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Objective: Candida albicans is an opportunistic and polymorphic fungal pathogen that affects mucosal membranes and squamous epithelia as well as being part of the normal human flora. Historically, there have been many botanical-based remedies used to treat fungal conditions, including C. albicans. This study examined the efficacy of both botanical tinctures and essential oils on the growth and morphological differentiation of C. albicans. Methods: The in vitro growth and differentiation of C. albicans was monitored following treatment with ethanol-based tinctures and essential oils prepared from several commonly used botanicals. Results: Results demonstrated that all ethanol-based botanical tinctures tested did not inhibit the growth of C. albicans, but several tinctures, including Marsdenia condurango, Juglans nigra (Black walnut), Anemopsis californica (Yerba mansa) and Piper cubeba (Cubeb berry), significantly reduced the morphological differentiation of the yeast into the invasive hyphae form. Alternatively, several botanical essential oils, including those from Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) and Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) had a dramatic effect on inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Conclusions: These results suggest that botanical tinctures commonly used in the treatment of C. albicans infections may act by blocking the differentiation of the yeast into a more virulent hyphal form while not affecting the growth rate. In comparison, therapeutic essential oils may target both the differentiation and growth rate of C. albicans. The results support that different active constituents are present in botanical tinctures as compared to oils thereby contributing to our understanding of how these botanicals may be effective therapeutics in the treatment of C. albicans infections.

RESUMEN. En muchos casos los rebosamientos de las estructuras de regulación de una red de alcantarillado en tiempo de lluvia originan problemas de contaminación que, a veces, impiden alcanzar los objetivos de calidad deseados para el medio receptor. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión bibliográfica de algunos métodos que, sin precisar una obra en la estructura de la red de saneamiento, permiten reducir la contaminación de las aguas del rebase. ABSTRACT. Overflows from regulatory structures in a sewer system in the rain season often cause pollution that affects the quality of the receiving waters. Some methods to reduce this pollution in overflow water without having to introduce modifications in the sanitary sewer system are examined in this paper.

We developed a consensus on best practice in the real-life management of patients with overactive bladder (OAB) with onabotulinumtoxin A (Onabot/A).In March 2015, an interdisciplinary conference was convened. Eleven panelists were invited to review the literature, to present their personal experience and to respond to a number of questions from: "when do we propose Onabot/A treatment" to "when do you decide to re-inject a patient?" A summary of findings of the meeting was provided to all panelists for review and approval.The following statements were agreed. Refractory OAB can be defined based on lack of adherence to first- and second-line treatments for OAB regardless of the underlying cause. Onabot/A treatment can be proposed to refractory OAB patients provided they are willing to perform intermittent catheterization if needed. Before treatment, uroflowmetry with post-void residual evaluation is needed to rule out voiding dysfunction, while urodynamics should be done in cases of complicated OAB wet. Urinary tract infection should be ruled out or treated before the injection. The injection can be performed in the endoscopy room, in an out-patient basis, with local anesthesia. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be initiated with oral drugs. A first follow-up visit should be planned 10-15 days after treatment and residual urine checked. Retreatment can be decided on patients' request, when symptoms worsen.This consensus document provides a guide for the management of refractory OAB patients with Onabot/A in real life. A number of questions about the effectiveness of Onabot/A in real life remain open.