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Supplemental Material for Road network distances and detours in Europe: Radial profiles and city size effects by Estelle Mennicken, Geoffrey Caruso and Rémi Lemoy in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science.

The difference of a city's artificial land use (ALU) radial profile to the average ALU profile is examined for 585 European cities. Using Urban Atlas 2012 data, a radial (or monocentric) approach is used to calculate a city's land use profile in relation to distance to the city centre. A scaling law is used which controls for city size and population. As a consequence, cities of varying degrees of size can be contrasted in a comparable way. Utilising the mean ALU profile for the entire sample of 585 cities, the difference to the mean profile is calculated for each city. Using these differences allows us to examine heterogeneity of the ALU across European cities but also examine these differences within cities. We utilise city groupings by city size and country to attempt to understand these differences. Combining Urban Atlas and Corine Land Cover data, the impact of water on the ALU profiles is examined. A city classification is also introduced which considers the difference to the average curve. Ordering methods are used to visualise cities within these classifications. Results highlight the level of heterogeneity between cities. Removing water, we can see that the cities with the highest levels of water have a higher level of ALU on average. Spain and France are found to have contrasting levels of ALU, Spanish cities having below average ALU and France above average. Using seriation techniques enables us to group and order cities into a typology which can be used to benchmark cities., Comment: 33 pages, 11 figures

Supplemental material, USJ852033_supplemental_material for Mobility among older adults: Deconstructing the effects of motility and movement on wellbeing by Timothée Cuignet, Camille Perchoux, Geoffrey Caruso, Olivier Klein, Sylvain Klein, Basile Chaix, Yan Kestens and Philippe Gerber in Urban Studies

Supplemental material, Supplemental Material for Evidence for the homothetic scaling of urban forms by Rémi Lemoy and Geoffrey Caruso in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Supplemental material for Emerging urban form – Emerging pollution: Modelling endogenous health and environmental effects of traffic on residential choice by Mirjam Schindler and Geoffrey Caruso in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

In this paper we analyse the profile of land use and population density with respect to the distance to the city centre for the European city. In addition to providing the radial population density and soil-sealing profiles for a large set of cities, we demonstrate a remarkable constancy of the profiles across city size. Our analysis combines the GMES/Copernicus Urban Atlas 2006 land use database at 5m resolution for 300 European cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants and the Geostat population grid at 1km resolution. Population is allocated proportionally to surface and weighted by soil sealing and density classes of the Urban Atlas. We analyse the profile of each artificial land use and population with distance to the town hall. In line with earlier literature, we confirm the strong monocentricity of the European city and the negative exponential curve for population density. Moreover, we find that land use curves, in particular the share of housing and roads, scale along the two horizontal dimensions with the square root of city population, while population curves scale in three dimensions with the cubic root of city population. In short, European cities of different sizes are homothetic in terms of land use and population density. While earlier literature documented the scaling of average densities (total surface and population) with city size, we document the scaling of the whole radial distance profile with city size, thus liaising intra-urban radial analysis and systems of cities. In addition to providing a new empirical view of the European city, our scaling offers a set of practical and coherent definitions of a city, independent of its population, from which we can re-question urban scaling laws and Zipf's law for cities., 19 pages, 11 figures

Palletized goods are mostly transported by trucks, which generate both social, ecological and economic costs. Those costs are generally higher than the costs created by barge transport. An innovative solution to counter the negative effects of road transport, is to bundle the transport of palletized goods over the inland waterways and organize the last mile distribution via a limited number of water-bound hubs. In order to analyze the feasibility of this concept, a model was created which determines the optimal hub locations, as well as their optimal number and turnover, and the economic- and CO2-savings which can be obtained by their implementation. The model has currently two Belgian applications, with two main findings. Firstly, the optimal hubs are mostly situated in or near of main cities. As such, the concept can be combined with a concept of sustainable city distribution. Secondly, the modal shift of palletized goods proves to be an economic realizable concept.

The number of cross-border workers in Luxembourg has steadily increased for over twenty years. Cross-border workers have transnationals living spaces. Everyday, they cross the border between France, Germany and Belgium to perform their daily activities. However, in the collective imagination the cross-border workers come to the Grand Duchy just to work... The purpose of this article is to discuss this received wisdom with respect to the issue of the integration of cross-border workers in Luxembourg. By means of the concepts of social geography and Time Geography, it is possible to develop and analyse their living spaces according to the spatial and temporal organisation of their daily activities. The study of trip chains, synonymous with the organisation and sequence of the activities and their spatial distribution on both sides of the border, form the essential methodological and analytical support for this paper. The juxtaposition of these trip chains with the living spaces allows to identify and characterise the degree of integration of cross-border workers in Luxembourg. This paper suggests a new way of looking at the living spaces of cross-border workers.