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Background; By the classical meridian theory, acupuncture meridian is the channel through which Qi & Blood flows. And "When Qi moves, Blood follows". "When Qi stagnates, Blood congeals." Therefor Qi and Blood are inseparable, and the disease is treated by transmission and regulating of Qi & Blood. So then, what’s the essence of Qi & Blood?Objectives; The purpose of this study is to explain clinical-physiologically the essence of Qi & Blood. Methods; The nephrotic syndrome cure result by mineral and non-mineral pulse light stimuli on acupoints, were researched and analyzed contrast. And the classical meridian theory on Qi & Blood was analyzed. Results and discussion; Nephrotic syndrome was only treated by mineral pulse light stimuli on SP6, KI3 acupoints without any drug use, but was never treated by non-mineral pulse light stimuli. And Qi & Blood is inseparable. Conclusions; Qi & Blood transmitted into kidney along KI meridian course from SP6, KI3 acupoints at legs, is DNA-biophoton spectrum code inputted by mineral filter spectrum, and pulse ion current flowing into the primo vascular system. In a word, Qi & Blood is DNA-biophoton spectrum code (Qi) and pulse ion current (Blood) flowing into primo vascular system, the meridian’s substance.

Summary Local output of endothelial cell-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) appeared tomake a greater contribution to the low resistance of the fetal circulation of the human placenta perfused in vitro than did prostaglandins, such as prostacyclin. Whereas blockade of the effects of EDRF, using three drugs inhibiting EDRF by differing mechanisms, caused increased fetal vascular resistance, reduction of prostaglandin output using three drugs inhibiting various stages of prostaglandin biosynthesis did not. Concomitant EDRF release also appeared to be important for modulation of vasoconstrictor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine, endothelin-1, bradykinin, and angiotensin II and was more important than prostaglandin release for mediating the vasodilator effects of adenosine triphosphate. Reduced EDRF release, consequent to endothelial cell damage, could make an important contribution to the increased fetal placental vascular resistance associated with pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation.

An austenitic Fe30Mn1.2Al0.3C alloy has been investigated under tensile and total-strain controlled fatigue tests between room temperature and 77K. The alloy exhibits an elongation peak between room temperature and 77K. It was found that tensile elongation is not controlled by the total amount of deformation twinning, but rather the rate and temperature sensitivity of deformation twin formation. Total-strain-controlled fatigue tests show that the fatigue resistance of the Fe30Mn1.2Al0.3C alloy at 77K is superior to that at room temperature in the 102–104 cycles fatigue life range, although the monotonic tensile elongation at 77K is lower than that at room temperature. The enhancement of fatigue resistance at 77K is due both to an increased fatigue ductility coefficient, because of strain-induced deformation twins, and to increased strength. Increased formation of deformation twins during the fatigue test is responsible for the increased fatigue resistance at 77K.

The low temperature deformation behaviour of austenitic high manganese alloys has been investigated. The total elongations of high manganese alloys (Fe25Mn5Al5Ni0.3C and Fe30Mn5Al0.3C where the compositions are in weight per cent) increased with decreasing test temperature from room temperature (RT) to 77 K. This inverse elongation behaviour was attributed to the formation of strain-induced deformation twinning. On the contrary, the elongation of Fe27Mn binary alloy goes through a maximum between RT and 77 K owing to the higher rate of strain-induced formation of ϵ-martensite. A new model for the calculation of uniform elongation has been proposed for the case in which a diffusionless transformation occurs with strain. This model has been applied to calculate uniform elongation, and the calculated values were in good agreement with measured values.

We propose a new method for the optical implementation of the Hopfield neural network with a universal tool. The tool is a matrix grating constituted with a group of element gratings. The algorithms for designing a matrix grating are proposed, and a matrix grating is created to execute recognition experiments by use of the Hopfield neural network. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well. The stability of the light efficiencies of different optical components used in optical networks is also considered.

The kinetics of benzpyrene (BP) metabolism were examined in liver microsomes, and in accordance with the results of Hansen and Fouts [9] exhibited curvilinear Lineweaver-Burk plots. The problem was exacerbated in microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC-ms) treated rats. The Km for BP, measuring hydroxybenzpyrene (OHBP) appearance was about 0.3 μM in MC-treated adult rats and about 1.0 μM in untreated rats. These values were obtained using a substrate range of 0.2-2.0 μM benzpyrene, 20 μg of microsomal protein/ml and a 3 min assay time. With longer assay times and with higher microsomal protein concentrations curvilinear reciprocal plots were obtained. This was found to be due to a combination of three factors, namely non-specific binding of BP to the microsomes, rapid depletion of substrate, and further metabolism of hydroxy products. At 100 μg microsomal protein/ml about 50% of added BP was non-specifically bound to the microsomes in the range of 0.2-2.0 μM BP. Addition of albumin to the medium (1 mg/ml) greatly enhanced the BP hydroxylase activity but only slightly increased the amount of BP remaining in the medium after sedimentation of the microsomes by centrifugation. 3-OHBP, one of the phenolic products of BP metabolism was found to be metabolized to a non-fluorescent product(s); the Km for this compound was similar to that for BP. Differences were seen in the Vmax rates of BP disappearance and OHBP appearance. Disappearance of BP is several fold faster than OHBP appearance and has a larger Km. The latter may be due to the need to use higher amounts of protein and to allow depletion of enough substrate to make measurements significantly reproducible or the higher Km may reflect a composite value for different routes of BP metabolism.

Osmotic water flow through membranes with uniform defined pores was measured for a variety of macromolecular solutes. Water flow increased linearly with applied hydrostatic pressure, allowing the effective osmotic pressure of the solutes to be estimated by extrapolation. Reflection coefficients for each solute-membrane combination were calculated and correlated with the ratio of solute size to pore size. For the same mean molecular size, proteins were found to have larger reflection coefficients than dextrans. Molecular rigidity may play a role in this difference in behavior.

A graphical method of determining the Michaelis-Menten constant free of the external mass transfer resistance for a packed bed immobilized enzyme system was illustrated with examples from 3 different enzyme reactions. The intercept at the ordinate obtained by the straight line extrapolation of data points in the plot of apparent Km value vs. the reciprocal of superficial velocity in column allowed an easy calculation of Km free of external mass transfer resistance. An asymptotic value of apparent Km value at infinite zero superficial velocity was ascribed to the fact that the mass transfer coefficient kL, approached a definite value at this condition.

The whole cell ofHumicola spp. ATCC 20620 with rifamycin oxidase activity was immobilized by copolymerization with acrylamide. The whole cell was defatted by treatment with acetone to reduce the diffusional resistance through the cell membrane. The recovery of enzyme activity after the immobilization step was about 50%. The acetone-defatted cell showed the maximum activity at pH 7.5 for both free and the immobilized forms. No appreciable activity loss could be detected when stored at 4 °C and pH 7.8 for one month, while the half life at 40 °C and pH 8 was decreased to about 8 days. The apparent Km values of rifamycin oxidase for the free and immobilized acetonedefatted cells were 0.3mM and 0.6mM, respectively. The enzyme demonstrated substrate inhibition, but the degree of substrate inhibition was different between two forms of the enzyme preparation. A complete substrate inhibition was observed for the immobilized cell, whereas the enzyme activity was partially inhibited at high substrate concentration in the acetone-defatted cells.

A theoretical model equation was derived to find the correlation between the conversion and the amount of immobilized penicillin amidase in column. The theoretical values of the conversion were predicted form this correlation and compared with experimental results. It was observed in a column reactor that the pH drop along the column path was linear versus the enzyme loading and that the enzyme activity was also linearly dependent on pH up to 8.0. In order to diminish the effect of pH drop, a continuous two-stage plug-flow reactor (PFR) with pH adjustment between the two columns was used was used in the experiments, and two- and three-stage PFRs were simulated by computer. In the case of the two-stage PFR, the maximum productivity was demonstrated experimentally and theoretically as well. when an equal amount of the immobilized enzyme was packed in both columns. It was also predicted in the tree-stage PFR system that the optimal distributions of enzyme loading in three columns were found to be 1:1:1. It was demonstrated that the increased number of reactors in series could enhance the level of the maximum productivity with a given amount of enzyme loading.

The effect of external mass transfer resistance on the overall reaction rate of the immobilized whole cell penicillin amidase of E. coli in a recirculation batch reactor was investigated. The internal diffusional resistance was found negligible as indicated by the value of effectiveness factor, 0.95. The local environmental change in a column due to the pH drop was successfully overcome by employing buffer solution. The reaction rate was measured by pH-stat method and was found to follow the simple Michaelis-Menten law at the initial stage of the reaction. The values of the net reaction rate experimentally determined were used to calculate the substrate concentration at the external surface of the catalyst pellet and then to calculate the mass transfer coefficient, k(L), at various flow rates and substrate concentrations. The correlation proposed by Chilton and Colburn represented adequately the experimental data. The linear change of log j(D) at low log N(Re) with negative slope was ascribed to the fact that the external mass transfer approached the state of pure diffusion in the limit of zero superficial velocity.

QC 20160512

Birnbaum (2011, 2012) questioned the iid (independent and identically distributed) sampling assumptions used by state-of-the-art statistical tests in Regenwetter, Dana and Davis-Stober’s (2010, 2011) analysis of the “linear order model”. Birnbaum (2012) cited, but did not use, a test of iid by Smith and Batchelder (2008) with analytically known properties. Instead, he created two new test statistics with unknown sampling distributions.Our rebuttal has five components: 1) We demonstrate that the Regenwetter et al. data pass Smith and Batchelder’s test of iid with flying colors. 2) We provide evidence from Monte Carlo simulations that Birnbaum’s (2012) proposed tests have unknown Type-I error rates, which depend on the actual choice probabilities and on how data are coded as well as on the null hypothesis of iid sampling. 3) Birnbaum analyzed only a third of Regenwetter et al.’s data. We show that his two new tests fail to replicate on the other two-thirds of the data, within participants. 4) Birnbaum selectively picked data of one respondent to suggest that choice probabilities may have changed partway into the experiment. Such nonstationarity could potentially cause a seemingly good fit to be a Type-II error. We show that the linear order model fits equally well if we allow for warm-up effects. 5) Using hypothetical data, Birnbaum (2012) claimed to show that “true-and-error” models for binary pattern probabilities overcome the alleged short-comings of Regenwetter et al.’s approach. We disprove this claim on the same data.