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An innovative approach of high hydrostatic pressure was used to prepare lotus seed amylose-fatty acid complexes. The objective of this study was to investigate their structure and thermal properties. WAXD pattern of amylose changed from B-type to B- and V6-type hybrid polymorphs, and its relative crystallinity increased upon the addition of fatty acids. Carboxyl group observed by FTIR indicates the formation of complexes. SAXS was performed to measure the lamellar structure of complexes. The complexes were more compact and had lower amounts of amorphous regions compared with amylose controls. Entrapped fatty acids, higher melting temperature, and enthalpy change of complexes but not of the controls were detected by DSC. The distribution of fatty acid molecules in the complex matrix was estimated through NMR. Under different pressures, the complexes exhibited dissimilar characteristics with the increase in aliphatic chain length, as observed by WAXD, FTIR, DSC and NMR.

This paper presents an innovative approach using high hydrostatic pressure to prepare lotus seed amylose-long-chain fatty acid (stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) complexes. The aim of this work was to investigate the spherocrystal structure and distribution of fatty acid within complexes. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction diffractograms indicated the presence of typical V6-type polymorphs and B-type non-complexed amylose. The V6-type complexes were further confirmed as V6III polymorph from nuclear magnetic resonance. The degree of crystallinity and the complex index value decreased as the preparation pressure of the complexes increased, and the amylose-oleic acid complexes exhibited the highest relative crystallinity and complex index value in all of the conditions. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicated a larger proportion of crystalline and more compact structure within complexes than that of lotus seed amylose. The morphology of complexes with the spherulite form was determined from scanning electron microscopy images, and the distribution of fatty acid molecules within the spherulites of complexes was estimated using nuclear magnetic resonance, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The results demonstrated that the fatty acids were within and between the amylose helix, and they were also trapped inside the amorphous lamellae of the complexes. This work provides an in-depth study of the spherocrystal structure within lotus seed amylose-long-chain fatty acid complexes and proposes a new model for spherulites.

peer-reviewed Starch-lipid complexes were prepared using lotus seed starch (LS) and glycerin monostearate (GMS) via a high-pressure homogenization process, and the effect of high pressure homogenization (HPH) on the slow digestion properties of LS-GMS was investigated. The digestion profiles showed HPH treatment reduced the digestive rate of LS-GMS, and the extent of this change was dependent on homogenized pressure. Scanning electron microscopy displayed HPH treatment change the morphology of LS-GMS, with high pressure producing more compact block-shape structure to resist enzyme digestion. The results of Gel-permeation chromatography and Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed high homogenization pressure impacted molecular weight distribution and semi-crystalline region of complexes, resulting in the formation of new semi-crystalline with repeat unit distance of 16–18 nm and molecular weight distribution of 2.50–2.80 × 105 Da, which displayed strong enzymatic resistance. Differential scanning calorimeter results revealed new semi-crystalline lamellar may originate from type-II complexes that exhibited a high transition temperature.

peer-reviewed Starch–lipid complexes were prepared using lotus seed starch (LS) and glycerin monostearate (GMS) via a high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process, and the effect of HPH on the paste structure and rheological properties of LS–GMS was investigated. Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) profiles showed that HPH treatment inhibited the formation of the second viscosity peak of the LS–GMS paste, and the extent of this change was dependent on the level of homogenized pressure. Analysis of the size-exclusion chromatography, light microscopy, and low-field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results revealed that high homogenized pressure (70–100 MPa) decreased molecular weight and size by degrading the branch structure of amylopectin; however, intact LS–GMS granules can optimize the network structure by filler–matrix interaction, which causes free water to transition into immobile water in the starch paste. The steady-shear results showed that the LS–GMS pastes presented non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior, with higher homogenized pressure producing a smaller hysteresis loop area. During the oscillation process, the LS–GMS pastes prepared at 100 MPa exhibited the lowest loss tangent values in all the complexes, indicating a stronger resistance to vibration.

Lotus seed amylose-fatty acid complexes were prepared using high hydrostatic pressure and the relationship between their structural properties and digestibility was investigated. The formation of lotus seed amylose-fatty acid complexes increased the values of weight molar mass (Mw), number molar mass (Mn), polydispersity index and resistant starch content compared to those of amylose controls. Mw and Mn values of lotus seed amylose and complexes decreased with an increase in high hydrostatic pressure from 500 MPa to 600 MPa, suggesting that the lotus seed amylose was decomposed into short glucan chains. The presence of single helical lotus seed amylose-fatty acid complexes and double helical retrograded amylose was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and imaging. The results from Raman spectra and in vitro digestion showed that the content of both single helical LSA-fatty acid complexes and double helical retrograded LSA were responsible for digestibility of the complex matrix.

Waverider configuration has been studied intensively since the concept was introduced by Nonweiler in 1959. Waverider is believed to be the ideal hypersonic vehicle configuration due to its high lift-todrag ratio characteristics. However, application of waverider configuration in practical vehicles has yet to be seen. A waverider vehicle was developed as a flight test demonstrator for practical waverider configuration. One of the main purposes of the flight test project is to demonstrate the feasibility of waverider configuration in practical hypersonic applications. The demonstrator was boosted by a solid rocket to hypersonic speed. When the preset flight test window conditions were meet, the demonstrator was released to free flight after the cowling ejection and stage separation. The demonstrator then performed a predesigned flight trajectory with its automated control system. A reliable and accurate aerodynamic database is the key to ensure the demonstrator flies along the predesigned trajectory. In this paper the methodology of the establishment of the aerodynamic database of the waverider vehicle is introduced. The aerodynamic data was mainly obtained with CFD simulations. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted at selected conditions for the validation of the CFD data. Post-fly data analysis was conducted and the analysis results show that the real flight data falls within the uncertainty band given by the aerodynamic database.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of microwave irradiation on the physicochemical and digestive properties of lotus seed starch. The physicochemical properties of lotus seed starch were characterized by light microscopy, (1)H NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and HPSEC-MALLS-RI. The starch-water interaction and crystalline region increased due to the changed water distribution of starch granules and the increase of the double-helix structure. The swelling power, amylose leaching, molecular properties, and radius of gyration reduced with the increasing microwave power, which further affected the sensitivity of lotus seed starch to enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the resistant starch and slowly digestible starch increased with the increasing microwave irradiation, which further resulted in their decreasing hydrolysis index and glycemic index. The digestive properties of lotus seed starch were mainly influenced by the reduced branching degree of amylopectin and the strong amylose-amylose interaction.

This paper presents a new kind of aerodynamic shape for reentry capsule, called spherical cap cubic curve segment(SCCS) shape, which is modeled by replacing the reversing cone segment of the traditional spherical cap segment-reversing cone(SCSC) shape with a more various cubic curve segment, however the spherical cap section is retained. In the assumed allowable axial range of centroid under a designed Mach number, a multi-point/objective design optimization mathematical programming model was established against aerodynamic static longitudinal stability characteristics, hypersonic lift-to-drag ratio characteristics under trim angle of attack and off-set location placement of gravity center for the above reentry capsule. Then the aerodynamic design optimization problem of the proposed reentry capsule was investigated through multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA) combined numeric parallel field simulation methods, and finally the optimal Pareto front was given. Comparing with the results of the SCSC shape in the literature[1], it shows that the optimal Pareto front of the current cubic curve shape has a wider distribution range relative to the counterparts of the segment-reversing cone shape, however both are relatively close in the overlapping area.

Aerodynamic configuration of the capsule for manned re-entry at the second cosmic speed requires a relatively higher lift-to-drag ratio compared to the configuration for manned re-entry at the first cosmic speed. The present capsule configurations with high lift-to-drag ratio, for instance, the Apollo and the Orion, have secondary statically stable trim points, which is highly undesirable since it would cause disastrous result once the vehicle flies at the secondary trim point during re-entry. In the present study, effective design methodology for improving the monostability characteristics of re-entry capsules without compromising the lift-to-drag ratio is revealed based on flow field characteristics analysis. As a result, aerodynamic configuration design of a capsule with high lift-to-drag ratio and monostable characteristics is proposed. And the aerodynamic characteristics of the capsule ranging from subsonic to hypersonic speed are predicted by numerical simulations.

Numerical simulation and analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of Soyuz ablation shape is carried out in this paper for the adverse influence coming from recession. The result indicates that the shape change caused by the recession will increase absolute value of trim angle of attack and trim lift-drag ratio. The conclusion offers reference for the aerodynamic layout design and improve of the Soyuz re-entry capsule.

The organic compounds of p-nitrophenol (PNP) solution was treated by the active species generated in a stirred reactor by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The emission intensities of hydroxyl (OH), oxygen (O), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen (H) and molecular (N2) were measured by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The relations between the flow rates of the PNP solution and degradation, the degradation effects and initial pH value of the solution were also investigated. Experimental results show that there exist intense emissions of O (777.1 nm), N2 (337.1 nm), OH (306–310 nm) and NO band (200–290 nm) in the region of plasma. Given the treatment time and gas flow rate, the degradation increased as a function of discharge energy and solution flow rate, respectively. The solution flow rate for the most efficient degradation ranged from 1.414 m/s to 1.702 m/s, and contributed very little when it exceeded 2.199 m/s. This indicates the existence of diffusion-controlled reactions at a low solution flow rate and activation-controlled reactions at a high solution flow rate. Moreover, increasing or decreasing the initial pH value of neutral PNP solution (pH=5.95) could improve the degradation efficiency. Treated by APPJ, the PNP solutions with different initial pH values of 5.95, 7.47 and 2.78 turned more acidic in the end, while the neutral solution had the lowest degradation efficiency. This work clearly demonstrates the close coupling of active species, photolysis of ultraviolet, the organic solution flow rate and the initial pH value, and thus is helpful in the study of the mechanism and application of plasma in wastewater treatment.

The characteristics of the electrical matching are the key issues for the applications of the power piezoelectric transducer. This paper proposed a method to evaluate the electrical mismatch between the transducer and the driving signal source, which used an electrical matching circuit with the combination of both the transformer and inductance-capacitance. The characteristics of the electrical matching circuit have been carefully examined by the effects of series inductor, total power and operating frequency on the reflected power. The results show that the designed circuit has a good suitability with changing the value of the series inductor. Moreover, the actual center frequency of the transducer is lower than the tested resonance frequency (50.18 kHz), and it declined from 49.20 kHz to 48.93 kHz with increasing the total power from 8 W to 40 W. The results demonstrate the closely relationships of the reflected power with the series inductor, total power, and operating frequency. This work can provide an experimental reference for applications of the electrical matching circuit for power piezoelectric transducer.

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors excited by high voltage source working with power density modulation (PDM) have widely used in their industrial applications. For the high efficiency discharge, it is necessary to investigate the variation law of the photoelectric characteristics. In this paper, a volume diffuse DBD is established by means of parallel-plate electrodes. The methods of both the electrical parameter and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) are used to diagnose the electrical and optical parameters of the self-designed DBD cell under various discharge conditions. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency ratios (EERs) of quantum yield of active species in DBD is examined by OES. We deduce a series of formulas to calculate the consumed energy of the reactor by Lissajous figures. Using these formulas, the energy of an applied cycle and the energy consumed in a certain period of time can be obtained. The EERs of quantum yield and the conversion efficiency are not a liner trend with the change of applied voltage and energy. Only increasing the applied energy or voltage will not improve quantum efficiency, when discharge reaches a condition, the production of the active species will reached best value. The diagnostic methods used in the experiment can effectively measure the photoelectric properties of DBD.

Ultrasonic detection technology has many advantages with fast, non-contact, non-destruction, and so on. Especially, it has been widely used in the field of non-destructive detection. In this paper, a circuit system for single ultrasonic detection sensor was proposed, which can be used to measure the distance with non-contact. The circuit system included the input and output unit, signal generation and echo acquisition unit, echo amplification unit, and time-out reset and the self-locking unit. With the frequency as 170.0 kHz of the ultrasonic sensor, the detection system can accurately measure the distance in air with the error rate less than 4.60 %% in the range of2000.00 mm, and the uncertainty less than ±1.71mm in the range of 1000.00 mm. The ultrasonic detection system can accurately measure the distance with non-destructive and non-contact, and it can provide the references for other applications of ultrasonic sensor.

Waverider design methodology was developed based on shock-fitting numerical simulation technique. Most commonly, a waverider is defined as an aerodynamic configuration that is inversely created from a prescribed hypersonic flow field based on a planar or conical shock wave. In this work, the prescribed shock wave is numerically created from an arbitrary configuration using shock-fitting method. Several types of shapes, including sharp cone, elliptic cone, and double-sweep body, are used as the shock-generating configuration to obtain waverider configurations with different types of geometric and aerodynamic feature. Correlation of the longitudinal section, cross section, and leading edge feature between the waverider configuration and its corresponding Shock Generating Body (SGB) configuration are analyzed. Analysis results shows that waveriders with different type of geometric and aerodynamic feature can be designed using the appropriate SGB configurations, which indicates that the proposed waverider design methodology is a promising approach for designing waverider vehicles with better geometric and aerodynamic features comparing to traditional waverider design method.

Underwater pulsed discharge is widely applied in medicine, machining, and material modification. The induced cavitation bubble and subsequent cavitation collapse are considered the major motivations behind these applications. This paper presents an underwater pulsed discharge system. The experimental setup is established to induce and investigate the cavitation bubble assisted with a high-speed camera. Three aspects, including the characteristic of the discharge with different applied voltages and conductivities, the evolution of the cavitation bubble profile, and the energy efficiency of cavitation bubble inducing, are investigated, respectively. Especially, the mechanism of pre-discharge time delay in the low field intensity case is explained using the Joule heat effect. The results show the validity of the underwater pulsed discharger and experimental setup. The present underwater pulsed discharger is proved to be a simple, portable, and easy-to-implement device for the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics.

Starch-lipid complexes were prepared using lotus seed starch (LS) and glycerin monostearate (GMS) via a high pressure homogenization (HPH) process, and the effect of HPH on the physicochemical properties of LS-GMS complexes was investigated. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and complex index analysis showed that LS-GMS complexes were formed at 40MPa by HPH and the complex index increased with the increase of homogenization pressure. Scanning electron microscopy displayed LS-GMS complexes present more nest-shape structure with increasing homogenization pressure. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that V-type crystalline polymorph was formed between LS and GMS, with higher homogenization pressure producing an increasingly stable complex. LS-GMS complex inhibited starch granules swelling, solubility and pasting development, which further reduced peak and breakdown viscosity. During storage, LS-GMS complexes prepared by 70-100MPa had higher Avrami exponent values and lower recrystallization rates compared with native starch, which suggested a lower retrogradation trendency.

In this paper, a novel ultrasonic combination is proposed to degrade p-Nitro-phenol (PNP). The combination of two beams of ultrasonic wave, which are vertical to each other, generalized from ultrasonic transducers used in ozone environment. Since the ultrasonic field is enhanced by two beams of vertical ultrasonic waves, the degradation of PNP can be improved via the increasing hydroxyl generation. Experiment shows that the degradation is do better than that of the traditional simple ultrasonic transducers in the same electronic power.

In the present work, the effect of different parameters such as the frequency of irradiation, gas species in a bubble and its cavitation intensity (the key factor affecting the advanced oxidative process) have been studied with numerical solutions. Simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics have been made for harmonic and ultra-harmonic coupling of two ultrasound waves within the frequency range of 20kHz-200kHz with the interval of 20kHz. The results show that the cavitation intensity reduces gradually with the increase of frequency, the peak temperature reached in a cavitation bubble at transient collapse is influenced by the gas species, and in a dual-frequency ultrasonic field, the cavitational activity reaches to its maximum when the two frequency have the same value of 20kHz.

The electrical parameter method and computer data processing based on Lissajous figures were used to investigate the characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), analyze the discharge voltage-current waveform, and evaluate the discharge energy under different discharge power. Meanwhile, the efficiency energy ratio of quantum yield for active substance in DBD was examined by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The results demonstrate that the discharge voltage-current waveform, discharge energy, equivalent capacitance of the discharge gap and the dielectric layer of DBD can be obtained quickly. The discharge energy and equivalent capacitance both increased, and the dielectric capacitance decreased with increasing input power of high voltage power supply. Additionally, the quantum yield of active substance in DBD is a function related to discharge energy.

Time-delay is a key electrical parameter of the electronic circuitry or devices, and the measurement of time-delay is significant. This paper proposed a measurement method of phase time-delay. In this method, a direct digital synthesis (DDS) was used to generate a standard sinusoidal signal, and a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) was used as the high speed time counter. The sinusoidal signal was processed by waveform adjustment and had passed through zero crossing comparator previously. The standard sinusoidal signal was input into the device under test (DUT) and the trigger port of the high speed time counter at the same time. The time-delay of DUT was obtained when the time-delay output signal was used as the stop signal of high speed time counter. The system was controlled by a MCU. The conversion amplifiers of single-ended to differential and differential to single-ended were used as the time parameter and polarity adjusting unit of the standard sinusoidal signal separately. The test results for the time-delay of this system showed the range from 0 to 650 us and the resolution with 0.01 us. This equipment can be applied widely in many signal circuit, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL) separator and a MODEM.

Electric discharge in water can accompany UV radiation and electron impact, and can generate oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Here, a non-thermal plasma processing system was established by means of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) arrays in water mist spray. The yield of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and nitrite nitrogen (NO x ) were both enhanced after discharge in water. The effects of water-air flow ratio, discharge time and high voltage power were investigated. The intensities in the ultraviolet region were measured by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) with different power input and moisture content. Experimental results show that there exist intense emissions of OH (309–317.8 nm), O+ (372.3, 375.1, 394.7, 397.6 nm), N 2 (335.5, 352.1 nm), and NO (296, 357.7, 378.9 nm) in the plasma and the intensity increases with both increasing input power and moisture. The concentration of H 2 O 2 , O 3 and NO x was measured after discharge. The yield of H 2 O 2 , O 3 and NO x in water and O 3 and NO 2 in DBD changed as a function of water-air flow ratio and treatment time. For same treatment time, the yield of O 3 and NO 2 in the DBD increased initially and then decreased with increasing water-air flow ratio, and the yield of H 2 O 2 , O 3 and NO x in water decreased slowly with increasing water-air flow ratio. For same water-air flow ratio, the yield of O 3 and NO x in water increases initially then remains constant with increasing treatment time; the yield of H 2 O 2 in water increases significantly and sustained with increasing treatment time, and the pH value of treated water slightly decreases with increasing treatment time. The experimental results were fully analyzed by the chemical reaction equations and commented by the physical principles as much as possible. Finally, the water containing phenol was tested in this system. The degradation rate came to 86% in 30 min.