-48 were utilized, respectively, as the endogenous controls for gene and miR-29c expression. The data were analyzed in DataAssist Software (Applied Byosystems, USA). Comparisons were performed with Mann-Whitney and Fischer exact tests and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was considered at p £ 0.05. Results: mRNA expressions of COL I, COL III, MEF-2 and miR- 29c were similar in the detrusor of men with BPH and controls. Otherwise, mRNA expressions of TGF-b1 and HDAC-4 were significantly inferior in the detrusor of BPH patients in comparison with controls. TGF-b1, HDAC-4 and MEF-2 demonstrated overexpression in the detrusor of BPH patients with urinary retention in comparison with patients with spontaneous voiding. TGF- b1 and HDAC-4 mRNA expressions were decreased in patients with DO compared to patients without DO. TGF-b1 and HDAC-4 mRNA expression was positively correlated with bladder compliance. Conclusions: Downregulation of TGF-b1 and HDAC-4 gene expression may play role in the pathophysiology of bladder dysfunction in men with BOO due to BPH. Underexpression of these genes is associated with detrusor overactivity and low bladder compliance. Also, urinary retention was associated with overexpression of both TGF-b1 and HDAC-4

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on clinical and surgical practice, educational activities, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urology residents.Materials and MethodsA web-based survey was sent to 468 Brazilian urology residents from postgraduate years (PGY) 3 to 5 to collect data on clinical practice and training after 4 months of COVID-19. We also assessed health-related and behavior changes, rate of infection by SARS-CoV-2, deployment to the front line of COVID-19, residents’ concerns, and access to personal protective equipment (PPE).ResultsMassive reductions in elective and emergency patient consultations, diagnostic procedures and surgeries were reported across the country, affecting PGY 3 to 5 alike. Most in-person educational activities were abolished. The median damage to the urological training expected for 2020 was 6.0 [3.4 -7.7], on a scale from 0 to 10, with senior residents estimating a greater damage (P< 0.001). Educational interventions developed included online case-based discussions, subspeciality conferences and lectures, and grand rounds. Most senior residents favored extending residency to compensate for training loss and most younger residents favored no additional training (p< 0.001). Modifications in health and lifestyle included weight gain (43.8%), reduced physical activity (68.6%), increased alcoholic intake (44.9%) and cigarette consumption (53.6%), worsening of sexual life (25.2%) and feelings of sadness or depression (48,2%). Almost half were summoned to work on the COVID-19 front-line and 24.4% had COVID-19. Most residents had inadequate training to deal with COVID-19 patients and most reported a shortage of PPE. Residents’ concerns included the risk of contaminating family members, being away from residency program, developing severe COVID-19 and overloading colleagues.ConclusionsCOVID-19 had a massive impact in Brazilian urology residents’ training, health and lifestyle behavior, which may reflect what happened in other medical specialties. Studies should confirm these findings to help developing strategies to mitigate residents’ losses.

ObjectivesTo evaluated the accuracy of a single question on nocturia to identify men with moderate and severe LUTS.MethodsWe evaluated men aged ≥40 years who presented for medical evaluation at two different urological clinics. They completed the IPSS and the Nocturia Single Question Scale (NSQS). NSQS consists of a single question assessing nocturia frequency ranging from 0 to 4. The severity of LUTS using NSQS (index test) versus IPSS (reference standard) was assessed according to the recommendations of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Initiative.ResultsThe accuracy of the NSQS to discriminate patients with severe LUTS based on the ROC curve was 75% (CI 95% 73 – 82%; pConclusionPatients without nocturia or a single void/night (NSQS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Studies with patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and animal models of Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) have shown increased deposition of collagen in the det...

Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) is usually a sudden traumatic event and has a negative effect on sexual function. Aim To evaluate the characteristics of sexual activity in men with SCI and identify predictors of being sexually active and having a satisfactory sex life. Methods We assessed sexual activity profiles of men with SCI from a Brazilian tertiary rehabilitation center from February to August 2012. All patients older than 18 years with SCI for longer than 1 year were invited to participate. We analyzed age, time since SCI, patient age at SCI, employment status, partner status, completeness of lesion, functional independence, urinary continence, and Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) score. Main Outcome Measures The SHIM was used to assess erectile function (EF). Satisfaction with sex life was analyzed as a dichotomous variable. Predictors of an active and satisfactory sex life were identified using univariable and multivariable analyses. Results We evaluated 295 men with mean age of 40.7 ± 14.5 years. Most patients had a complete SCI (65.1%) and 159 (53.9%) were incontinent. The median SHIM score was 5 (interquartile range = 0–16) and only 71 men (24.1%) had a SHIM score of at least 17. Of these men, 159 (53.9%) were sexually active. Only 63 men (39.6%) were satisfied with their sex life after SCI. In univariable analysis, all variables were associated with an active sex life. Those with a SHIM score of at least 17 had a greater likelihood of being sexually active (odds ratio = 116, 95% confidence interval = 14–432). EF was the only parameter associated with a satisfactory sex life (odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2–1.4). Conclusions Most men with SCI were sexually inactive and/or dissatisfied with their sex life. Age, duration of SCI, completeness of SCI, continence, having a partner, and good EF were identified as predictors of an active sex life. However, only EF was a predictor of a satisfactory sex life. Gomes CM, Miranda EP, de Bessa J, et al. Erectile Function Predicts Sexual Satisfaction in Men With Spinal Cord Injury. Sex Med 2017;5:e148–e155.

Objective To assess different aspects of sexual function in men with spinal cord injury (SCI) using the Male Sexual Quotient (MSQ), a newly developed tool to assess sexual function and satisfaction. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary rehabilitation center. Participants Patients (N=295) older than 18 years (mean age ± SD, 40.7±14.5y) with SCI for more than 1 year (median time since SCI, 3.6y; range, 1.6–7.0y) were assessed from February to August 2012. Patients completed the MSQ questionnaire and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Performance in various domains of sexual function was evaluated using the MSQ and SHIM questionnaires. Results Erectile function, ejaculation, and orgasm were the most severely affected domains. The median MSQ score was 40 (range, 8–66), and the median SHIM score was 5 (range, 0–16). The diagnostic properties of the 2 instruments were similar in the discrimination of sexually active subjects. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was .950 (95% confidence interval [CI], .923–.979) for the MSQ and .942 (95% CI, .915–.968) for the SHIM. There was a strong correlation between the 2 instruments ( r =.826; 95% CI, .802–.878). Conclusions Different domains of sexual function are severely impaired in men with SCI, although their sexual interest remains high. The MSQ and SHIM scores strongly correlate, but the MSQ provides a more comprehensive assessment of sexual dysfunction in male patients with SCI.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência de hipovitaminose D e sua associação com componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) em participantes de programa de rastreamento do câncer de próstata (CAP). Foram revisados dados de prontuários de 545 homens submetidos ao rastreamento de CAP, com idade média 57,95 ± 10,30, na região metropolitana de Feira de Santana-Bahia. Definiu-se como hipovitaminose D a concentração sérica de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) < 30 ng/ml. A SM e seus componentes foram analisados de acordo com os critérios do NCEP/ATPIII revisados pela AHA/NHLBI. A prevalência de hipovitaminose D foi de 33,03% [29,21-37,08%, IC95%]. A prevalência de SM foi maior nos sujeitos com hipovitaminose comparados aos indivíduos sem hipovitaminose, respectivamente 41,11% e 28,00%, (RP= 1,46 [1,16-1,86], p= 0,002). Quando analisados separadamente os componentes da SM, demonstrou-se que hiperglicemia e circunferência abdominal correlacionaram-se com hipovitaminose D, enquanto os demais componentes da síndrome metabólica não diferiram significativamente nos pacientes com e sem hipovitaminose D. Hipovitaminose D tem alta prevalência em homens com idade maior que 50 anos, e correlaciona-se com a síndrome metabólica. A deficiência é mais prevalente nos obesos e diabéticos.

Background: Epidemiological features of spinal cord injury (SCI) have been changing over the last decades. We evaluated the contemporary trends in the epidemiology of traumatic SCI patients from a rehabilitation center. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a consecutive series of 348 patients with traumatic SCI were evaluated. Variables were collected through an epidemiological form, which included gender, age at injury, duration and cause of SCI. We investigated SCI epidemiological trends over time including the association between gender and age at injury with SCI features such as etiology, injury severity and level. Results: The mean age at SCI has increased from 26.0 ± 11.8 in patients with SCI before 2003 to 37.9 ± 15.7 in those with SCI after 2009 (p < 0.001). Gunshot wounds were the main cause of injury in patients with SCI before 2003, dropping from 40.6 to 16.9% after 2009 and being surpassed by road traffic injuries (38.6%) and falls (31.4%) after 2009 (p < 0.001). Gender, SCI severity and level have not changed significantly over the time. Conclusions: There was a major increase in the average age of patients as well as changes in the etiology of SCI over the past fifteen years, including a significant decrease in gunshot wounds and an increase in the frequency of road traffic injuries and falls. These changes and accompanying risk factors must be taken into consideration when planning measures to prevent SCI.

Background This study aimed to investigate the relationship between detrusor collagen content and urodynamic parameters in men with benign prostatic obstruction. Material and methods Nineteen consecutive patients undergoing open prostatectomy for bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were evaluated. Urodynamic tests were performed in all patients. BOO and detrusor contractility were assessed with the BOO index (BOOI) and the bladder contractility index (BCI), respectively. A bladder fragment was obtained during prostatectomy. Eight cadaveric organ donors composed the control group. Bladder sections were stained with picrosirius red and hematoxylin-eosin. The collagen to smooth muscle ratio (C/M) in the detrusor was measured and its relationship with urodynamic parameters was investigated. Results Seven (36.8%) patients were operated on due to lower urinary tract symptoms and 12 (63.2%) had urinary retention. The mean prostate volume was 128.6 cm 3 ±32.3 cm 3 , the mean BOOI was 76.4±33.0, and the mean BCI was 116.1±33.7. The mean C/M in BPH patients and controls were 0.43±0.13 and 0.33±0.09, respectively ( P =0.042). A negative correlation was shown between C/M and bladder compliance ( r =–0.488, P =0.043). The C/M was increased in BPH patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) compared to those without DO (0.490±0.110 and 0.360±0.130, respectively; P =0.030) and also in patients with urinary retention ( P =0.002). No correlation was shown between C/M and maximum cystometric capacity, BOOI, or BCI. Conclusion Men with BOO/BPH have increased detrusor collagen content which is associated with decreased bladder compliance, detrusor overactivity, and urinary retention.

To evaluate whether the ice water test (IWT) should be performed before or after the standard urodynamic investigation (UDI).Two cohorts of patients suffering from neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) due to spinal cord injury (SCI) were matched by lesion level and age. The patients of cohort A (n=55, retrospective cohort) underwent the IWT before and the patients of cohort B (n=110, prospective cohort) after standard UDI. The IWT effect on urodynamic parameters has been compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples. UDI was performed according to good urodynamic practices recommended by the International Continence Society.The mean age of both cohorts was 49 years. Performing the IWT before versus after standard UDI resulted in a significantly lower maximum cystometric bladder capacity (P=0.01), lower incidence of detrusor overactivity (P=0.017) and lower maximum detrusor pressure during IWT (P=0.04). All other urodynamic parameters assessed demonstrated no significant difference (P0.05).Our results are in line with findings from animal studies demonstrating a bladder cooling-induced gating effect on the micturition reflex volume threshold on the level of sacral interneurons. Since the IWT is an unphysiological investigation that might significantly bias subsequent urodynamics, we suggest that the IWT should not precede more physiological standard UDI.

We investigated whether same session repeat urodynamic investigations are needed in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.A consecutive series of 226 patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction who underwent same session repeat urodynamic investigation was prospectively investigated at a single university spinal cord injury center. Urodynamics were done according to the good urodynamic practices recommended by the International Continence Society. All 226 patients underwent same session repeat consecutive filling cystometry and 88 also underwent pressure flow studies if they could void spontaneously. Repeatability of the 2 measurements was assessed using the Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement, and the κ statistic.Mean age of the 226 patients enrolled was 52 years (range 18 to 90). Of the patients 94 (42%) were women and 132 were (58%) men. Detrusor overactivity repeatability was excellent between the 2 urodynamic investigations (κ=0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.94). For all other urodynamic parameters assessed there were wide 95% limits of agreement for differences in the parameters, indicating poor repeatability.In same session repeat urodynamic investigations of patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction detrusor overactivity demonstrates excellent repeatability but all other urodynamic parameters show insufficient agreement. Thus, we strongly recommend that clinical decision making not be based on a single urodynamic investigation since repeat measurements may yield completely different results.

Background Combined pelvic floor electromyography (EMG) and videocystourethrography (VCUG) during urodynamic investigation are the most acceptable and widely agreed methods for diagnosing detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD). Theoretically, external urethral sphincter pressure (EUSP) measurement would provide enough information for the diagnosis of DESD and could simplify the urodynamic investigation replacing combined pelvic floor EMG and VCUG. Thus, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of EUSP measurement for DESD. Patients & Methods A consecutive series of 72 patients (36 women, 36 men) with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction able to void spontaneously was prospectively evaluated at a single university spinal cord injury center. Diagnosis of DESD using EUSP measurement (index test) versus combined pelvic floor EMG and VCUG (reference standard) was assessed according to the recommendations of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Initiative. Results Using EUSP measurement (index test) and combined pelvic floor EMG and VCUR (reference standard), DESD was diagnosed in 10 (14%) and in 41 (57%) patients, respectively. More than half of the patients presented discordant diagnosis between the index test and the reference standard. Among 41 patients with DESD diagnosed by combined pelvic floor EMG and VCUR, EUSP measurement identified only 6 patients. EUSP measurement had a sensitivity of 15% (95% CI 5%–25%), specificity of 87% (95% CI 76%–98%), positive predictive value of 60% (95% CI 30%–90%), and negative predictive value of 56% (95% CI 44%–68%) for the diagnosis of DESD. Conclusions For diagnosis of DESD, EUSP measurement is inaccurate and cannot replace combined pelvic floor EMG and VCUR.

We compared the urodynamic parameters of ambulatory vs nonambulatory acute spinal cord injured patients.A total of 27 women and 33 men (mean age 58 years) with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to acute spinal cord injury (duration of injury less than 40 days) were prospectively evaluated. The patients were dichotomized according to the mobility for moderate distances subscale of the SCIM (Spinal Cord Independence Measure) version III into ambulatory (score of 3 or greater) and nonambulatory (score less than 3). Videourodynamic parameters including maximum detrusor pressure during the storage phase, bladder compliance, detrusor overactivity, detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia and vesicoureterorenal reflux were compared between the groups.Of the 60 patients with acute spinal cord injury 17 were ambulatory and 43 were nonambulatory. Mean ± SD duration of injury at urodynamic investigation was 30 ± 8 days. The lesion level was cervical in 14 patients, thoracic in 28 and lumbar/sacral in 18. Comparing unfavorable urodynamic parameters, no significant differences were found between ambulatory vs nonambulatory patients in terms of a high pressure system during the storage phase (29% vs 33%, p = 0.81), a low compliance bladder (12% vs 7%, p = 0.54), detrusor overactivity (24% vs 47%, p = 0.1), detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (18% vs 21%, p = 0.77) and vesicoureterorenal reflux (0% vs 5%, p = 0.36).Ambulatory and nonambulatory patients with acute spinal cord injury have a similar risk of unfavorable urodynamic measures. Thus, we strongly recommend the same neurourological assessment including urodynamic investigations in all acute spinal cord injury patients independent of the ability to walk.