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Small molecule inhibitors of calcium-dependent proteases, calpains (CAPNs), protect against neurodegeneration induced by a variety of insults including excitotoxicity and spinal cord injury (SCI). Many of these compounds, however, also inhibit other proteases, which has made it difficult to evaluate the contribution of calpains to neurodegeneration. Calpastatin is a highly specific endogenous inhibitor of classical calpains, including CAPN1 and CAPN2. In the present study, we utilized transgenic mice that overexpress human calpastatin under the prion promoter (PrP-hCAST) to evaluate the hypothesis that calpastatin overexpression protects against excitotoxic hippocampal injury and contusive SCI. The PrP-hCAST organotypic hippocampal slice cultures showed reduced neuronal death and reduced calpain-dependent proteolysis (α-spectrin breakdown production, 145 kDa) at 24 h after N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) injury compared with the wild-type (WT) cultures (n = 5, p

Microglia/astrocyte and B cell neuroimmune responses are major contributors to the neurological deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) activation mechanistically links these neuroimmune mechanisms. Our objective is to use Ibrutinib, an FDA-approved BTK inhibitor, to inhibit the neuroimmune cascade thereby improving locomotor recovery after SCI. Rat models of contusive SCI, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining imaging, flow cytometry analysis, histological staining, and behavioral assessment were used to evaluate BTK activity, neuroimmune cascades, and functional outcomes. Both BTK expression and phosphorylation were increased at the lesion site at 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after SCI. Ibrutinib treatment (6 mg/kg/day, IP, starting 3 h post-injury for 7 or 14 days) reduced BTK activation and total BTK levels, attenuated the injury-induced elevations in Iba1, GFAP, CD138, and IgG at 7 or 14 days post-injury without reduction in CD45RA B cells, improved locomotor function (BBB scores), and resulted in a significant reduction in lesion volume and significant improvement in tissue-sparing 11 weeks post-injury. These results indicate that Ibrutinib exhibits neuroprotective effects by blocking excessive neuroimmune responses through BTK-mediated microglia/astroglial activation and B cell/antibody response in rat models of SCI. These data identify BTK as a potential therapeutic target for SCI.

Zhu, Xiao-Yu, Chen, Guang-Yu, Román-Palacios, Cristian, Li, Zheng, He, Zhu-Qing (2020): Goniurosaurus gezhi sp. nov., a new gecko species from Guangxi, China (Squamata: Eublepharidae). Zootaxa 4852 (2): 211-222, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4852.2.6

2.3 V. pieli monotonia He subsp. nov. (Fig. 3A, Fig. 4A, Fig. 5A) Holotype: male, CHINA, Fujian, Wuyishan, 13-viii-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 2 males, CHINA, Guangdong, Shenzhen, 21-x-2016, coll. ZHANG Tao. Male. This species is very similar to V. pieli pieli . There is some variation in forewings between the Fujian individual (Holotype) and Guangdong individuals (Paratypes), such as chords and dividing veins. However, these characters also exist in V. pieli pieli and V. dulcis. Thus songs, COI genes and geographic information should be considered integratively, instead of only morphology. Genitalia: similar to above species, but ectoparemere elongated and bifurcated at apex (Fig. 4A). Female. Unknown. Measurements (in mm). Male: body length (to forewing) 18.14���20.65, pronotum length 3.12���3.33, forewing length 13.87���15.70, hind femur length 13.80���15.44. Songs. The oscillograms of V. pieli monotonia are similar to that of V. pieli pieli, but the pulse number is much more (Fig. 5A)., Published as part of Tian, Di, Shen, Chu-Ze, Chen, Lin, Chen, Guang-Yu, Zhang, Tao, Li, Kai & He, Zhu-Qing, 2019, An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae), pp. 67-75 in Zootaxa 4695 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4695.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3530125

2.1 Vescelia dulcis He sp. nov. (Fig. 3C, Fig. 4C, Fig. 5C) Holotype: male, CHINA, Hainan, Wuzhishan, 23-iii-2019, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 2 females, same data as Holotype. 2 males, 1 female, 1 nymph, CHINA, Hainan, Wuzhishan, 7-viii-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. 1 female & 1 nymph, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, 9-viii-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 1 male, CHINA, Hainan, Qiongzhong, Limushan, 5-viii-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 3 nymphs, CHINA, Hainan, Baoting, Xian'an, 22-iii-2019, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 2 nymphs, CHINA, Hainan, Sanya, Baolong, 21-iii-2019, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Male. Very similar to V. pieli pieli or V. pieli monotonia (Fig. 3). Head: small, frontal rostrum forward convex and pubescent, three ocelli arranged as a triangle, maxillary palpi with 1st and 2nd joints short as moniliform, but 3rd–5th joints long. Pronotum: transverse and pubescent, anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight (middle arched and lateral parts angled), forewing with seven oblique veins, mirror large with two dividing veins, the upper one wave-shape and lower one curved, apical field as long as 2/3 mirror in vertical length, lateral field wide and inwards folded, hind wings almost as long as forewing; legs long, tympanum on both sides of tibiae with inner one slightly larger, 4 pairs of dorsal spurs on hind tibiae, three inner apical spurs long (upper one longest) and three outer spurs short (middle one longest), length of the first tarsal segment little longer than the second and the third tarsal segment. Abdomen: small and totally covered by forewing, cerci long and straight. Genitalia: Guiding rod short, not exceeding the tip of epiphallic lateral lobes, ectoparemere elongated and obtuse at inner side of apex. (Fig. 4C). Female. Similar to male, veins on dorsal field of forewing parallel with cross vein, hindwing longer than forewing, ovipositor straight, as long as hindwing, teeth on ventral side of apical part. Coloration. Body brown, head brown with six black lines on dorsal side. The inner pairs of lines bifurcated from the middle to the apical. 1st and 2nd joints of antenna white with black spots, other segments brown. Pronotum and wings brown, legs yellow with black and white alternated, cerci yellow (Fig. 3C). Etymology. dulcis is in reference to the crickets’ beautiful songs. Because it is perceived as pleasant compared with that of V. pieli pieli, (See differences in songs below.) Measurements (in mm). Male: body length (to forewing) 17.06–19.35, pronotum length 2.84–3.12, forewing length 13.87–14.39, hind femur length 12.78–14.62. Female: body length (to forewing) 17.21–17.51, pronotum length 2.97–3.01, forewing length 13.81–13.99, hind femur length 13.85–14.46, ovipositor length 6.92–7.07. Songs. The calling songs of V. pieli pieli and V. dulcis are similar (see details in Table 2), but there is a single pulse at first with longer interval and following same narrower interval pulses. While in V. pieli pieli, intervals between pulses are nearly same (Fig. 5B&C).

genus Vescelia St��l, 1877 Type species: Vescelia infumata St��l, 1877, Published as part of Tian, Di, Shen, Chu-Ze, Chen, Lin, Chen, Guang-Yu, Zhang, Tao, Li, Kai & He, Zhu-Qing, 2019, An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae), pp. 67-75 in Zootaxa 4695 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4695.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3530125

Tian, Di, Shen, Chu-Ze, Chen, Lin, Chen, Guang-Yu, Zhang, Tao, Li, Kai, He, Zhu-Qing (2019): An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae). Zootaxa 4695 (1): 67-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4695.1.5

2.1 Vescelia dulcis He sp. nov. (Fig. 3C, Fig. 4C, Fig. 5C) Holotype: male, CHINA, Hainan, Wuzhishan, 23-iii-2019, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 2 females, same data as Holotype. 2 males, 1 female, 1 nymph, CHINA, Hainan, Wuzhishan, 7-viii-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. 1 female & 1 nymph, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, 9-viii-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 1 male, CHINA, Hainan, Qiongzhong, Limushan, 5-viii-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 3 nymphs, CHINA, Hainan, Baoting, Xian'an, 22-iii-2019, coll. He Zhu-Qing. 2 nymphs, CHINA, Hainan, Sanya, Baolong, 21-iii-2019, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Male. Very similar to V. pieli pieli or V. pieli monotonia (Fig. 3). Head: small, frontal rostrum forward convex and pubescent, three ocelli arranged as a triangle, maxillary palpi with 1st and 2nd joints short as moniliform, but 3rd���5th joints long. Pronotum: transverse and pubescent, anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight (middle arched and lateral parts angled), forewing with seven oblique veins, mirror large with two dividing veins, the upper one wave-shape and lower one curved, apical field as long as 2/3 mirror in vertical length, lateral field wide and inwards folded, hind wings almost as long as forewing; legs long, tympanum on both sides of tibiae with inner one slightly larger, 4 pairs of dorsal spurs on hind tibiae, three inner apical spurs long (upper one longest) and three outer spurs short (middle one longest), length of the first tarsal segment little longer than the second and the third tarsal segment. Abdomen: small and totally covered by forewing, cerci long and straight. Genitalia: Guiding rod short, not exceeding the tip of epiphallic lateral lobes, ectoparemere elongated and obtuse at inner side of apex. (Fig. 4C). Female. Similar to male, veins on dorsal field of forewing parallel with cross vein, hindwing longer than forewing, ovipositor straight, as long as hindwing, teeth on ventral side of apical part. Coloration. Body brown, head brown with six black lines on dorsal side. The inner pairs of lines bifurcated from the middle to the apical. 1st and 2nd joints of antenna white with black spots, other segments brown. Pronotum and wings brown, legs yellow with black and white alternated, cerci yellow (Fig. 3C). Etymology. dulcis is in reference to the crickets��� beautiful songs. Because it is perceived as pleasant compared with that of V. pieli pieli, (See differences in songs below.) Measurements (in mm). Male: body length (to forewing) 17.06���19.35, pronotum length 2.84���3.12, forewing length 13.87���14.39, hind femur length 12.78���14.62. Female: body length (to forewing) 17.21���17.51, pronotum length 2.97���3.01, forewing length 13.81���13.99, hind femur length 13.85���14.46, ovipositor length 6.92���7.07. Songs. The calling songs of V. pieli pieli and V. dulcis are similar (see details in Table 2), but there is a single pulse at first with longer interval and following same narrower interval pulses. While in V. pieli pieli, intervals between pulses are nearly same (Fig. 5B&C)., Published as part of Tian, Di, Shen, Chu-Ze, Chen, Lin, Chen, Guang-Yu, Zhang, Tao, Li, Kai & He, Zhu-Qing, 2019, An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae), pp. 67-75 in Zootaxa 4695 (1) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4695.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3530125

Genus Neophaloria He gen. nov. Type species: Neophaloria dianxiensis He, here designated Included species: type species only Typical appearance of this subfamily. Body flat, form “lute-like” (Fig. 2 B–D). Head small with obvious frontal rostrum, first joint of antennae large, as wide as frontal rostrum; pronotum transverse, little wide in posterior margin, forewing large with mirror. Male genitalia (Fig. 3): ovoid, length:width=1.69, sclerotization weak; rachi (=guiding rod) large and translucent, longer than epiphallus, little widened and bifurcated at apical part; epiphallic lateral lobes highly sclerotized, thin and long but not over rachi, the apical part upwards and inwards curved under rachi; ectoparameres with two highly sclerotized short lobes, lobes also under rachi and inwards curved; rami fused with each other in anterior part of genitalia. This new genus differs from Trellius in its short epiphallic lateral lobes and large rachi, and differs from genus Vescelia in its short ectoparameres.

Neophaloria dianxiensis He sp. nov. Holotype: male, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, Yingjiang, Nabang, 24-iv-2018, nymph, coll. He Zhu-Qing, emergence in v- 2018. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as holotype; 1 male & 1 female, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, Ruili, Moli, 26-iv-2018, nymph, coll. He Zhu-Qing, emergence in v-2018. Description. Male. Head: small, frontal rostrum obviously forward convex, three ocelli oval and same in size, arranged as a triangle, maxillary palpi normal with 3rd–5th joints long. Pronotum: transverse and pubescent, anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight (middle arced and lateral parts angled), forewing with five oblique veins, mirror large with two dividing veins, the upper one straight and lower one curved, apical field nearly as long as mirror in vertical, lateral field wide and inwards folded, hind wings almost as long as forewing; legs long, tympanum on both sides of tibiae with outer one little smaller, 4 pairs of dorsal spurs on hind tibiae, three inner apical spurs long (upper one longest) and three outer spurs short (middle one longest), length of the first tarsal segment as long as the second and the third tarsal segment. Abdomen: small and totally covered by forewing, cerci long and straight. Genitalia: see the description of the genus character. Female. Similar to male, veins on dorsal field of forewing parallel, with cross vein equably distributed, ovipositor straight, longer than forewing, and little upwards curved, teeth on ventral side of apical part. Coloration. Body brown, head and pronotum black, femur brownish, tibiae black and white alternated, cerci yellow (Fig. 2 B–D). Variation. The males from Moli are little different in the dividing vein. The lower dividing vein is nearly straight, but that of holotype is curved (Fig. 2 BC). Etymology. dianxiensis means western Yunnan in Chinese language. Measurements (in mm). Male: body length (to forewing) 16.90–18.42, pronotum length 2.76–2.85, forewing length 13.47–14.69, hind femur length 10.59–11.54. Female: body length (to forewing) 15.09–15.57, pronotum length 2.42–2.74, forewing length 11.27–11.69, hind femur length 10.98–12.34, ovipositor length 5.45–5.51. Songs. Holotype (from Nabang), 26 o C. The song is continuous with 0.0756± 0.0002s cycle repeatedly (=13.24 pulses/sec) as in Fig. 4 A. Paratype (from Moli), 25 o C. The song is little faster with 0.0613± 0.0002s cycle repeatedly (=16.32 pulses/sec) as in Fig. 4 B. DNA barcode. COI genes of four individuals are sequenced including Holotype. Only 2 SNPs were detected in 658bp of COI fragments. Thus, we consider these are same species from Nabang and Moli, though the dividing vein is different.

Genus Neophaloria He gen. nov. Type species: Neophaloria dianxiensis He, here designated Included species: type species only Typical appearance of this subfamily. Body flat, form ���lute-like��� (Fig. 2 B���D). Head small with obvious frontal rostrum, first joint of antennae large, as wide as frontal rostrum; pronotum transverse, little wide in posterior margin, forewing large with mirror. Male genitalia (Fig. 3): ovoid, length:width=1.69, sclerotization weak; rachi (=guiding rod) large and translucent, longer than epiphallus, little widened and bifurcated at apical part; epiphallic lateral lobes highly sclerotized, thin and long but not over rachi, the apical part upwards and inwards curved under rachi; ectoparameres with two highly sclerotized short lobes, lobes also under rachi and inwards curved; rami fused with each other in anterior part of genitalia. This new genus differs from Trellius in its short epiphallic lateral lobes and large rachi, and differs from genus Vescelia in its short ectoparameres., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Xu, Yue, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2019, A new genus with one new species of Phaloriinae from western Yunnan, China (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae), pp. 443-446 in Zootaxa 4565 (3) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4565.3.12, http://zenodo.org/record/2590256

subgenus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 Type species: Scapsipedus micado Saussure, by original designation Note: Velarifictorus was established by Randell in 1964. But V. aspersus was misidentified as V. micado after study of the genitalia of that species., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Randell, R. L. (1964) The male genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. The Canadian Entomologist, 96 (12), 1565 - 1607. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 961565 - 12"]}

V. bannaensis Zhang, Liu & Shi, 2017 Ƒelarifictorus bannaensis Zhang, Liu & Shi, 2017 (Zhang et al. 2017) Material not seen. Distribution. China (Yunnan)., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Zhang, D. - X., Liu, H. - Y. & Shi, F. - M. (2017) A new species of the genus Felarifictorus Randell, 1964 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) from Yunnan, China. Far Eastern Entomologist, 347, 25 - 28. http: // doi. org / 10.25221 / fee. 347.3"]}

V. curvinervis Xie, 2004 Ƒelarifictorus curvinervis Xie, 2004 Material not seen. Distribution. China (Guangxi)., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Xie, L. - D. (2004) Orthoptera: Gryllidae. In: Yang, X. - K. (Ed.), Insects from Mt. Shiwandashan Area of Guangxi. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 116 - 121."]}

V. dianxiensis He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, Yingjiang, Nabang, 25-iv-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 3 females, same data as holotype. Description. Male. Body medium or small size for this subgenus in China. Head: frontal rostrum 2 times as wide as the 1st antennal joint, median ocellus as big as lateral ocelli and located litter lower than lateral ocelli, maxillary palpi normal with 3rd-5th joints long; thorax: disc of pronotum as wide as head, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin almost straight, rounded borders between disc and lateral lobes; tympanum long and on posterior margin only, forewing with somewhat truncated apical field, mirror with one curved vein. Hind tibia with 6 pairs of dorsal spines. Genitalia: apical of middle epiphallus short, but elongated vertically, ectoparamer large and broad, apical parts curved vertically (Fig. 3 c-e). Female. Similar to male, but forewing short, ovipositor straight. Coloration. Male: Body brown with yellow legs. Head: one curved white line link two lateral ocelli, a small white spot around median ocellus with a very thin and short line under it, anteclypeus black with middle and lower portion white, maxillary palpi white with black margins (Fig. 3a), six vertical white stripes on occiput, disc of pronotum with complex color pattern (Fig. 1f), lateral lobes black with lower margin white. Female. Similar to male, but facial color pattern little different, white line under median ocellus wider and a transverse white line above clypeofrontal suture, lateral portion of postclypeus white (Fig. 3b). Etymology. dianxiensis means western Yunnan in Chinese language. Measurements (in mm). Male: body length 11.21-12.03, pronotum length 2.43-2.96, hind femur length 8.05-8.89, forewing length 6.49-7.07 Female: body length 12.47-13.68, pronotum length 2.28-3.10, hind femur length 8.74-9.28, forewing length 3.16-4.12, ovipositor length 8.51-9.54. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Note. Similar to V. ornatus, but (1) the color of the new species is little pale; (2) white line link two lateral ocelli obvious in the new species, but very thin or disappeared in V. ornatus ; (3) apical of middle epiphallus elongated vertically in the new species.

V. dianxiensis He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, Yingjiang, Nabang, 25-iv-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 3 females, same data as holotype. Description. Male. Body medium or small size for this subgenus in China. Head: frontal rostrum 2 times as wide as the 1st antennal joint, median ocellus as big as lateral ocelli and located litter lower than lateral ocelli, maxillary palpi normal with 3rd-5th joints long; thorax: disc of pronotum as wide as head, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin almost straight, rounded borders between disc and lateral lobes; tympanum long and on posterior margin only, forewing with somewhat truncated apical field, mirror with one curved vein. Hind tibia with 6 pairs of dorsal spines. Genitalia: apical of middle epiphallus short, but elongated vertically, ectoparamer large and broad, apical parts curved vertically (Fig. 3 c-e). Female. Similar to male, but forewing short, ovipositor straight. Coloration. Male: Body brown with yellow legs. Head: one curved white line link two lateral ocelli, a small white spot around median ocellus with a very thin and short line under it, anteclypeus black with middle and lower portion white, maxillary palpi white with black margins (Fig. 3a), six vertical white stripes on occiput, disc of pronotum with complex color pattern (Fig. 1f), lateral lobes black with lower margin white. Female. Similar to male, but facial color pattern little different, white line under median ocellus wider and a transverse white line above clypeofrontal suture, lateral portion of postclypeus white (Fig. 3b). Etymology. dianxiensis means western Yunnan in Chinese language. Measurements (in mm). Male: body length 11.21-12.03, pronotum length 2.43-2.96, hind femur length 8.05-8.89, forewing length 6.49-7.07 Female: body length 12.47-13.68, pronotum length 2.28-3.10, hind femur length 8.74-9.28, forewing length 3.16-4.12, ovipositor length 8.51-9.54. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Note. Similar to V. ornatus, but (1) the color of the new species is little pale; (2) white line link two lateral ocelli obvious in the new species, but very thin or disappeared in V. ornatus ; (3) apical of middle epiphallus elongated vertically in the new species., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875

V. micado (Saussure, 1877) Scapsipedus micado Saussure, 1877 Ƒelarifictorus micado Randell, 1964 Gryllus latefasciatus Chopard, 1933 syn. Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Guangdong, Huiyang, 10-x-2012, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Kunming, 22-ix-2016, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang, Lin’an, 9-x-2010, coll. HE Zhu- Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Taiwan, Wulai, 11-xi-2012, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Sulawesi and North America. Note. This species is widely distributed in China and common in artificial environments, such as fields or parks, but is not common in natural environments such as mountains. In northern China, the crickets are univoltine and they overwinter as eggs, which is similar to V. aspersus, but the latter species prefers mountains. In southern China, they are bivoltine or polyvoltine, and overwinter as nymphs. The different life cycle has been observed in Zhejiang Prov., China, but individuals belonging to different life cycles do not mate with each other (He & Takeda 2013) and retain their own cycles. Thus, in Zhejiang, the adult niche is: in summer, V. micado (nymph overwinter type) in mountains; and in autumn, V. micado (egg overwinter type) in plains and V. aspersus in mountains., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on pages 503-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Saussure, H. (1877) Melanges orthopterologiques V: Gryllides. Mem. Soc Phys. d'Hist. Nat. Geneve, 25, 194.","Randell, R. L. (1964) The male genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. The Canadian Entomologist, 96 (12), 1565 - 1607. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 961565 - 12","He, Z. - Q. & Takeda, M. (2013) Discrete modes of life cycle in Velarifictorus micado species complex (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). ISRN Entomology, 2013, 1 ¨ C 5. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 2013 / 851581"]}

V. beybienkoi Gorochov, 1985 ��elarifictorus beybienkoi Gorochov, 1985 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Shanghai, 30-viii-2016, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Shandong, Dongying, 1-viii-2012, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Distribution. China (Hainan, Shandong, Zhejiang). Note. Males of this species are similar to V. micado, but females have shorter tegmina (Fig. 1g). It is univoltine in Shanghai, overwintering as eggs. Adults are usually stationary or slow moving., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (1985) On the fauna of Grylloidea (Orthoptera) of China. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 64 (1), 89 - 109."]}

V. arisanicus (Shiraki 1930) Gryllus arisanicus Shiraki, 1930 Modicogryllus arisanicus Chopard, 1961; Hsiung, 1993 Ƒelarifictorus arisanicus Yin & Liu, 1995; He, 2018 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Taiwan, Nantou, Ren’ai, Huisun, 11-xi-2012, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Distribution. China (Taiwan). Note. This is endemic species to Taiwan. Its state was confused with Modicogryllus and Velarifictorus by different taxonomists (Fig. 1b). According to the molecular result, this species is clearly belongs to Velarifictorus., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on pages 501-502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Shiraki, T. (1930) Orthoptera of the Japanese Empire, Part I. (Gryllotalpidae and Gryllidae). Insecta Matsumurana, 4, 181 - 252.","Chopard, L. (1961) Les divisions du genre Gryllus basees sur l'etude de l'appareil copulateur (Orth. Gryllidae). Eos, 37, 267 - 287.","Hsiung, C. - C. (1993) Catalogue of species and type localities of Taiwanese crickets (Gryllodea, Grlloptera). Yushania, 10, 19 - 29.","Yin, H. - S. & Liu, X. - W. (1995) Synopsis on the classification of Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea from China. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature, Shanghai, 237 pp.","He, Z. - Q. (2018) A checklist of Chinese crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidea). Zootaxa, 4369 (4), 515 - 535."]}

V. flavifrons Chopard, 1966 ��elarifictorus flavifrons Chopard, 1966 ��elarifictorus yunnanensis Liu & Yin, 1993 syn. Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Banna, 30-iv-2017, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, 25-iv-2018, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Guangdong, Shenzhen, 22-viii-2011, coll. Zhang Tao. Distribution. China (Guangdong, Yunnan). Note. This species is very similar to V. micado (Fig. 1a). Only the male genitalia or molecular marks, such as COI gene, can be used to distinguish them., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on pages 502-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875

V. aspersus (Walker, 1869) Gryllus aspersus Walker, 1869 Scapsipedus aspersus Chopard, 1936 Ƒelarifictorus aspersus Randell, 1964; He, 2018 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Sichuan, Chengdu, 21-x-2017, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Yunnan, Banna, 30-iv-2017, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang, Qingyuan, 2-viii-2011, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea; India subcontinent; Indo-China, Malesia. Note. This species is widely distributed in East Asia. In northern China, it is univoltine and overwinters as eggs. In southern China and other tropical areas, they are bivoltine or polyvoltine and overwinter as nymphs. The mandible is allometric. Large male individuals have long mandibles, appearing concave near the clypeus (Ingrisch 1998). However, small male individuals do not have long mandibles, is similar to V. micado (Fig. 1d)., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on page 502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Walker, F. (1869) Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 423 pp.","Chopard, L. (1936) Note sur les Gryllides de Chine. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 3 (1), 1 - 14.","Randell, R. L. (1964) The male genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. The Canadian Entomologist, 96 (12), 1565 - 1607. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 961565 - 12","He, Z. - Q. (2018) A checklist of Chinese crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidea). Zootaxa, 4369 (4), 515 - 535.","Ingrisch, S. (1998) The genera Felarifictorus, Modicogryllus and Mitius in Thailand (Ensifera: Gryllidae, Gryllinae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 29 (3), 315 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631298 X 00122"]}

V. ornatus (Shiraki, 1911) Gryllus ornatus Shiraki, 1911 Modicogryllus ornatus Chopard, 1961 Ƒelarifictorus ornatus Yin & Liu, 1995 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Guangxi, Guilin, 20-vii-2015, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang, Lin’an, 26-vii-2017, coll. HE Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Jiangsu, Changzhou, 22-viii-2011, coll. HE Zhu-Qing. Distribution. China (Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea. Note. This species overwinters as nymphs and is univoltine in Northern China (perhaps bivoltine in Southern China). The white line between lateral ocellus is very thin and sometimes absent (Fig. 1e)., Published as part of Chen, Guang-Yu, Shen, Chu-Ze, Liu, Yun-Fei, Liao, Wang & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A phylogenetic study of Chinese Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 based on COI gene with describing one new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 499-506 in Zootaxa 4531 (4) on pages 504-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2614875, {"references":["Shiraki, T. (1911) Monographie der Grylliden von Formosa, mit der Uebersicht der japanischen Arten. Generalgouvernment von Formosa, Taihoku, 129 pp.","Chopard, L. (1961) Les divisions du genre Gryllus basees sur l'etude de l'appareil copulateur (Orth. Gryllidae). Eos, 37, 267 - 287.","Yin, H. - S. & Liu, X. - W. (1995) Synopsis on the classification of Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea from China. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature, Shanghai, 237 pp."]}

Teleogryllus (Teleogryllus) albipalpus He sp. nov. Holotype: male, CHINA, Yunnan, Baoshan, Mangkuan town, 28-iv-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 1 female, same data as holotype. Description. Male. Typical Gryllinae cricket appearance. Head: frontal rostrum as three times wide as the 1st antennal joint, median ocellus flat, and located little lower than lateral ocelli, maxillary palpi normal with 3 rd –5 th joints long; thorax: pronotum almost square in disc and as wide as head, disc with pubescence, anterior and posterior margin almost straight, rounded borders between disc and lateral lobes, tympanum on outside only, forewing with short apical field, the length of mirror equal to width, hindwing little longer than forewing. Hind tibia with 6–7 pairs of dorsal spines. Genitalia: Epiphallus elongate with flat apical part (similar to Macroteleogryllus spp.), ectoparamere narrow (similar to Brachyteleogryllus spp.) and totally covered by epiphallus as in Fig. 3 A–C. Female. Similar to male, ovipositor elongate and straight. Coloration. Body color overall darkness. 1 st –3 rd joints of maxillary palp almost black, 4 th –5 th joints white. Variation. Macropterous form individuals appeared occasionally in lab cultures (Fig. 2 GH). Nymph. (Fig. 2 C–F) First instar: Overall body color black. Anterior half of metathorax brown, posterior half whitish. Basal portion of cerci white (Fig. 2C). Second instar: Appearance of body and metathorax as the first instar. Hind femur yellowish with black longitudinal striae (Fig. 2D). Penultimate instar: Body color overall brown. Posterior margin of metathorax white. Hind femur brown. Length of ovipositor in dorsal view as long as one abdominal segment (Fig. 2E). Ultimate instar: Body color darkness. Metathorax almost black. Anterior margin of first abdominal segment white. Length of ovipositor in dorsal view as long as four abdominal segments (Fig. 2F). Etymology. albipalpus is used to describe its 4th–5th joints of maxillary palps as white. Measurements (in mm). Male: body 18.04–18.42, pronotum length 3.91–4.42, forewing length 10.61–10.70, hindwing length 13.10–13.72, hind femur length 13.01–13.56; Female: body 17.54, pronotum length 3.97, forewing length 8.80, hindwing length 9.15, hind femur length 12.29, ovipositor length 13.55. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Song. Calling song with simple chirps. One chirp is about 0.298± 0.013s, and pause about 2.025± 0.258s. Each chirp includes 5 pulses with the first pulse very weak (Fig. 3 DE).

subgenus Teleogryllus Chopard, 1961 Type species: Gryllus posticus Walker, 1869 = Teleogryllus (Teleogryllus) posticus (Walker, 1869), Published as part of Liu, Yun-Fei, Shen, Chu-Ze, Xu, Yue, Chen, Guang-Yu & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A new species of Teleogryllus (Teleogryllus) Chopard, 1961 from Yunnan, China (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 117-122 in Zootaxa 4531 (1) on page 118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2614434

Teleogryllus (Teleogryllus) albipalpus He sp. nov. Holotype: male, CHINA, Yunnan, Baoshan, Mangkuan town, 28-iv-2018, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male & 1 female, same data as holotype. Description. Male. Typical Gryllinae cricket appearance. Head: frontal rostrum as three times wide as the 1st antennal joint, median ocellus flat, and located little lower than lateral ocelli, maxillary palpi normal with 3 rd ���5 th joints long; thorax: pronotum almost square in disc and as wide as head, disc with pubescence, anterior and posterior margin almost straight, rounded borders between disc and lateral lobes, tympanum on outside only, forewing with short apical field, the length of mirror equal to width, hindwing little longer than forewing. Hind tibia with 6���7 pairs of dorsal spines. Genitalia: Epiphallus elongate with flat apical part (similar to Macroteleogryllus spp.), ectoparamere narrow (similar to Brachyteleogryllus spp.) and totally covered by epiphallus as in Fig. 3 A���C. Female. Similar to male, ovipositor elongate and straight. Coloration. Body color overall darkness. 1 st ���3 rd joints of maxillary palp almost black, 4 th ���5 th joints white. Variation. Macropterous form individuals appeared occasionally in lab cultures (Fig. 2 GH). Nymph. (Fig. 2 C���F) First instar: Overall body color black. Anterior half of metathorax brown, posterior half whitish. Basal portion of cerci white (Fig. 2C). Second instar: Appearance of body and metathorax as the first instar. Hind femur yellowish with black longitudinal striae (Fig. 2D). Penultimate instar: Body color overall brown. Posterior margin of metathorax white. Hind femur brown. Length of ovipositor in dorsal view as long as one abdominal segment (Fig. 2E). Ultimate instar: Body color darkness. Metathorax almost black. Anterior margin of first abdominal segment white. Length of ovipositor in dorsal view as long as four abdominal segments (Fig. 2F). Etymology. albipalpus is used to describe its 4th���5th joints of maxillary palps as white. Measurements (in mm). Male: body 18.04���18.42, pronotum length 3.91���4.42, forewing length 10.61���10.70, hindwing length 13.10���13.72, hind femur length 13.01���13.56; Female: body 17.54, pronotum length 3.97, forewing length 8.80, hindwing length 9.15, hind femur length 12.29, ovipositor length 13.55. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Song. Calling song with simple chirps. One chirp is about 0.298�� 0.013s, and pause about 2.025�� 0.258s. Each chirp includes 5 pulses with the first pulse very weak (Fig. 3 DE)., Published as part of Liu, Yun-Fei, Shen, Chu-Ze, Xu, Yue, Chen, Guang-Yu & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A new species of Teleogryllus (Teleogryllus) Chopard, 1961 from Yunnan, China (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), pp. 117-122 in Zootaxa 4531 (1) on pages 118-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2614434

2.1 Atlanticus (Atlanticus) huangshanensis Shi & Zheng, 1994 Atlanticus huangshanensis Shi & Zheng, 1994 Atlanticus (Atlanticus) huangshanensis Liu, 2013 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an, Tianmushan, 27-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an, Tianmushan, 27-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 34.5, pronotum length 10.3, tegmen length 4.6, hind femur length 29.6; female: body length 28.2, pronotum length 9.8, hind femur length 28.8, ovipositor length 21.3. Distribution. China (Anhui, Zhejiang) Song. This species sings constantly and quietly. The trill duration is about 4.71s with 7.89s interval. In every trill, it includes about 70 number of chirps/pulses. Note. Male tegmen is very short (Fig. 2F), which is the feature of this subgenus in China. Female without tegmen. The species in subgenus Atlanticus are mainly distributed in North China and this species is the only one in this subgenus found in Zhejiang.

2.1 Atlanticus (Atlanticus) huangshanensis Shi & Zheng, 1994 Atlanticus huangshanensis Shi & Zheng, 1994 Atlanticus (Atlanticus) huangshanensis Liu, 2013 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Tianmushan, 27-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Tianmushan, 27-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 34.5, pronotum length 10.3, tegmen length 4.6, hind femur length 29.6; female: body length 28.2, pronotum length 9.8, hind femur length 28.8, ovipositor length 21.3. Distribution. China (Anhui, Zhejiang) Song. This species sings constantly and quietly. The trill duration is about 4.71s with 7.89s interval. In every trill, it includes about 70 number of chirps/pulses. Note. Male tegmen is very short (Fig. 2F), which is the feature of this subgenus in China. Female without tegmen. The species in subgenus Atlanticus are mainly distributed in North China and this species is the only one in this subgenus found in Zhejiang., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Shi, F. - M. & Zheng, Z. - M. (1994) Two new species of Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) from China. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 22 (4), 64 - 66.","Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1"]}

2.3 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) pieli Tinkham, 1941 Atlanticus pieli Tinkham, 1941 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) pieli Liu, 2013 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) kiangsu Bey-Bienko. 1955 paratype syn. Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 29-vii-2016, coll. He Zhu-Qing & Lu Hui; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 26-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 26-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 26-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Measurement (in mm) male: body length 23.3���26.9, pronotum length 9.3���9.4, tegmen length 11.9���12.6, hind femur length 25.7���27.2; female: body length 30.4, pronotum length 9.5, hind femur length 29.2, ovipositor length 16.4. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. This species sings constantly. Every chirp cycle duration is 0.67s with about 14 pulses. Note. Body is small when compared with other species. The apical part of male tegmina are distinctly separated. There is a yellow band on each tegmen. (Fig. 2B)., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on pages 173-174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Tinkham, E. R. (1941) Zoogeographical notes on the genus Atlanticus with keys and descriptions of seven new Chinese species. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 8 (5), 189 - 243.","Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1","Bey-Bienko, G. Y. (1955) Studies on fauna and systematic superfamily Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) of China. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 34, 1250 - 1271."]}

2.4 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) karnyi Ebner, 1939 Ebner. 1939. Lingnan Sci. J. 18:294 Material not seen. Distribution. China (Zhejiang)., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Ebner, R. (1939) Tettigoniiden (Orthoptera) aus China. Lingnan Science Journal, 18, 294."]}

2.2 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) magnificus Tinkham, 1941 Atlanticus magnificus Tinkham, 1941 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) magnificus Bey-Bienko, 1955; Liu, 2013 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 29-vii-2016, coll. He Zhu-Qing & Lu Hui. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 33.2, pronotum length 11.7, tegmen length 18.6, hind femur length 31.6. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. This species sings fast and constantly. Chirp cycle duration is short as 0.25��� 0.30s. Note. Male tegmen is very big and wide compared with other species (Fig. 2A)., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Tinkham, E. R. (1941) Zoogeographical notes on the genus Atlanticus with keys and descriptions of seven new Chinese species. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 8 (5), 189 - 243.","Bey-Bienko, G. Y. (1955) Studies on fauna and systematic superfamily Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) of China. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 34, 1250 - 1271.","Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1"]}

Key to species of genus Atlanticus known from Zhejiang, China (based on males) 1 tegmen short (A. (Atlanticus) huangshanensis - tegmen long (> 9mm, Fig. 2A–E)......................................................................... 2 2 cerci straight with a small tooth on inner side vertically (Fig. 3B)............................... A. (Sinpacificus) pieli - cerci more or less curved................................................................................ 3 3 four lines of spines on fore tibiae................................................................ A. (S.) fallax - three lines of spines on fore tibiae......................................................................... 4 4 internal tooth on the middle of cerci (Fig. 3A).................................................. A. (S.) magnificus - internal tooth on the apical of cerci (Fig. 3 CE)............................................................... 5 5 tegmen almost same color and long (> 11mm)............................................... A. (S.) fengyangensis - left tegmen with a white spot on the right and short (A. (S.) interval, Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576

2.8 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) interval He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Shaoxing, 10-viii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Ningbo, Tiantongshan, 30-v-2015, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Description. Pronotum saddle-shaped, disc narrower from anterior margin in 1/5, and widened gradually with the posterior margin arc, lateral lobes of pronotum deepest in middle, posterior margin oblique with central concavity, tegmen slightly shorter than length of pronotum and extending to the 5th or 6th abdominal tergum. Leg spination, fore femora with 3 interior ventral spines, middle femur with 3 external ventral spines on left and 2 on right, hind femur with 6 interior spines on outer ventral margin, fore tibiae with 4 dorsal spines on exterior margin, 6 spines on both ventral margins, middle tibiae with 6 interior spines on both margins, 2 exterior and 5 interior spines on dorsal margins, hind tibiae with 24 exterior and 21 interior spines on dorsal margins, 9 and 13 spines on ventral margins. Tenth abdominal tergite with a flat U shaped notch in median portion, cerci curved with a small apical tooth (Fig. 3E). Female similar to male, tegmina covered by pronotum, but visible from lateral, ovipositor nearly straight with dorsal margin curved in basal 1/2, and ventral margin curved in basal 1/3. Coloration. Brown, upper side of lateral lobes of pronotum black with middle brown, Sc. vein white, left tegmen with a white spot on right (Fig. 2E), ovipositor yellow. Variation. External ventral spines on middle femur ranging from 0���4, interior spines on outer ventral margin of hind femur ranging from 2���3, interior spines on dorsal margins of middle tibiae ranging from 4���5. Etymology. The new species name interval refers to the pause in the male calling song. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 29.0���30.8, pronotum length 10.8���11.0, tegmen length 9.0���10.5, hind femur length 33.3���33.9; female: body length 30.4, pronotum length 11.4, hind femur length 33.0, ovipositor length 21.7. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. The trill is about 17.58s with 25.36s interval. In every trill, there are about 30 chirps. Every chirp is about 0.67s with 6 pulses (individual from Baimashan). The song of individual from Shaoxing is quit different in most parameter, but there is also a long interval between two trills as the feature of this species. Note. The new species is similar to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 in the shape of the cerci, but the tegmen is short. A white spot on the right of tegmen is another unique feature of this species. Song is very special with long interval, which makes it very difficult to catch., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1"]}

2.6 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 Material examined. 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Lin���an, Qingliangfeng, 24-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 2 males, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Ningbo, Tiantongshan, 1-ix-2015, coll. He Zhu-Qing & Lu Hui; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Jiulongshan, 30-viii-2016, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Qingyuan, Baishanzu, 16-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 29.0���32.5, pronotum length 10.8���12.4, tegmen length 11.5���14.9, hind femur length 31.0���34.9; female: body length 34.6���36.6, pronotum length 11.7���12.5, hind femur length 34.5��� 36.4, ovipositor length 27.0���28.6. Distribution. China (Zhejiang). Song. The song of this species is similar to that of A. (S.) magnificus but it sings slowly and constantly. Chirp cycle duration is about 0.50��� 0.55s. Note. This species is wide distributed in Zhejiang. It is very similar with A. (S.) fallax. See their differences in A. (S.) fallax part., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1"]}

2.8 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) interval He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 female, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Suichang, Baimashan, 9-ix-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Shaoxing, 10-viii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing; 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Ningbo, Tiantongshan, 30-v-2015, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Description. Pronotum saddle-shaped, disc narrower from anterior margin in 1/5, and widened gradually with the posterior margin arc, lateral lobes of pronotum deepest in middle, posterior margin oblique with central concavity, tegmen slightly shorter than length of pronotum and extending to the 5th or 6th abdominal tergum. Leg spination, fore femora with 3 interior ventral spines, middle femur with 3 external ventral spines on left and 2 on right, hind femur with 6 interior spines on outer ventral margin, fore tibiae with 4 dorsal spines on exterior margin, 6 spines on both ventral margins, middle tibiae with 6 interior spines on both margins, 2 exterior and 5 interior spines on dorsal margins, hind tibiae with 24 exterior and 21 interior spines on dorsal margins, 9 and 13 spines on ventral margins. Tenth abdominal tergite with a flat U shaped notch in median portion, cerci curved with a small apical tooth (Fig. 3E). Female similar to male, tegmina covered by pronotum, but visible from lateral, ovipositor nearly straight with dorsal margin curved in basal 1/2, and ventral margin curved in basal 1/3. Coloration. Brown, upper side of lateral lobes of pronotum black with middle brown, Sc. vein white, left tegmen with a white spot on right (Fig. 2E), ovipositor yellow. Variation. External ventral spines on middle femur ranging from 0–4, interior spines on outer ventral margin of hind femur ranging from 2–3, interior spines on dorsal margins of middle tibiae ranging from 4–5. Etymology. The new species name interval refers to the pause in the male calling song. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 29.0–30.8, pronotum length 10.8–11.0, tegmen length 9.0–10.5, hind femur length 33.3–33.9; female: body length 30.4, pronotum length 11.4, hind femur length 33.0, ovipositor length 21.7. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. The trill is about 17.58s with 25.36s interval. In every trill, there are about 30 chirps. Every chirp is about 0.67s with 6 pulses (individual from Baimashan). The song of individual from Shaoxing is quit different in most parameter, but there is also a long interval between two trills as the feature of this species. Note. The new species is similar to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 in the shape of the cerci, but the tegmen is short. A white spot on the right of tegmen is another unique feature of this species. Song is very special with long interval, which makes it very difficult to catch.

2.7 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) fallax He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Taishun, Wuyanling, 14-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male, nymph, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Jingning, Wangdongyang, 15-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu- Qing; 1 female, nymph, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Jingning, Wangdongyang, 15-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Description. Pronotum saddle-shaped, disc rectangle in 1/3, and widened gradually with the posterior margin arc, lateral lobes of pronotum deepest in middle, posterior margin oblique with central concavity, tegmen as long as pronotum and extending to the 7th or 8th abdominal tergum. Leg spination, fore femora with 2 interior ventral spines on left and 1 on right, middle femur with 1 external ventral spines, hind femur with 3 interior spines on outer ventral margin and 4 on inner ventral margin, fore tibiae with 3 dorsal spines on outer exterior margin, and 1 spine on the inner exterior margin, 6 spines on both ventral margins, middle tibiae with 3 dorsal spines on outer exterior margin, and 2 spine on the inner exterior margin, 6 ventral spines on both margins, hind tibiae with 21 exterior and 17 interior spines on dorsal margins, 7 and 9 spines on ventral margins. Tenth abdominal tergum with a small U shape notch on central, cerci curved with a small tooth in the middle (Fig. 3D). Female Nymph, similar to male, no tegmen, ovipositor nearly straight. Coloration. Brown, upper side of lateral lobes of pronotum black, head and hind femur yellow. Variation. Neither two nymphs has spine on the inner exterior margin on fore tibiae. It is unclear whether it will appear as it matures. Etymology. The name fallax is used to emphasize its similarity to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 31.2, pronotum length 11.9, tegmen length 13.6, hind femur length 32.9; female (nymph): body length 23.3, pronotum length 10.5, hind femur length 29.8, ovipositor length 22.5. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. The song of this species is similar to that of A. (S.) magnificus with 0.25s chirp cycle duration. But in every chirp, 6 or 8 pulses are clearly present. Note. This new species is very similar to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 (Fig. 2 CD), but the new species has one more row of spines on the fore tibia. There are also differences in song and the shape of the cerci (Table 2, Fig. 3CD). The ventral surface of the abdomen is red when alive, while that of fengyangensisi is yellow or lime. This species is distributed in the southernmost part of Zhejiang, and there seems to be geographic isolation on two species (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on pages 175-176, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Liu, C. - X. (2013) Review of Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) from China, with description of 27 new species. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.1"]}

2.5 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) brevicaudus Bey-Bienko, 1955 Bey-Bienko. 1955. Zool. Zhur. 34:1266 Material not seen. Distribution. China (Zhejiang)., Published as part of Liu, Xiao-Tong, Chen, Guang-Yu, Sun, Bi-Xuan, Qiu, Xiao-Feng & He, Zhu-Qing, 2018, A systematic study of the genus Atlanticus Scudder, 1894 from Zhejiang, China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), pp. 170-180 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1206576, {"references":["Bey-Bienko, G. Y. (1955) Studies on fauna and systematic superfamily Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) of China. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 34, 1250 - 1271."]}

2.7 Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) fallax He sp. nov. Holotype: 1 male, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Taishun, Wuyanling, 14-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Paratypes: 1 male, nymph, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Jingning, Wangdongyang, 15-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu- Qing; 1 female, nymph, CHINA, Zhejiang Prov., Jingning, Wangdongyang, 15-vii-2017, coll. He Zhu-Qing. Description. Pronotum saddle-shaped, disc rectangle in 1/3, and widened gradually with the posterior margin arc, lateral lobes of pronotum deepest in middle, posterior margin oblique with central concavity, tegmen as long as pronotum and extending to the 7th or 8th abdominal tergum. Leg spination, fore femora with 2 interior ventral spines on left and 1 on right, middle femur with 1 external ventral spines, hind femur with 3 interior spines on outer ventral margin and 4 on inner ventral margin, fore tibiae with 3 dorsal spines on outer exterior margin, and 1 spine on the inner exterior margin, 6 spines on both ventral margins, middle tibiae with 3 dorsal spines on outer exterior margin, and 2 spine on the inner exterior margin, 6 ventral spines on both margins, hind tibiae with 21 exterior and 17 interior spines on dorsal margins, 7 and 9 spines on ventral margins. Tenth abdominal tergum with a small U shape notch on central, cerci curved with a small tooth in the middle (Fig. 3D). Female Nymph, similar to male, no tegmen, ovipositor nearly straight. Coloration. Brown, upper side of lateral lobes of pronotum black, head and hind femur yellow. Variation. Neither two nymphs has spine on the inner exterior margin on fore tibiae. It is unclear whether it will appear as it matures. Etymology. The name fallax is used to emphasize its similarity to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013. Measurements (in mm) male: body length 31.2, pronotum length 11.9, tegmen length 13.6, hind femur length 32.9; female (nymph): body length 23.3, pronotum length 10.5, hind femur length 29.8, ovipositor length 22.5. Distribution. China (Zhejiang) Song. The song of this species is similar to that of A. (S.) magnificus with 0.25s chirp cycle duration. But in every chirp, 6 or 8 pulses are clearly present. Note. This new species is very similar to A. (S.) fengyangensis Liu, 2013 (Fig. 2 CD), but the new species has one more row of spines on the fore tibia. There are also differences in song and the shape of the cerci (Table 2, Fig. 3CD). The ventral surface of the abdomen is red when alive, while that of fengyangensisi is yellow or lime. This species is distributed in the southernmost part of Zhejiang, and there seems to be geographic isolation on two species (Fig. 4).

Neuronal damage, glial inflammation, and astrogliosis/astroglial scar formation are major secondary injury mechanisms that are significant contributors to functional deficits after spinal cord injury (SCI). The objectives of the study were to evaluate the distinct roles of ERK2 vs. ERK1/2 and ERK1/2-calpain 1–NF-κB signal transduction in the tissue damage and astrogliosis/astroglial scar formation following SCI in rats. RNAi approaches, pharmacological intervention (U0126), Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, and histological assessment were used to target ERK1/2-calpain 1-NF-κB signal transduction pathway for neuroprotection. Histological staining analysis demonstrated that selectively reducing pERK2 using ERK2 siRNA, but not inhibition of pERK1/2 with U0126, significantly reduced lesion volume and improved total tissue sparing, white matter sparing, and gray matter sparing in spinal cord two weeks after contusive SCI. An ERK1/2-calpain 1-NF-κB signal transduction pathway was involved in the astroglial scar formation after SCI. Blockade of ERK1/2 by U0126 decreased calpain 1 expression 4 h following SCI. Selective calpain 1 reduction by lentiviral shRNA attenuated astroglial NF-κB activity and astroglial scar formation after SCI in rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate the involvement of individual ERK2 and calpain 1 signaling pathways in tissue damage and astrogliosis/astroglial scar formation in animal models of SCI. Therefore, targeting individual ERK and its downstream signal transduction of calpain 1-NF-κB may provide greater potential as novel therapeutics for minimizing tissue damage and astroglial scar formation following SCI.

First of all, this paper speculates that the essence of the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is the injection of some kind of zero sequence component through the theoretical analysis. Increasing the range of output voltage and reducing the switching loss are the optimization it can realize, the essential realization method is implemented by changing the placement of zero space vector. Then the method is applied to the cascade multilevel carrier modulation. The main work of this paper is to analyze the relation between SVPWM and the carrier PWM in the two level converter, then add the discrete modulation into the cascade multilevel carrier modulation to verify that the space vector modulation can be realized in cascade multilevel and can get similar results with the two level.

To evaluate the hypothesis that calpain 1 knockdown would reduce pathological damage and functional deficits after spinal cord injury (SCI), we developed lentiviral vectors encoding calpain 1 shRNA and eGFP as a reporter (LV-CAPN1 shRNA). The ability of LV-CAPN1 shRNA to knockdown calpain 1 was confirmed in rat NRK cells using Northern and Western blot analysis. To investigate the effects on spinal cord injury, LV-CAPN1shRNA or LV-mismatch control shRNA (LV-control shRNA) were administered by convection enhanced diffusion at spinal cord level T10 in Long-Evans female rats (200–250 g) 1 week before contusion SCI, 180 kdyn force, or sham surgery at the same thoracic level. Intraspinal administration of the lentiviral particles resulted in transgene expression, visualized by eGFP, in spinal tissue at 2 weeks after infection. Calpain 1 protein levels were reduced by 54% at T10 2 weeks after shRNA-mediated knockdown (p

Internet of Things (IoT) was faced with some difficulties which contained mass data management, various standards of object identification, data fusion of multiple sources, business data management...

PURPOSE We characterize calpain-5 (CAPN5) expression in retinal and neuronal subcellular compartments. METHODS CAPN5 gene variants were classified using the exome variant server, and RNA-sequencing was used to compare expression of CAPN5 mRNA in the mouse and human retina and in retinoblastoma cells. Expression of CAPN5 protein was ascertained in humans and mice in silico, in mouse retina by immunohistochemistry, and in neuronal cancer cell lines and fractionated central nervous system tissue extracts by Western analysis with eight antibodies targeting different CAPN5 regions. RESULTS Most CAPN5 genetic variation occurs outside its protease core; and searches of cancer and epilepsy/autism genetic databases found no variants similar to hyperactivating retinal disease alleles. The mouse retina expressed one transcript for CAPN5 plus those of nine other calpains, similar to the human retina. In Y79 retinoblastoma cells, the level of CAPN5 transcript was very low. Immunohistochemistry detected CAPN5 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers and at synapses in the outer plexiform layer. Western analysis of fractionated retinal extracts confirmed CAPN5 synapse localization. Western blots of fractionated brain neuronal extracts revealed distinct subcellular patterns and the potential presence of autoproteolytic CAPN5 domains. CONCLUSIONS CAPN5 is moderately expressed in the retina and, despite higher expression in other tissues, hyperactive disease mutants of CAPN5 only manifest as eye disease. At the cellular level, CAPN5 is expressed in several different functional compartments. CAPN5 localization at the photoreceptor synapse and with mitochondria explains the neural circuitry phenotype in human CAPN5 disease alleles.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 have been implicated in various pathophysiological events of the CNS, but their specific roles in cell processes under physiologic and pathological conditions remain to be determined. ERK1/2 was originally identified as a kinase activity that mediates neuronal survival and neuroprotection, but it was subsequently found that ERK1/2 also plays a critical role in neurodegeneration. This dichotomy makes it difficult to target ERK1/2 for neuroprotection. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERK1 and ERK2 may play distinct functions in a variety of cell fate decisions. In this review, I summarize recent evidence for distinct roles for individual ERK isoforms in pathophysiology of the CNS.

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are implicated in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the specific functions of individual ERK isoforms in neurodegeneration are largely unknown. We investigated the hypothesis that ERK2 activation may contribute to pathological and functional deficits following SCI and that ERK2 knockdown using RNA interference may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SCI. Lentiviral ERK2 shRNA and siRNA were utilized to knockdown ERK2 expression in the spinal cord following SCI. Pre-injury intrathecal administration of ERK2 siRNA significantly reduced excitotoxic injury-induced activation of ERK2 (p < 0.001) and caspase 3 (p < 0.01) in spinal cord. Intraspinal administration of lentiviral ERK2 shRNA significantly reduced ERK2 expression in the spinal cord (p < 0.05), but did not alter ERK1 expression. Administration of the lentiviral ERK2 shRNA vector 1 week prior to severe spinal cord contusion injury resulted in a significant improvement in locomotor function (p < 0.05), total tissue sparing (p < 0.05), white matter sparing (p < 0.05), and gray matter sparing (p < 0.05) 6 weeks following severe contusive SCI. Our results suggest that ERK2 signaling is a novel target associated with the deleterious consequences of spinal injury.

Using a conjugate of substance P and the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin, neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor in lamina I of the spinal cord were targeted to determine their role in the expression of a spontaneous pain behavior following intraspinal injections of quisqualic acid in the rat. Treatment was carried out at the time of injury in order to prevent the onset of the behavior, and following onset in order to evaluate the potential clinical utility of this intervention. Treatment at the time of injury resulted in significant decreases in onset-time and severity of pain behavior, while treatment at the time of onset led to a significant reduction of the spontaneous self-directed behavior. The results suggest that the substrate for at-level pain following spinal cord injury includes a population of spinal neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord.

The role of NMDA receptor expression and post-translational modification in the pathological and behavioral consequences of injury were examined in rats receiving spinal injections of quisqualate. Spinal cords were removed 3 days following the development of excessive grooming behavior or, if the spontaneous pain-like behavior was not observed, 13 days following injections. Western blots from the spinal tissue demonstrated that non-grooming animals had elevated protein levels of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. These subunits did not demonstrate an enhanced level of phosphorylation. NR1 protein in grooming rats was not elevated, but there was a significant increase in NR1 serine phosphorylation. These findings suggest that excitotoxic lesions of the spinal cord induce both NR1 expression and NR1 serine phosphorylation. However, the injury-induced excessive grooming behavior is only associated with phosphorylation of the NR1 subunit.

Intraspinal injection of the AMPA/metabotropic receptor agonist quisqualic acid (QUIS) results in a pathophysiology that leads to excessive grooming behavior, which has been proposed as a model of spontaneous at-level pain after spinal cord injury (SCI). To further characterize the onset and progression of this behavior we evaluated the effects of 3 drugs, agmatine (Agm), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cyclosporin A (CsA), on different characteristics of this behavior. In these experiments rats were given saline, Agm, CsA10, or CsA20 once daily for 14 days (or a single injection of IL-10) starting either 30 minutes post-QUIS (group 1) or 10 to 18 days post-QUIS when excessive grooming behavior had been established (group 2). In the first group of animals agmatine, IL-10, CsA10, or CsA20 reduced the longitudinal extent of neuronal loss in the spinal cord compared to QUIS-injected animals treated with saline. The behavioral consequences of this effect included the delayed onset of excessive grooming behavior, reduction in the area of skin targeted for excessive grooming, and reduced grooming severity. Animals treated at the time of excessive grooming onset showed significantly reduced grooming area, grooming severity, and neuronal loss in the spinal cord compared to QUIS animals treated with saline. In conclusion, systemic administration of Agm, IL-10, or CsA significantly delayed the onset and reduced the severity of a spontaneous pain-like behavior. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to the neuroprotective properties of these drugs against QUIS-induced excitotoxicity. The effective treatment of excessive grooming behavior suggests that Agm, IL-10, and CsA modulate ongoing cellular events responsible for the progression of this behavior. [copy ] 2003 by the American Pain Society

Background In our previous study, we established a small animal model that mimicked the pathophysiology of isolated pancreatic trauma. To gain further insights into the relationships between tissue damage and the ability of the pancreatic cells to regenerate, we induced pancreatic trauma in rats maintained over 7 days and analyzed both the alteration of the cell death and the cell cycle distribution of the pancreatic cells in this study. Methods The rats were divided into two groups as follows: impact and control. The pancreas in the impact group was injured by a BIM-III biotical impact machine. Pancreatic enzyme activity, the level of Ca in the serum, pancreatic cell death, and cell cycle characteristics were examined after the trauma. Results In the impact groups, lipase was activated later than amylase and lasted persistently. The levels of serum Ca decreased at 6 hours after injury, sharply declined at 24 hours and 72 hours compared with the control groups, and returned to normal levels at 7 days. The pancreatic trauma also induced the compensatory proliferation of pancreatic cells. The results from a TUNEL stain, flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry indicated that pancreatic trauma induces cell death and the compensatory proliferation of pancreatic cells. Conclusion Detecting amylase and lipase at the same time can help us determine the exocrine function of pancreas. Serum Ca can be used as an indicator for estimating the severity of pancreatic trauma. The cell cycle characteristics of the pancreas in the animal model of isolated pancreatic trauma indicate that the proper remedial time is in the first 24 hours after the pancreatic trauma.

Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the N -methyl- d -aspartate subclass (NMDAR) or inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) prevent nervous system plasticity. Inflammatory and neuropathic pain rely on plasticity, presenting a clinical opportunity for the use of NMDAR antagonists and NOS inhibitors in chronic pain. Agmatine (AG), an endogenous neuromodulator present in brain and spinal cord, has both NMDAR antagonist and NOS inhibitor activities. We report here that AG, exogenously administered to rodents, decreased hyperalgesia accompanying inflammation, normalized the mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia/hyperalgesia) produced by chemical or mechanical nerve injury, and reduced autotomy-like behavior and lesion size after excitotoxic spinal cord injury. AG produced these effects in the absence of antinociceptive effects in acute pain tests. Endogenous AG also was detected in rodent lumbosacral spinal cord in concentrations similar to those previously detected in brain. The evidence suggests a unique antiplasticity and neuroprotective role for AG in processes underlying persistent pain and neuronal injury.