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The effects of adding iron oxide to ceramic glaze formulations were studied in this study. Iron oxide was added in different weight ratios into the reactive transparent glaze, reactive opaque glaze, and transparent glaze formulations. The iron oxide content in the glaze composition, the coloring mechanisms, the phase distributions, and surface properties at temperatures of 950–1000-1050-1200 °C in the oxidation firing medium were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the microstructural and morphological characterizations of the test glazes, X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) to determine the crystallographic properties and phases, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses to determine the elemental and chemical composition were performed. In addition to these, surface images were examined with Digital Microscope (DM) and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b, and water absorption values were compared. In addition, taking into account environmental factors, a comparison of ceramic glazes with the same amount of waste iron oxide was also performed for same purpose. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the addition of iron oxide and/or waste iron oxide did not have a negative effect, and coloring effects on the glaze layer were observed at different rates and firing temperatures.

A new pyrophosphate(V) of the formula Co5Cr2(P2O7)4 was obtained in the system Co2P2O7–Cr4(P2O7)3 as a result of solid-state reactions taking place between different reactants. The new compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and belongs to the family of pyrophosphates of the general formula M52+M23+(P2O7)4 and is probably isostructural with Fe52+Fe23+(P2O7)4. Powder diffraction pattern, infrared spectrum and SEM image of the new compound were presented. As a new potential inorganic pigment, Co5Cr2(P2O7)4 was tested for its thermal stability, particle size distribution and colour properties, which were studied both for powder and after introduction into organic matrix and leadless ceramic glaze. The colour of Co5Cr2(P2O7)4 powder was defined as deep grey with the colour coordinates L*/a*/b* = 60.63/-1.42/-3.41 and according to the hue angle (h° = 247.39°) it belongs to the blue region. Co5Cr2(P2O7)4, with its relatively high thermal stability (t m = 1230 ± 10 °C) and appropriate colour properties, is a good candidate to be used as inorganic pigment for colouring of acrylic paints. In the case of leadless glaze, the obtained compound acts as a dye.

In this paper, high color performance vanadium ion (V4+) doped ZrSiO4 (V-ZrSiO4) blue pigment with low doping amount has been successfully synthesized by inorganic sol–gel route. According to the phase evolution and color behavior of the samples, the formation mechanism of the V-ZrSiO4 pigment was revealed. Besides, due to the immobilization effect of the gel network and the high precursor reactivity, the reported synthesis route has extremely high vanadium utilization ratio (99.69%). Based on the results of XPS and XRF analysis, it is found that the valence state of vanadium ion in the V-ZrSiO4 pigment is 4+, meanwhile, the vanadium cations are heterogeneously distributed in the pigment particles and are enriched within the outer layers. Compared with the previously reported V-ZrSiO4 pigments, the as-prepared V-ZrSiO4 pigment shows a bright blue hue (b*=–22.01), in which the theoretical content of V4+ is only 2 mol%. After applying on ceramic glaze, the V-ZrSiO4 pigment exhibited superior coloring performance and high-temperature stability, indicating its potential application in ceramic decoration. This work provides a facile strategy to synthesize high color performance ion-doping type pigment.

In this article, rutile-perovskite multi-phase composite was produced using mechano-chemical method followed by calcination with metatitanic acid and GCC as raw materials. The relative parameters in mechano-chemical method, such as slurry concentration, grinding time and ball to powder ratio, and the relative parameters in calcination, namely calcination temperature and calcination time, were researched systematically in order to get the optimum value. The structure and morphology of the final product were characterized and the reaction mechanism was investigated. The final product, namely the rutile-perovskite multi-phase composite, has excellent pigment properties comparable to titanium white. It also has excellent performances in coatings and ceramic glaze. All of these prove that the produced rutile-perovskite multi-phase composite can be used extensively in industry due to its excellent pigment properties together with simple reaction conditions.

Aphysicochemical analysis was undertaken of fragments of medieval glazed ceramic found at different times in medieval towns located in the Chui, Talas, and Kochkor Valleys of Kyrgyzstan. The samples of glazed ceramic were studied by means of x-ray fluorescence and microscopic analyses. The physicochemical studies of the ceramic glaze from different archaeological complexes on the territory of Kyrgyzstan made it possible to identify the colorants and their features as well as the coloring technology and to note important moments in the historical development of the Gonchar crafts associated with the history of glazed ceramics in the countries of Central Asia.

In this study, the effect of seashell utilization as a replacement for calcite on the surface features and optical properties of white ceramic glazes was investigated. As received seashells collected from Black Sea beaches of Samsun, Turkey and purified seashells at 700°C for 1 h were used as calcite replacement by 15 wt.%. Seashell powders were incorporated to white glaze compositions which are applied on the surface of different fired clay bodies such as red clay, chamotte, white and porcelain by dipping technique. Next, the glazed green bodies were sintered at 1100ºC for 8 h. Following to TG-DTA, heating microscope, XRD and optical analysis, the obtained results exhibited that as received seashell powder (SP-1) was composed of calcite (CaCO3), whereas purified seashell powder (SP-2) comprised aragonite (CaCO3) and calcium oxide (CaO). The iron (hematite) content in red clay and the impurities in seashells composition caused specks and crawlings on the surface of glazed red clay bodies and of some glazes containing seashell, respectively. In generally, the higher CaO content in SP-2 enhanced gloss (60°) values, and whiteness values of most glazed surfaces were closed to each other. The color of chamotte bodies increased redness-greenness values. The variations in optical parameters were mainly associated with the difference in body compositions. SP-1 contained glaze, applied on porcelain body, was selected as optimal because that had 33 gloss value, high whiteness (87) and no surface defect. Therefore, the utilization of as received seashells by 15 wt.% as calcite replacement allows eco-friendly and cost-effective production of white ceramic glazes without any additional heat treatment.

The present study reports the impact of the introduction of nano-grained quartz (SA = 325 m2/g) into the composition on the structure and properties of the ceramic glaze of the CMAS-Na2O–K2O system. The results were compared to the glaze which had an identical oxide composition, with a difference that quartz was introduced in the form of quartz powder with a much smaller specific surface area SA = 1.41 m2/g. Both glazes are characterized by a large part of the glassy phase, above 90% by volume. The results obtained show a higher arrangement of the continuous glassy phase structure in the glaze with the addition of nano-quartz. This glaze also shows significantly higher values for all measured mechanical properties. It seems that if, in the near future, new cheaper methods for the production of nano-quartz are developed, it will be a new interesting direction of research aimed at improving the parameters of glazes and glass-ceramic materials of CMAS type.

This topic is based on the research and development of inorganic silver-loaded antibacterial materials with good antibacterial activity, and the preparation of silver-loaded calcium carbonate inorganic nano-antibacterial agents by redox reaction. At the same time, the mixed rare earth oxide was added to the ceramic glaze containing silver nano antibacterial agent, and the nano antibacterial building sanitary ceramics were prepared by firing at 1180 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere. This experiment investigated the effect of adding mixed rare earth oxides on the quality and properties of glaze. Experiments show that the new glaze has stronger antibacterial effect than the nano antibacterial glaze without mixed rare earth oxide, and the glaze quality is good. After adding 0.5 wt% of mixed rare earth oxide, the whiteness, abrasion resistance, hardness and thermal shock resistance of the glaze were significantly improved.This topic is based on the research and development of inorganic silver-loaded antibacterial materials with good antibacterial activity, and the preparation of silver-loaded calcium carbonate inorganic nano-antibacterial agents by redox reaction. At the same time, the mixed rare earth oxide was added to the ceramic glaze containing silver nano antibacterial agent, and the nano antibacterial building sanitary ceramics were prepared by firing at 1180 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere. This experiment investigated the effect of adding mixed rare earth oxides on the quality and properties of glaze. Experiments show that the new glaze has stronger antibacterial effect than the nano antibacterial glaze without mixed rare earth oxide, and the glaze quality is good. After adding 0.5 wt% of mixed rare earth oxide, the whiteness, abrasion resistance, hardness and thermal shock resistance of the glaze were significantly improved.

In this work, a polycarboxylate comb-like polymer was used as grinding aid for ceramic slurry, and the effect of addition of this grinding aid on ceramic process property was highlighted. The grinding efficiency of the polycarboxylate grinding aid (PG) in terms of the particle size distribution and specific surface of unit volume of the ceramic slurry being ground were investigated. Consequently, the PG that was synthesized via free radical polymerization under the condition of an APEG/AA/MA molar ratio of 0.3:1:1, an initiator dosage of 5 wt%, and a reaction time of 6 h at 90 °C, provided better grinding efficiency than those of the triethanolamine and other commercial grinding aids. Specifically, with a dosage of 0.21% and 2 h of grinding, the d97 and d50 of ceramic slurry decreased from 13.956 μm and 2.043 µm to 3.739 µm and 0.561 µm, respectively. The cumulative distribution, frequency distribution and SEM results exhibited a uniform particle size distribution for ceramic ground with PG-C. Furthermore, the sintering experiment indicated that a lower processing temperature was capable of producing ultrafine ceramic. These improvements indicated the potential application of the PG as an efficiency ceramic grinding aid, which further facilitating the preparation of uniform ultrafine slurry by a sand mill.

Perovskite pigments with SrCrxSn1−xO3−δ (x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) composition were prepared by a solid-state reaction, suspension mixing of materials and mechanochemical activation of initial reagents with calcination at high temperature. Results of thermal analysis show the effectivity of mechanochemical activation of reaction mixture that shifts the reaction course to lower temperature. Solid solution of SrSn0.975Cr0.025O3−δ was prepared at temperature 1200 °C. The optimal composition for synthesis of the intense red–pink powder is SrSn0.975Cr0.025O3−δ (L*/a*/b* = 36.34/14.21./1.12). Red–pink colour of the pigments is explained in terms of crystal field theory. The partial substitution of tin ions by chromium ions leads to the formation of the optical absorption bands corresponding to the O2p–Cr3d charge transfer transitions. Pigment is distinguished by good chemical stability in a molten ceramic glaze and high value of solar reflectance in the near-infrared region of light (R* ≈ 61%).

The zircon-based encapsulation carbon black (C@ZrSiO4) inorganic pigments with controllable size were successfully prepared by non-aqueous sol-gel method with the assistance of soft mechano-chemistry (SMC) activation precursors. The XRD and FT-IR results showed that the SMC activation enhanced the reactivity of precursors and facilitated the formation of ZrSiO4 phase with the calcination temperature at 900–1050 °C, indicating the successfully synthesis of pure ZrSiO4 phase. The average size of C@ZrSiO4 inorganic pigments significantly declined from 45.20 to 4.50 μm with the increase of SMC activation time of precursors, however, the L* values of pigments increased from 24.11 to 46.35. It was mainly because of the decreased amounts of protected carbon in ZrSiO4 matrix and the enhanced light reflectance, which lead to the slight color change from deep black to gray black tone. The colored glaze samples presented a black hue after applied in the ceramic glaze at 1200 °C. Moreover, the black hue intensity of glazed samples was higher than that of the corresponding C@ZrSiO4 inorganic pigments, indicating the prepared pigments have excellent tinctorial strength and hiding power. These results ensure that the obtained C@ZrSiO4 inorganic pigments possess the outstanding chromatic performance, excellent high-temperature stability, high chemical stability and suitable particle size, and exhibit great potential in the application of the industrial ceramic decoration.

The lime alkaline glaze, originated as early as 1300A.D, is typical of Chinese ancient transparent ceramic glaze in the dynasties of Yuan, Ming, and Qing. Imitation transparent glaze with the composition identical to that of the ancient glaze in the Ming and Qing dynasties was prepared at five different firing temperatures. FTIR spectra of the imitation glaze were analyzed by means of mathematical self-deconvolution, and the assignment of each component band was identified, showing that the glaze, with the increase of firing temperature, presented a higher level of polymerization degree in its network. Imitation glazes were artificially aged through water corrosion and annealing. FTIR decomposition spectra of aged glazes indicate that some silicon-bridging oxygen- silicon bonds were hydrolyzed during water corrosion, and that silicon-non-bridging oxygen-alkali bonds increased during low-temperature anneal. Finally, the FTIR results obtained from the artificial aged glazes were compared with those of the ancient glaze of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and aging condition of ancient glazes were inferred.

Gold and silver salt mixtures are incorporated in ceramic glazes for in situ development of mixtures of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) that subsequently allow for a wide spectrum of low metal loading color control within ceramic materials. Prior work has shown that gold NPs can be used to create vibrant, color-rich red pigments in high-temperature ceramic and glass applications, though the achievable diameter of the gold NP ultimately limits the available range of color. The current study significantly expands color control from traditional gold nanoparticle red through silver nanoparticle green via the alteration of gold-to-silver salt ratios incorporated in the glaze formulations prior to sintering. Nanoparticle-based coloring systems are tested in both oxidative and reductive firing atmospheres. While the oxidation environment is found to be prohibitive for silver NP stability, the reductive atmosphere is able to form and sustain mixtures of gold and silver NPs across a wide color spectrum. All glazes are analyzed via reflectance spectrometry for color performance and samples are characterized via TEM and EDS for composition and sizing trends. This study creates new groundwork for a color-controlled NP system based on noble metal ratio blends that are both nontoxic and achieved with radically lower metal pigment loading than traditional glazes.

Metal borate nanoparticles Silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) were produced for a novel boron containing antibacterial ceramic applications. Different concentration, temperature, time parameters were varied for obtaining hierarchical metal borate embedded formulations. Synthesized nanostructures showed interesting crystalline and optical properties since temperature and concentration adjustments provided correlated shape and surface properties. Chemical analysis and crystallinity of both copper and silver formulations were defined using XRD and confirmed that temperature plays a deep role on the production of nanostructures. XPS analysis together with TEM investigations comprehensively provided all atomic compositions with their corresponding energy values in survey and high resolution region. Morphology and atomic purity was analyzed using EDX and SEM measurements revealed the morphological orientation of the nanostructures without other impurities. FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy provided optical information about the obtained metal borate nanoparticles. Finally metal borate nanoparticles were utilized for 1x1 cm ceramic glazing samples for antibacterial applications. Silver borate nanoparticles were found to be more active in low concentrations than copper and zinc borate structures after the antibacterial test results were unveiled against to gram positive and gram negative microorganisms.

To evaluate and compare color stability and gloss retention of ceramic stains and glaze under simulated toothbrushing using dentifrices with different relative dentin abrasion (RDA).Feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate, 3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia, and 5 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia were evaluated. Ceramics were externally stained, glazed and mounted in the toothbrush simulator. A toothbrush with 300 g force was applied. Regular toothpaste (72 RDA) and charcoal toothpaste (RDA200) were used. Linear brushing motion with cycle intervals: 5 k, 10 k, 30 k, and 50 k was achieved. Change in color (CIEΔE2000) and gloss measurements were collected using a reflection spectrophotometer (Ci 7600, X-rite) at baseline and cycle intervals. Repeated measures analysis of variance within specimen factors (ceramic type, toothpaste and cycles) was performed.ΔEGlass-phase ceramics retain stains longer than zirconia ceramics. Charcoal toothpaste affect color and gloss stability. Ceramic glaze maybe lost within the first 6 months in patients' mouth.Long-term color and gloss stability of externally stained and glazed ceramics maybe a clinical concern. Charcoal toothpastes enhance loss of color and gloss of ceramic restorations.

A zircon encapsulated carbon black (C@ZrSiO 4 ) pigment with high color rendering was synthesized via facile non-aqueous acetic acid (NAA) assisted sol-gel method using carbon-containing precursors (zirconium n -propoxide and tetraethoxysilane) as in-situ carbon sources. The effects of the NAA amount and heat treatment temperature on the structure and properties of the synthesized encapsulation pigments were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDS, XPS and CIELAB colorimeter, respectively. The results showed that the C@ZrSiO 4 encapsulated pigments heating at 1000 °C for 2 h in N 2 atmosphere presented a dense and stable encapsulation structure as well as deep dark hue when the mole ratio of NAA and Zr (NAA/Zr) was 3:1, and the chromaticity values were L* = 21.20, a* = 0.56, b* = −0.09 and C ab = 0.57, respectively, which were contributed to the high homogeneity at atomic level in ZrSiO 4 sol and the tight bonding between carbon black carbonized by carbon containing group and zircon matrix. In addition, the pigment exhibited excellent chemical stability, thermal stability and tinctorial strength when it was used in water, acid, alkali, organic solvents and ceramic glaze. Especially, these pigments improved the utilization of raw materials and avoided the use of heavy metals or transition metals as coloring agent, which was an environment-friendly black ceramic pigment.

This study demonstrates the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) from metal salts within ceramic glazes, such that the use of this colorant technology is more accessible to artisans, employs less metal content, is less environmentally harmful, and allows for the use of traditional kilns. Gold NPs have been demonstrated to possess a specific, low material loading use as a ceramic glaze colorant via plasmon resonance. Pre-synthesized gold NPs that are added to ceramic glazes have been found to significantly change in size after firing in both reductive and oxidative atmospheres, but still maintain some size relationships and color properties. Unfortunately, it is not viable for the art community to fabricate and employ gold NP systems with high precision in a studio setting; however, the use of noble metal salts or metal oxides are realistic. To that end, this work investigates spontaneous gold and silver NP synthesis by the firing-induced development of NPs from metallic salts included within the glaze materials. Glaze samples with gold and silver salts are fired in reductive and oxidative environments, yielding a range of surface plasmon coloring effects for ceramic coloring. Additionally, the use of gold NP waste (precipitated Au NPs waste) was added to wet ceramic glazes to investigate firing effects on NPs precipitate and potential use as an alternative colorant. Sintering-induced NP nucleation and growth was observed after firing in both oxidation and reduction environments, although to differing degrees. The direct noble metal salt application process eliminates the need for preliminary gold NP synthesis, thus allowing for more practical and environmentally friendly methods in creating plasmonic resonance ceramic coloring, potentially reflective of the processes employed in ancient nanoparticle glasses.

Most traditional ceramic glazes employ high amounts of transition metal colorants that are toxic to the environment and can cause health issues in humans through surface leaching. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been found to be environmentally friendly and non-toxic alternative metal colorant in ceramic glazes. The plasmon band observed with Au-NPs can result in vibrant solutions by manipulating NP size, shape, and concentration; however, the effects of traditional firing in both reductive and oxidative kilns on Au-NPs are poorly understood. Aside from ancient art processes whose mechanisms have not been fully explored, the use of Au-NPs as suspended ceramic glaze colorants remains somewhat unexplored. Au-NPs have been previously reported to diminish in size during sintering and possess significant differences in concentration with respect to reduction and oxidation firing atmospheres. As a means of studying possible degradation/renucleation processes within the glaze during firing, a systematic study introducing different diameter Au-NPs into the glaze materials was conducted with transmission electron microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy used to probe possible mechanisms which showed changes to Au-NP diameter and color intensity, making this work applicable to industry and art current practices.

The temperature dependent behaviour of a complex aluminosilicate glass (SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO-Na2O system), which is a reference for ceramic glaze technology, has been determined, by combining techniques that cover a scale ranging from atomistic to macroscopic. The system shows a linear thermal expansion up to about 600 °C. The glass transition temperature is at 620 °C, as observed from Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Ex situ synchrotron diffraction experiments found a further transformation consisting of albite crystallization above 810 °C. This reaction is very slow and induces permanent structural modifications in the material at both intermediate and short ranges, as shown by in situ synchrotron diffraction experiments. These observations explain why ceramic glaze technology still faces challenges for large scale manufacturing and show the critical thermal range where interventions should be focussed. Eventually, melting takes place at 1190 °C, from hot stage microscopy.

Hydrophobic surfaces are also known to have antimicrobial effect by restricting the adherence of microorganisms. However, ceramic products are produced by high temperature processes resulting in a hydrophilic surface. In this study, an industrial ceramic wall tile glaze composition was modified by the inclusion of metallic zinc powder in the glaze suspension applied on the pre-sintered wall tile bodies by spraying. The glazed tiles were gloss fired at industrially applicable peak temperatures ranging from 980 °C to 1100 °C. The fired tile surfaces were coated with a commercial fluoropolymer avoiding water absorption. The surfaces were characterized with SEM, EDS, XRD techniques, roughness, sessile water drop contact angle, surface energy measurements, and standard antimicrobial tests. The surface hydrophobicity and the antimicrobial activity results were compared with that of unmodified, uncoated gloss fired wall tiles. A superhydrophobic contact angle of 150° was achieved at 1000 °C peak temperature due to the formation of micro-structured nanocrystalline zinc oxide granules providing a specific surface topography. At higher peak temperatures the hydrophobicity was lost as the specific granular surface topography deteriorated with the conversion of zinc oxide granules to the ubiquitous willemite crystals embedded in the glassy matrix. The antimicrobial efficacy also correlated with the hydrophobic character.

In this paper, high color performance Pr cation doped zircon (Pr-ZrSiO4) yellow pigment has been prepared by inorganic sol-gel method. Meanwhile, the detailed process parameters for preparation of Pr-ZrSiO4 pigment were systematically investigated. The research results indicate that the optimal process parameters are Pr-doping amount of 6 mol.%, calcination temperature of 900 °C, holding time of 2 h and Si/Zr ratio of 1.05. The synthesized Pr-ZrSiO4 pigment shows an intense yellow hue, which chromatic parameters are L* = 81.84, a* = 4.36, b* = 70.55 and C* = 70.68. Moreover, the pigment shows outstanding tinting performance for ceramic glaze, suggesting its attractive application in ceramic decoration. XPS analysis demonstrated that the Pr cations in the Pr-ZrSiO4 pigment consists of two valence states, namely trivalent and tetravalent. Finally, heterogeneously distributed behavior of Pr cations in the pigment was discovered.

Eight ceramic samples were prepared from bypass cement dust and ceramic sludge. Bypass cement dust was generated during cement industries, and ceramic sludge is produced through ceramic glaze preparation. The prepared ceramic samples contained 10-80 wt% of bypass cement dust and 90–20 wt% ceramic sludge, respectively. The samples were formed in disk-shaped specimens using the uniaxial pressing (20 MPa) and sintering temperature at 1100 °C for one hour. Various techniques were used in the present work, including X-ray diffraction, FTIR, porosity, density, SEM, and dielectric determination. The obtained ceramic materials were mainly composed of wollastonite and gehlenite phases with fine coarse-grained crystals, as shown in SEM photographs. The final product possessed density values ranging from 1.280 to 1.574 g/cm3, open porosity ranging from 43.2 to 58.1% making them suitable for building materials applications. The dielectric properties, the relative dielectric constant (e'), and dielectric loss (e“) were measured at 200 measuring points at the range of frequency from 50 Hz to 8 MHz. The dielectric loss and dielectric constant values are relatively low (0.595 to 0.714) and (9.141–12.125) at 50 Hz, respectively, while the electric conductivity (σ) values were indicative for insulator materials (σ ≤ 10−2 µS/cm for samples CS1–Cs5) at low electric frequencies at 50 Hz, whereas referring to semiconductor materials (σ

This project presents how steel recycling by-products employed as decorative ceramic glaze raw materials.Two steelmaking wastes were of interests: electric arc furnace dust and mill scale.EAF dust is collected from off-gas fume during melting.The dust containing zinc ferrite with some heavy metals is concerned as a toxic waste.Mill scale collected from a hot-rolled reheating furnace is iron-rich oxide and non-toxic.The as-received wastes were chemically analyzed.A mid-fired glaze, oil spot tenmoku, were carefully formulated and investigated.The work showed both wastes successfully provided the glaze with lustrous and silvery spotting effect

With the popularization of the Internet and the rapid development of information technology, the types and quantities of data are increasing at an unprecedented rate. We are in an era of ever-increasing data penetration, and “big data” has arrived. Nowadays, all walks of life are using big data, and human production and life can no longer leave big data. It has been widely used in many fields, including large-scale hydropower and ceramic glaze. This article mainly introduces the literature reference research method, analytic hierarchy process and investigation research method. This paper uses the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the application of big data in ceramic glaze, and establishes a potential mathematical model. The model is solved by the analytic hierarchy process, and the application status of big data in ceramic glazes is studied, and the model is revised using historical data to improve the accuracy of the application status of big data in ceramic glazes. The experimental results of this paper show that the analytic hierarchy process increases the efficiency of the application research of big data in ceramic glazes by 13%, and reduces the rate of false alarms and false alarms. Finally, by comparing the application value analysis of big data in ceramic art glaze and the modernization demand analysis of ceramic art glaze, the influence of the application of big data in ceramic art glaze is systematically explained.

The solid-state synthesis and stabilization of Co doped ( Mg 1−x Co x Ti 2 O 5 ), Zn doped ( Mg 1−x Zn x Ti 2 O 5 ) and Co- and Zn-codoped karrooite solid solutions ( Mg 0.8−x Zn 0.2 Co x Ti 2 O 5 and (Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 ) 1−x Co x Ti 2 O 5 ) were investigated. In addition, the optical spectra, color properties and technological performance of (Co,Zn)-karrooite compositions as new green ceramic pigments were also analyzed. XRD characterization revealed for the first time the high solid solubility of Zn 2+ in MgTi 2 O 5 karrooite at 1200 oC (between 60 and 80 mol% per Mg or karrooite formula unit). In contrast, the reactivity and stabilization of karrooite phase decreased in the case of Co 2+ doping. Interestingly, codoping with Zn 2+ ions at high molar ratios (Zn:Mg ratio equal to 1:1) enhanced the reactivity and enabled the stabilization of (Co,Zn)-MgTi 2 O 5 karrooite solid solutions, even with high Co 2+ loadings (20 mol% per karrooite formula unit). The (Co,Zn)-MgTi 2 O 5 pigments exhibited yellowish-green colors associated to Co 2+ ions allocated in octahedral M1 and M2 sites of karrooite lattice, and becoming more intense and less yellow the higher the Co content. However, Zn 2+ codoping produced less saturated green colors with similar green but lower yellowish hues. The obtained pigments were not stable enough within the tested ceramic glazes, giving rise to turquoise colorations due to cobalt leaching and incorporation into tetrahedral sites of the glassy phase. The stability of Co-karrooite green pigments was higher in a Ca- and Zn-enriched ceramic glaze (B) fired at a higher temperature (1050 °C).

This research was focused on the preparation of mixed metal oxide pigments doped with terbium ions with the general formula of Sn0.752Co0.08P0.16Tb0.008O2. These pigments were synthesised by solid-state reactions at high calcination temperatures. The temperature range was chosen from 1350 to 1500 °C. The goal was to develop conditions for the synthesis of this type of pigments and to determine the influence of terbium ions on the colour properties of these compounds. All prepared pigments were applied into the organic matrix and into the ceramic glaze. Thermal behaviours of the reaction mixtures were investigated using differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. Synthesised Sn0.752Co0.08P0.16Tb0.008O2 pigments were compared with concurrently prepared pigment Sn0.760Co0.08P0.16O2 depending on the calcination temperature with respect to the colour properties in CIE L*a*b* colour space, furthermore from the point of particle size distribution and phase composition. All compounds provided blue–violet hues that are stable in ceramic glazes.

Measurements of the infrared spectra and the results of differential-thermal analysis of ceramic glaze frit are presented. The obtained data confirm the bi-phase nature of the studied frit and the presence in it of B3+ ions in triple and quaternary coordination. The presence of two phases in the studied frit — a stiff silicate frame and low-temperature borosilicate with moderate silica content— can lead to the formation of micro-liquations.

WOS:000566087300001 Silver and copper borate nanostructures were mechanistically synthesized for novel boron-containing antibacterial applications. Different concentration, temperature, time parameters were varied for obtaining hierarchical formulations. Metal borate nanostructures showed interesting crystalline and optical properties since temperature and concentration adjustments provided correlated shape and surface properties with around 300 nm size. Chemical analysis and crystallinity of both copper and silver formulations were conducted with X-ray diffraction and unveiled that especially temperatures ranging from 40 to 90 degrees C has a huge impact on the formation of nanostructures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis comprehensively provided all atomic compositions especially about boron atom at 191-192 eV range. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis with scanning electron microscope measurements revealed the morphological properties of the nanostructures and showed the purity of the obtained materials. Finally, metal borate-containing glazes were obtained on 1 x 1 cm samples for antibacterial tests against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Manisa Celal Bayar University Coordination Unit for Scientific Research Projects (BAP) [2014-152] We acknowledge the support of the Manisa Celal Bayar University Coordination Unit for Scientific Research Projects (BAP) (Project No: 2014-152) and Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halal Food Laboratories and IZU-PRO Project (Ag-based Antibacterial Coatings) for basic investigations, and NOS Keskin for antibacterial investigations.

During the last thirty years, microstructural and technological studies on ceramic glazes have been essentially carried out through the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). On the contrary, optical microscopy (OM) has been considered of limited use in solving the very complex and fine-scale microstructures associated with ceramic glazes. As the crystallites formed inside glazes are sub- and micrometric, a common misconception is that it is not possible to study them by OM. This is probably one of the reasons why there are no available articles and textbooks and even no visual resources for describing and characterizing the micro-crystallites formed in glaze matrices. A thin section petrography (TSP) for ceramic glaze microstructures does not exist yet, neither as a field of study nor conceptually. In the present contribution, we intend to show new developments in the field of ceramic glaze petrography, highlighting the potential of OM in the microstructural studies of ceramic glazes using petrographic thin sections. The outcomes not only stress the pivotal role of thin section petrography for the study of glaze microstructures but also show that this step should not be bypassed to achieve reliable readings of the glaze microstructures and sound interpretations of the technological procedures. We suggest the adoption by the scientific community of an alternative vision on glaze microstructures to turn thin section petrography for glaze microstructures into a new specialized petrographic discipline. Such an approach, if intensively developed, has the potential to reduce the time and costs of scientific investigations in this specific domain. In fact, it can provide key reference data for the identification of the crystallites in ceramic glazes, avoiding the repetition of exhaustive protocols of expensive integrated analyses.

In this paper, vanadium ion (V4+) doped ZrO2 pigment (Vx-ZrO2) and vanadium/yttrium ions (V4+/Y3+) co-doped ZrO2 pigment (VxYy-ZrO2) were synthesized via inorganic sol-gel route. The Vx-ZrO2 and VxYy-ZrO2 pigments with the low V4+ content still have excellent color performance, because the gel network is conducive to immobilize coloring ions which to reduce the loss of coloring ions. The results show that the Vx-ZrO2 pigment has the optimal chromatic parameters of L∗ = 68.40, a∗ = 7.93, b∗ = 43.72 when the x-value is 0.04. The measurement of EDS indicates the actual doping amount of V4+ is up to 3.14 mol%. The introduction of Y3+ in a moderate amount can increase the doping amount of V4+ in the V–ZrO2 pigment, because of Y3+ can activate zirconia lattice. Therefore, with the introduction of 1 mol% Y3+ in the ZrO2 lattice, the chromatic parameter of the pigment (i.e. V0.04Y0.01-ZrO2) is optimized to L∗ = 58.57, a∗ = 19.39, b∗ = 40.02, where the actual doping amount of V4+ increased to 3.48 mol%. Meanwhile, there is a synergy/competition mechanism in the process of V4+ and Y3+ co-doped into ZrO2 lattice. After applying on high-temperature ceramic glaze, the V0.04-ZrO2 and V0.04Y0.01-ZrO2 pigment present superior tinting strength, high thermal stability and excellent chemical stability, indicating they are attractive application in ceramic decoration.

New glaze compositions were synthesized from combinations of ceramic glaze and cement kiln dust. The products show very good chemical resistance to acid and alkaline corrosion, with no visual changes on the surfaces of the samples. This resistance can be attributed to the very well balanced composition of wastes and commercial ceramic glaze materials. Corrosion data reveal the results of mass loss either at 25 ℃ or 100 ℃. The mass loss is very low, showing that it is possible to develop glazes with excellent chemical resistance to strong acid and alkaline solutions corrosion starting from different concentrations of cement kiln dust associated with commercial ceramic glaze materials. The IR spectra of the prepared samples show characteristic bands related to the vibrations of triangular and tetrahedral borate and tetrahedral silicate groups together with metal-oxide groups. The surface hardness data of the glazes determined by Mohs are found to be 5–6 at early immersion times up to ∼9 days, but there is obvious deterioration beyond 9 days. The results point out that it possible to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of elements released through the chemical attack and their implications on microstructural and mechanical degradation of the working surface of glazed ceramic tiles.

This work describes an in-situ Nd:YAG laser-assisted coating method to modify industrial glazed ceramic surfaces. The method makes use of a Cu polymer coordination complex, transformed via 1064 nm continuos wave (cw) laser irradiation, into a lustre-type glassy coating covering the ceramic substrate. The obtained coatings, with typical thicknesses ranging between 4 and 14 μm, become integrated onto the ceramic glaze via a sharp interface, as found by SEM observation. Diffuse Reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy shows that the lustre effect arises from surface plasmon resonant effects associated to the formation of nanometric size Cu particles dispersed throughout the glaze coating. This was confirmed by XPS analysis and other techniques showing that the laser decomposition treatment induces the redox transformation of the Cu (II) complexes, present in the original precursor, into reduced Cu (0) nanoparticles., Financial support from the EU (LIFE11/ENV/ES560), Innovaragón (ITA-DGA/ES 1368), DGA (Group T87), and projects MAT2013-40852-R and MAT2013- 42900-P from MINECO and TEP 8067 and FQM 6900 from the Junta de Andalucía is greatfully acknowledged.

Palm fiber ashes are the industrial waste which is abundantly available in Malaysia. In this study, palm fiber ash were used to produce decorative ceramic glaze. The content of minerals in the palm fiber ash were analyzed by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), respectively. The formulations of glaze with different composition of raw materials were studied by adding different amount of calcium carbonate and feldspar. The glaze slurries then coated on ball clay body bisque which was obtained from Kg. Dengir and sintered at 1200 ° C for two hours.The glaze was characterized in term of its physical appearance such as type of glaze and colour. Both glossy and matte glaze produced by using different composition of glaze formulation. The presence of silica minerals (79 %) contributed to glossy surface to the glaze. It is clearly seen that the glossiness of glaze improved by increasing amount of feldspar. Feldspar acts as fluxing agent which form a glassy phase at lower temperature. In addition, the presence of small amount of iron oxide (2.2 wt.%) contributed to brown colour of glaze. An addition of calcium carbonate give effect to the colour of glaze, which change from brown to yellow colour as amount of CaCO3 increased. As a conclusion, the palm fibre ashes were highly suitable to supply abundant and cheap raw materials to produce decorative ceramic glaze.

The aim of this archaeometric study is to recover information regarding technological processes and raw materials used for the production of ceramic sherds coming from five central and Eastern German sites, between Lower Saxony and Saxony states. The ceramic fragments have been investigated by a multi-spectroscopic approach: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) were employed to characterize both ceramic bodies and glazes. Moreover the innovative application of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) on ceramic findings has been proposed and evaluated. Chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as microstructure, of ceramic mixture and glaze are correlated to native material composition and firing temperature, which have become a fundamental features in archaeometric research and play a key role in understanding the provenance of the pottery and its production techniques.The multi-spectroscopic approach applied in this work has enabled the ability to characterize the ceramic sherds and to investigate through non-destructive techniques both ceramic glaze and matrix giving information regarding the raw materials and pigments/colourants used, and regarding firing temperature and technology. The present study carried on using complementary methods suggests different raw material sources and temperature kilns. These data are in agreement with the location of ceramic sites and with data in literature. Furthermore, the interesting results suggest that non-destructive techniques, such as LIF and Raman spectroscopy, are promising methods for ceramic and glaze characterization. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is commonly used in steel recycling industries. Apart from steel metal product, a waste in the form of dust is also produced and so called EAF dust. The fine particulates mainly contain zinc-iron oxides along with a small amount of heavy metals like chromium and lead, and have been categorized as a toxic waste. Proper treatments can be crucially required in order to recover crude zinc oxide and iron oxide from the dust; however, no practical recycling plants have been now readily operated in Thailand. To reduce its toxicity, EAF dust could be mixed with silica-based materials and vitrified into glass. Therefore, EAF dust can possibly be employed as a ceramic glaze raw material. This work pointed out how to make decorative “oil spot” ceramic glaze by substitution of EAF dust for a conventional iron oxide. The prepared glaze mixtures were applied over the ceramic bodies and fired at 1250 °C in oxidation atmosphere. The as-fired glaze appearances with tiny and silvery crystals floating over dark brown based-glaze were exhibited. Phase content and characteristics of the obtained glaze were analyzed. The roles of zinc oxide to iron oxide ratios on oil spot and crystal generation was concerned. A comparison of oil spot effects due to different iron oxide sources was presented and discussed. Oil spot glaze made from a combination of EAF dust and iron oxide powder was also proposed.

Resumo O uso de resíduos incorporados a massas cerâmicas tornou-se comum nas últimas décadas como meio de se reduzir os custos de produção e preservar os recursos minerais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de resíduo do beneficiamento de uma rocha, o qual é composto por quartzo, albita e espodumênio, para a produção de esmaltes e fritas cerâmicas, a serem utilizados na cerâmica tradicional. Esses produtos foram caracterizados quanto à composição química, fusão e expansão térmica. Em uma composição comercial de frita transparente, foram adicionadas quantidades crescentes do resíduo (7 a 30%), avaliando-se a fusão das novas composições. Estas foram testadas em uma formulação de esmalte, avaliando-se a expansão térmica, os defeitos de queima e a estética do produto final (transparência, brilho, ausência de bolhas e cristais insolúveis). Na segunda etapa, foi desenvolvido um esmalte por meio da adição do resíduo em uma formulação de esmalte comercial mate, avaliando-se o brilho, a cobertura (opacidade) e o desenvolvimento de cor. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a redução da expansão térmica e da temperatura de amolecimento do esmalte formulado com a frita desenvolvida. Por meio de ajustes na composição química, como a redução de óxidos alcalinos e aumento de alcalinos terrosos, foi possível obter formulações com as propriedades de produtos aceitos no mercado, com as características técnicas e estéticas desejadas. O óxido de lítio atuou como fluxante nas novas formulações, sem alterar significativamente as propriedades finais. Adicionalmente, obteve-se a redução na quantidade de corantes no esmalte desenvolvido, o que permite a diminuição do custo associado às matérias-primas. Abstract The use of waste incorporated into the ceramic bodies has become common in recent decades as a means to reduce production costs and to preserve mineral resources. This study aimed to evaluate the use of waste from the mineral processing of a rock. The waste composed of quartz, albite and spodumene was used to produce frits and ceramic glazes to traditional ceramics. These materials were characterized by chemical composition, fusion, and thermal expansion. In a commercial transparent frit composition, increasing percentage of the residue (7 to 30%) was added, and then the fusion of the new compositions was evaluated. With these frits, a ceramic glaze formulation was developed, evaluating the thermal expansion coefficient, firing defects, and aesthetics of the final product (transparency, gloss, no bubbles, and insoluble crystals). In the second step, a ceramic glaze was developed, with the addition of residue on a commercial matte glaze formulation, and evaluating the gloss, opacity and color development. The results showed reduction in the thermal expansion and softening temperature of the developed glaze. By adjusting the chemical composition, decreasing alkaline oxides and increasing alkaline earth oxides, it was possible to prepare formulations with product properties widely accepted in the market, with the technical and desired aesthetic characteristics. The lithium oxide acted as a flux in the new formulations, with little influence on the final properties. Additionally, there was the reduction of the colorant amount, decreasing the cost associated with raw materials.

[EN] The advantages of microwave (MW) energy processing have been verified in the sintering of a ceramic frit at a pre-industrial scale. The challenge of achieving high temperature using MW energy at such dimensions was overcome and a mix of natural raw materials was heated until its fluxing point. Changes in dielectric properties of the raw materials mix were also measured in situ with the increase in temperature, being in accordance to thermal processes of a conventional heating process. The properties of the resulting ceramic frit were compared with the same frit obtained by the conventional sintering method. Both frits showed similar thermal behavior regarding DTA-TGA, heating microscopy and XRD (only glassy phase was present). A Raman study confirms the existence of the mentioned glass phase. The application of the frits as glazes were performed and their properties were studied. As a result, glazes with similar properties were obtained which confirms that the MW energy processed frit is suitable for its application as a ceramic glaze., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Grant/Award Number: CSIC201560E068; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Productiva, Grant/Award Number: MAT2017-86450-C4-1-R; Seventh Framework Programme, Daphne Project, Grant/Award Number: 314636

Avanos, as a town located in Nevşehir and Kınık village in Pazaryeri, Bilecik, are among the most prominent well-known red clay deposits in Turkey. The common characteristic specific to these both sites is the fact that the percentage of iron oxide (%Fe2O3) in clays extracted from Avanos and Kınık deposits is above 7 (seven). Within this study, it was aimed to examine the changes and artistic effects occurring after the red clays from Avanos and Kınık deposits were added to glaze as colorant, in the absence of pure kaolin. Along with this aim, Avanos and Kınık clays were added to raw glaze compositions, and this blend was applied to tablets made through the proportioned mixture of chamotte clay (fireclay), red earth pottery clay and casting clay. In addition to that, pure Avanos kaolin was added at the same amount to raw glaze composition instead of Avanos and Kınık clays and this composition was applied to the tablets as well, produced through the use of same clays in order to obtain comparative results. Furthermore, additional tests were conducted by adding Avanos and Kınık clays as iron-oxide source to the blend of aventurine glaze, glossy crackle glaze and transparent glaze. Glaze compositions applied to tabled were fired at 1050 Celsius degrees, and the effects were examined carefully in terms of glaze fit, compatibility between glaze and clay body, glaze colours, the degree of being matte and glossy and aesthetics. The results indicated that Avanos and Kınık clays, used as the pottery clay in the absence of pure kaolin, could be utilized as substitute of kaolin, and the addition of these clays to glaze compositions lead to small-scale colour changes and artistic effects.

Ceramic formula calculation, optimization and management is a very important part of the ceramic production process. Due to the diversity of the ceramic material chemical composition, to design and manage the ceramic glaze formula by manual method is very difficult. To address this problem, based on cloud services, a ceramic formula calculation and developed system is studied and development. In this paper, the optimization approach of ceramic formula, the function and key realizing technology of this system are introduced. This system has the function of intelligent calculation and comparison, in which the imported formula data can be automatically transformed into expression, then the ratio of Si:Al, the coefficient of expansion, the coefficient of acidity, start melting humidity, the melting temperature and the loss on ignition LOI can be calculated. The application of the system can greatly improve the efficiency of studding and developing ceramic formula and realize the intelligent management of the ceramic formula. In addition, the system can be extended to be used in other application fields, such as managing the formulation of cement and glass.

The perception of industrial waste has changed, in the last decades, from an economic and environmental problem to a potential raw material. In this work, the synthesis of a stable pigment was prepared by combining two hazardous and unexplored wastes: red mud (RM, rich in Fe) and electroplating sludge (ES, rich in Ni/Cr). The wastes were mixed in different proportions and calcined at 1200 °C. Black and brown pigments were obtained from the mixture of RM/ES in 1:3 and 1:1 wt proportions, respectively. The color was given by the chrome-iron-nickel spinels, based on Ni2+ 3T1g(3F) transitions (≈13,000 cm−1), Cr3+ 4A2g → 4T1g(4F) transitions (≈24,400 cm−1) and Fe3+ (≈15,000–≈22,500 cm−1). The achieved coloring strength and thermal stability on various ceramic glazes render excellent prospects for the industrial application of such waste-based pigments.

α-Cordierite glass ceramic was synthesised through crystallization of glass compacts made of milled glass frits. The effect of temperatures and colorants were studied. The crystal structure of α-cordierite was analysed using X-ray diffraction technique and Rietveld structural refinement method. Density, porosity and shrinkage analysis, Vickers hardness and SEM were also performed. The result revealed that at higher sintering temperatures, the properties of α-cordierite was getting better. Low apparent porosity level and high hardness dense α-cordierite was fabricated at temperature 1350oC. The low porosity level may lead to high thermal conductivity which suggested that cordierite was candidates for FIR therapy instrumemts.________________________________________________________________________

The study was focused on the performance of rutile addition in glaze composition for antibacterial application. Rutile powder in micro size (ξηзm) were added in the glaze composition at different weight percentage (5 wt%, 7 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%). Glazing was performed by dipping technique for 10 seconds. Glazed tile was then sintered at 1200 °C for 1 hour. Characterizations used to observe the properties of produced tiles were physical observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and modulus of rupture. Results show that cracking occurred in glazed tile which could be related to the viscosity of the glaze mixture during dipping. The relation between viscosity and the occurrence of crack depend on the amount of rutile The amount of crack appearance increases with increasing glaze viscosity. However, modulus of rupture increased when the tile was glazed.

Light green pigments based on Cr2O3, TiO2, Al2O3 and SiO2were prepared for reflective heat from solar radiation. The prepared pigment powders were mixed with ceramic glaze and sprayed onto ceramic substrates and then calcining accordance with ceramic processing for the reflectance measurement. The results show that the ceramic glaze 100 g mixed with the prepared pigment 5 g gives a maximum near infrared solar reflective of 70.94 %. The comparisons of performance test between prepared pigment and commercial green pigment that use for ceramic coating tile roof were covered two test boxes for temperature measurement. The results shown that the prepared pigment using make decrease the middle – room temperature less than commercial pigment using about 0.8 °C. It can be concluded that the prepared pigment is suitable to be used as a coating ceramic-based roofs for reducing the heat penetrating into the building.