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2D materials are considered enabling constituents in future large-scale electronics, but current production by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) proceeds at significantly lower rates than for traditional semiconductors and limits their usefulness in many envisioned applications. Analysis of previous research indicates that the current 2D materials production-scale is restricted by the low conversion efficiency between precursor and product. We here demonstrate the enhanced efficiency and speed of 2D materials growth by introducing a route to reach the reaction-controlled growth regime. Computational fluid-dynamics highlights the importance of gas-phase kinetics even in LPCVD growth and suggests that reaction-controlled growth can be achieved through optimization of the interaction between precursor and substrate. Applying this new restriction to graphene, growth rates were increased by ∼104 times and graphene synthesis proceeded without limitations from precursor supply even in atomic-scale pores. This advance enabled the synthesis of graphene at areas of several square-meters within 10 min using a research-grade 3″ furnace. The achieved conversion efficiency and production rate surpass existing growth methods by several orders of magnitude and extend 2D materials’ synthesis beyond silicon production capabilities, opening new routes for their application.

My project investigates the concept of ‘in-betweenness’ and uses a range of research methods including fieldwork and oral history interviews in Taiwan and practice-led work in ceramics. Living away from my homeland gives me a clearer perspective of the culture in which I grew up, as well as an outsider’s perspective of British culture. The cross-cultural experience provides a platform from which I can address the questions of who I am and how I might express and communicate my experience of in-betweenness as a place where I can survive - where I can draw breath to help\ud me cope with the challenges of living in two cultures.\ud My research aims are: to explore the impact that living in a state of ‘inbetweenness’ can have on perceptions of self; to develop a visual language to communicate this experience; and to explore my own expression of cultural identity in relation to theory in the field.\ud My theoretical framework derives from Gayatari Spivak’s work on colonialism and post-colonialism. Taiwan is a much-colonized culture and so Spivak’s focus on everyday experience prompted me undertake a field trip to Taiwan in 2013 to gather supporting data. I interviewed 22 Taiwanese female ceramicists: 5 indigenous women living in rural eastern Taiwan and 17 women living in urban areas. The field trip revealed a significant difference between the urban and the rural women’s ceramics (context, process and product) which, along with a growing awareness of Taiwanese social rituals, influenced my clay work. I could then create a bridge to a better understanding of cultural identity in my own research and practice.\ud My ceramic practice was developed in three main locations: Bath Spa School of Art and Design and during two artist-residencies in Denmark and Taiwan. I have exhibited my main ceramic works (Sculptural Spoons, 8 Hours, Fingerprints,\ud Bananas, Traditional Chinese Characters ) in different cultural environments and have been able to evaluate my work in response to visitor feedback. This project develops the idea of practice as a form of research, combining field work, creative practice and documentation. It widens awareness and proposes new ways for other artists to explore the experience of being ‘in-between’.\ud \ud My principle research questions are:\ud How is my Taiwanese cultural identity expressed through making?\ud How might ceramic practice be used to develop a visual language to communicate a personal experience of ‘in-betweenness’?

Simply Mycoplasma The bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae , a human pathogen, has a genome of reduced size and is one of the simplest organisms that can reproduce outside of host cells. As such, it represents an excellent model organism in which to attempt a systems-level understanding of its biological organization. Now three papers provide a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the proteome, the metabolic network, and the transcriptome of M. pneumoniae (see the Perspective by Ochman and Raghavan ). Anticipating what might be possible in the future for more complex organisms, Kühner et al. (p. 1235 ) combine analysis of protein interactions by mass spectrometry with extensive structural information on M. pneumoniae proteins to reveal how proteins work together as molecular machines and map their organization within the cell by electron tomography. The manageable genome size of M. pneumoniae allowed Yus et al. (p. 1263 ) to map the metabolic network of the organism manually and validate it experimentally. Analysis of the network aided development of a minimal medium in which the bacterium could be cultured. Finally, G‡ell et al. (p. 1268 ) applied state-of-the-art sequencing techniques to reveal that this “simple” organism makes extensive use of noncoding RNAs and has exon- and intron-like structure within transcriptional operons that allows complex gene regulation resembling that of eukaryotes.

International audience; In this work, the p-type silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are grown by the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method using gold as catalyst droplet, silane as precursor and diborane as dopant reactant and are analyzed at the atomic scale using the three dimensional laser assisted Atom Probe Tomography (APT). This paper reports the preparation of SiNWs and their observation. A three dimensional dopant distribution and its accurate concentration are determined. The possible dopant incorporation pathway into an individual SiNW is also discussed.