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To investigate the influence of executive function (EF) on current and future quality of life (QoL) and negative emotion (NE) in older adults with diabetes.A total of 128 older adults with diabetes were recruited. Independent variables (demographic information, health and medical conditions, cognitive function, life function) were collected in the first year. Dependent variables (QoL and NE) were collected for 3 years. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were performed to identify the predictors of QoL and NE.EF was the strongest predictor for overall QoL and NE in all 3 years, and accounted for 23.0-36.2% and 11.1-17.1% of the variance, respectively. The second strongest predictor for overall QoL in all 3 years was pain interference, which accounted for 3.2-5.8% of the variance. Pain interference was also the second strongest predictor for NE in the second year, accounting for 5.5% of the variance.The present study revealed that EF is more predictive than pain for current and future QoL and NE in older adults with diabetes. We recommend that EF be included as an indicator for diabetes surveillance, and that prevention of EF decline be a part of diabetes management plans.

Supplementary Material 1

BACKGROUND A gastric glomus tumor is relatively rare, and there is little knowledge on its endoscopic ultrasound findings. AIM To assess the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the diagnosis of gastric glomus tumor and to discuss its value by reviewing the literature. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the EUS characteristics of gastric glomus tumor (such as tumor location, shape, size, echogenicity, homogeneity, margins, layer of origin, and so on) was performed. The study included 12 cases of gastric glomus tumor confirmed by surgery and pathology (7 females and 5 males, age range 36-74 years, average age was 58.2 years). RESULTS All the lesions were located in the gastric antrum (12 cases), protruding into the cavity, with a diameter between 1 and 3.5 cm. Glomus tumor of the stomach manifested as a circumscribed and slightly hypoechoic mass in the fourth layer, with an internal heterogeneous echo mixed with hyperechogenic spots and a marginal more hypoechoic halo. Smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon and vimentin were shown to be positive by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Although glomus tumor of the stomach is relatively rare, a typical glomus tumor of the stomach has characteristic changes under EUS.

Separation of microparticle in viscoelastic fluid is highly required in the field of biology and clinical medicine. For instance, the separation of the target cell from blood is an important prerequisite step for the drug screening and design. The microfluidic device is an efficient way to achieve the separation of the microparticle in the viscoelastic fluid. However, the existing microfluidic methods often have some limitations, including the requirement of the long channel length, the labeling process, and the low throughput. In this work, based on the elastic-inertial effect in the viscoelastic fluid, a new separation method is proposed where a gradually contracted microchannel is designed to efficiently adjust the forces exerted on the particle, eventually achieving the high-efficiency separation of different sized particles in a short channel length and at a high throughput. In addition, the separation of WBCs and RBCs is also validated in the present device. The effect of the flow rate, the fluid property, and the channel geometry on the particle separation is systematically investigated by the experiment. With the advantage of small footprint, simple structure, high throughput, and high efficiency, the present microfluidic device could be utilized in the biological and clinical fields, such as the cell analysis and disease diagnosis.

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is liquid treated with plasma. This liquid develops a higher oxygen reduction potential, a lower pH, and conductivity due to the delivery of reactive species from plasma to water. In this article, we review the antimicrobial activity and other applications of PAW in various food products. We discuss the effects of PAW treatment parameters on microbial inactivation efficiency as well as the underlying mechanisms, pesticide dissipation and its degradation pathway, meat curing and strategies to improve the nitrite amount in PAW, enhancement of food functional characteristics, and seed germination and plant growth. Additionally, we highlight the effects of PAW on food quality attributes. We further introduce the synergistic interaction of PAW with other technologies. Finally, we provide an overview of future challenges that must be resolved in the application of PAW in the food industry.

Our study aims to validate a commercially available inertial measurement unit (IMU) system against a standard laboratory-based optical motion capture (OMC) system for shoulder measurements in a clinical context.The validation analyses were conducted on 19 healthy male volunteers. Twelve reflective markers were placed on each participant's trunk, scapula and across the arm and one IMU was attached via a self-adhesive strap on the forearm. A single tester simultaneously collected shoulder kinematic data for four shoulder movements: flexion, extension, external rotation, and abduction. Agreement between OMC system and IMU measurements was assessed with Bland-Altman analyses. Secondary analysis included mean biases, root mean square error (RMSE) analysis and Welch'sBland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) exceeded the acceptable range of mean difference for 95% of the population (-22.27°, 11.31°). The mean bias showed high levels of agreement within 8° for all four movements. More than 60% of participants demonstrated mean bias less than 10° between methods. Statistically significant differences were found between measurements for abduction (P0.001) and flexion (P=0.027) but not for extension and external rotation (P≥0.05).Our study shows preliminary evidence for acceptable accuracy of a commercially available IMU against an OMC system for assessment of shoulder movements by a single tester. The IMU also exhibits similar whole degree of error compared to a standard goniometer with potential for application in remote rehabilitation.

The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NLRP3 senses host-derived danger signals and certain microbe-derived products in both humans and rodents. NLRP3 activation assembles an inflammasome complex that contains the adapter proteins ASC and caspase-1, whose activation triggers the maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. S5 phosphorylation of NLRP3 prevents its oligomerization and activation, whereas dephosphorylation of this residue by the phosphatase PP2A allows NLRP3 activation. However, the protein kinase that mediates NLRP3 S5 phosphorylation is unknown. In this study, we show that AKT associates with NLRP3 and phosphorylates it on S5, limiting NLRP3 oligomerization. This phosphorylation event also stabilizes NLRP3 by reducing its ubiquitination on lysine 496, which inhibits its proteasome-mediated degradation by the E3 ligase Trim31. Pharmacologic manipulation of AKT kinase activity reciprocally modulates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. Inhibition of AKT reduced IL-1β production following the i.p. injection of LPS into mice. We propose that AKT, Trim31, and PP2A together modulate NLRP3 protein levels and the tendency to oligomerize, thereby setting a tightly regulated threshold for NLRP3 activation.

Catalytic conversion of CO2 into methanol is of particular interest as it does not only provide valuable methanol, but also utilize the waste CO2. In the present work, a CoO/Co/TiO2 catalyst was developed and utilized in catalyzing CO2 to methanol under photothermal conditions. From the results of characterization, the supported Co nanoparticles (NPs) were composed of Co0 in the bulk, CoO film formed from air oxidation on the surface, and Co0 at Co NPs-TiO2 interfaces. This structure provided the possibility for a Z scheme photothermal catalytic system, which revealed a high activity for methanol formation in aqueous media under atmosphere pressure. It was proposed that the light excited electrons from the valence band (VB) of TiO2, and the excited electrons could enhance the Co0 catalytic activity under thermal conditions. The present approach will offer a new strategy to design Co based Z scheme catalysts and further improve the conversion efficiency from CO2 to fuels.

In an effort to detect and quantify potential CO2 leakage from geologic storage sites, this work investigates the migration process of CO2 leaked in a shallow subsurface associated with the CO2 sequestration project at Shaanxi, China. A shallow subsurface model with aquifer and soil layers was established, and the sensitivities of leakage rate and geological conditions were analysed. The results show that the distribution morphology of the CO2 plume is generally mushroom-shaped when the leaked CO2 enters the formation as a point source. Maximum leakage occurs at the soil surface due to the comprehensive effects of pressure, concentration, and density differences between CO2 and soil gas. The mass fraction of CO2 in gas is approximately 0.38–0.48 near the surface leak point, and leaked CO2 moves laterally along the bottom of the soil vadose zone. The leakage rate of CO2 significantly affects the pressure build-up as observed for an increase in the CO2 leakage rate from 0.0002 to 0.02 kg/s. In addition to the loess beam area, the migration process of CO2 leakage in the valley terrace area was also studied. The results show that the CO2 concentration in the leakage centre area of the valley terrace is not much different from that in the loess beam. Moreover, the surface leakage range in the valley terrace is much smaller than that in the loess beam, which is because of the differences in the formation composition and thickness. Heterogeneity has limited effect on leakage.

The rapid consumption of conventional fossil fuels has caused a sharp decline in their reserves and led to climate change. Exploitation of renewable energy sources especially bio-fuels such as 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), methylfuran (MF), γ-valerolactone (GVL), etc. has both environmental and economic benefits. In the present work, diverse Co-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared and used for catalyzing hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of biomass-derived oxygenates. Co5Zn1Ox, obtained by the incorporation of Zn species into the Co metal catalyst especially with a Co/Zn molar ratio of 5, could enhance the catalytic performances obviously compared to the sole Co catalyst. For example, the DMF, MF, and GVL yields reached up to 94, 98, and 77% during the catalysis by Co5Zn1Ox, which were much greater than 74, 0, and 23% for the Co catalyst, respectively. The enhanced performances of Co5Zn1Ox stem from the strong interaction between the Co and Zn species. Specifically, the presence of ZnO could stabilize Co2+ species, by offering electrons to Co species and creating oxygen vacancies, resulting in Co5Zn1Ox showing the highest adsorption amounts of furfural and furfuryl alcohol compared to Co1Zn1Ox and Co7Zn1Ox catalysts. Moreover, the catalyst showed good universality and reusability, and the HDO of 5-HMF to DMF proceeded in a true heterogeneous manner. The present work is believed to extend the application of bimetallic catalysts to the synthesis of bio-fuels and utilization of biomass materials.

CD38 is a cell surface receptor capable of generating calcium-mobilizing second messengers. It has been implicated in host defense and cancer biology, but signaling mechanisms downstream of CD38 remain unclear. Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson disease; it is also a risk factor for Crohn disease, leprosy, and certain types of cancers. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves inflammation and macroautophagy/autophagy, processes both CD38 and LRRK2 are implicated in. Here, we mechanistically and functionally link CD38 and LRRK2 as upstream activators of TFEB (transcription factor EB), a host defense transcription factor and the master transcriptional regulator of the autophagy/lysosome machinery. In B-lymphocytes and macrophages, we show that CD38 and LRRK2 exist in a complex on the plasma membrane. Ligation of CD38 with the monoclonal antibody clone 90 results in internalization of the CD38-LRRK2 complex and its targeting to the endolysosomal system. This generates an NAADP-dependent calcium signal, which requires LRRK2 kinase activity, and results in the downstream activation of TFEB.

To investigate the value of CD44Flow cytometry was used to detected the proportion of CD44The percentage of CD44HCD44CD44探讨CD44用流式细胞仪检测44例AML患者诱导化疗后14 d，外周血CD44MRDHCD44

AIM To describe geriatric syndromes and their relationships with quality of life in older adults with diabetes. METHODS Community-dwelling older adults (aged >60 years) with diabetes (n = 316) participated in the present study. Eight geriatric syndromes, including polypharmacy (number of medications), pain (Brief Pain Inventory), urinary incontinence (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire), sleep disturbance (hours of sleep), lower cognitive level (Mini-Mental State Examination), falls, depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale short form) and functional limitation (Barthel Index and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living), were assessed. The WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version was used to measure physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of quality of life. RESULTS Polypharmacy was the most common geriatric syndrome (46.6%), followed by pain (41.5%). Participants with any of the geriatric syndromes, except for polypharmacy and sleep disturbance, had significantly poorer quality of life than those without. The Geriatric Depression Scale score was the only common and significant contributor to all four domains of quality of life, explaining 16~29% of the variance. Number of medications, pain level and cognitive level were also significant contributors, although they explained a small amount (

Chili pepper is difficult to dry as the outermost surface is covered with an epicuticular wax layer, which hinders moisture transfer. Chemical dipping pretreatments and thermal blanching methods are often employed to enhance its drying process. However, chemical pretreatments hold the issues of chemical additives residue and thermal blanching methods tend to result in a high loss of bioactive compounds. Cold plasma is an ionized gas that contains different electrons, ions, and reactive neutral species. In current work, the feasibility of cold plasma as a non-thermal pretreatment technology for chili pepper drying is explored. The effects of different cold plasma pretreatment time (15, 30, 45, 60 s) on hot air drying kinetics and quality attributes of chili pepper, such as colour, red pigment retention, antioxidant activity, and microstructure were investigated. Results indicate that cold plasma can enhance the drying rate and the exposure time of 30 s achieves the optimum result. Microstructure observations show the existence of micro-holes, which explain how plasma treatment can enhance the drying kinetics. Quality attributes showed that the colour parameters had no significant changes under various treatment times. The retention of red pigment content was improved by plasma treatment of 30 s, whereas longer exposure times had a negative effect. The antioxidant activity of samples increased with the increase of cold plasma exposure time. Results indicate that cold plasma is a promising pretreatment technology for chili peppers as it enhances drying kinetics and quality attributes of chili pepper.

To detect the relationship between leukocytes derived microparticle (CD45The expression of CD45The percentages of CD45High level of CD45白细胞来源微泡与急性髓系白血病微小残留病及预后的相关性.探讨白细胞来源微泡与急性髓系白血病（AML）微小残留病（MRD）及预后的相关性。方法：。结果：。结论：。.用流式细胞仪检测47例AML患者诱导化疗后，21 d外周血的CD45MRD高水平CD45

CD38 is a cell surface receptor capable of generating calcium-mobilizing second messengers. It has been implicated in host defense and cancer biology, but signaling mechanisms downstream of CD38 remain unclear. Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson disease; it is also a risk factor for Crohn disease, leprosy, and certain types of cancers. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves inflammation and macroautophagy/autophagy, processes both CD38 and LRRK2 are implicated in. Here, we mechanistically and functionally link CD38 and LRRK2 as upstream activators of TFEB (transcription factor EB), a host defense transcription factor and the master transcriptional regulator of the autophagy/lysosome machinery. In B-lymphocytes and macrophages, we show that CD38 and LRRK2 exist in a complex on the plasma membrane. Ligation of CD38 with the monoclonal antibody clone 90 results in internalization of the CD38-LRRK2 complex and its targeting to the endolysosomal system. This generates an NAADP-dependent calcium signal, which requires LRRK2 kinase activity, and results in the downstream activation of TFEB. lrrk2 KO macrophages accordingly have TFEB activation defects following CD38 or LPS stimulation and fail to switch to glycolytic metabolism after LPS treatment. In overexpression models, the pathogenic LRRK2G2019S mutant promotes hyperactivation of TFEB even in the absence of CD38, both by stabilizing TFEB and promoting its nuclear translocation via aberrant calcium signaling. In sum, we have identified a physiological CD38-LRRK2-TFEB signaling axis in immune cells. The common pathogenic mutant, LRRK2G2019S, appears to hijack this pathway. Abbreviations:ADPR: ADP-ribose; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; cADPR: cyclic-ADP-ribose; COR: C-terminal of ROC; CTSD: cathepsin D; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GPN: Gly-Phe ��-naphthylamide; GSK3B/GSK3��: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; KD: knockdown; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LRR: leucine rich repeat; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCOLN1: mucolipin 1; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; mRNA: messenger RNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAADP: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PD: Parkinson disease; PPP3CB: protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isoform; q-RT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ROC: Ras of complex; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TPCN: two pore channel; TRPM2: transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2; ZKSCAN3: zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3

We investigate the influence of a protective layer on the picosecond laser-induced damage in HfO2/SiO2 high-reflective (HR) coatings. Two types of 1064-nm HR coatings, with and without a SiO2 protective layer, are deposited using electron beam evaporation. Laser-induced damage tests are operated with 1064-nm, 30-ps laser pulses in one-on-one mode. Five different angles of incidence (AOIs) are considered in the tests for both coatings, in order to modulate the electric field (E-field) intensity in the HR coatings. The damage morphologies and cross-sections of the damage sites are characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB), respectively. Experimental results show that the SiO2 protective layer slightly improves the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the HR coatings for all AOI values. The damage morphology contains high-density micrometer-scale pits and layer delaminations, at low and high fluences, respectively. The cross-sections of the damage sites and LIDTs for different AOIs are compared with corresponding E-field distributions. For both coatings, the damage is initiated near the peak of the E-field. A negative linear relationship is observed between the LIDT and corresponding maximum E-field intensity for both coatings.

It is important to study the mechanism of water inrush on a seam floor by exploring the rules of permeability variations during rock deformation on the seam floor and in the course of fracturing as well as their responses to characteristics of the macromechanical environment such as mine ground pressure, engineering geology, and fluid mechanics. First, through the analysis of bearing pressure changes in the process of exploiting the working face, a mechanical model for the seam floor above the confined water is established. Based on the graphic data-processing software Mathcad, the computational process and methods for assessing the vertical, horizontal, and shear stresses are provided together with the corresponding variation curve of the rock stratum 5 m below the floor, covering the entire process from a position 120 m away from the working face to a position 280 m behind it. Second, the permeability coefficients of different lithologies are measured in the laboratory. For rock stratum 5 m below the floor, the corresponding external loading path is set up according to its actual stress. The actual dynamic stress environment of the rocks is simulated, and their permeability characteristics are studied. In addition, based on data fitting, the permeability coefficient variations in the mining process are determined for a rock stratum 5 m below the floor. Finally, in accordance with the permeability variation law of the floor of the working face, the seam floor is divided into six areas, namely, the compression and expansion zone, the bed separation and expansion zone, the pressure relief zone, the compression zone, the stable recovery zone, and the stability zone. Thus, the water-resisting performance of the floor can be expressed more objectively.

Potential pathways in the subsurface may allow upward migrating CO2 from deep geological storage reservoirs into shallow subsurface aquifers. Detailed simulations of CO2 migration in the near surface are necessary for monitoring design where the near-surface groundwater flow field is usually complicated by rainfall and pumping wells. This work studied the CO2 migration under complex hydrodynamic conditions by numerical simulation for a specific site. Results shows that in a coupled soil and aquifer formation, the leakage rate of CO2 dominates the whole migration process, especially in the vadose zone. The groundwater velocity determines the lateral distance of CO2 migration with the groundwater flow, and simultaneously weakens the upward migration trend. Under certain conditions, such as the leakage rate of 1 × 10−5 kg/s and the groundwater velocity of 6.7 × 10−8 m/s, upward migration of CO2 is completely suppressed, therefore it will not leak to the surface. Both rainfall and pumping wells affect the migration indirectly by changing the groundwater flow field, while the impact of the latter is greater. When the well extraction increases or the well is downstream of the leak, CO2 will be extracted to the well. The permeability heterogeneity will also promote migration. Complex groundwater environments require more attention in the monitoring work.

This study explored the gender differences in the relationship between walking activity and sleep disturbances. A cross-sectional study of 201 community-dwelling older adults with diabetes was conducted in southern Taiwan. Using the Taiwanese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, self-administered short version (IPAQ-SS), information on physical activity and sleep disturbance conditions was collected. Among older female adults with diabetes, 54.2% reported sleep disturbance significantly higher than males (38.1%). Logistic regression analysis suggested that for women, in addition to the active group, older adults in the low-active, high-walking group exhibited a significantly lower rate of sleep disturbance than did those who walked less.

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis and promotes cellular survival by neutralizing BH3 domain-containing proteins, which directly activate the pore-forming proteins BAX and BAK. However, Bcl-2 is not known to regulate other cell death effectors such as gasdermin D (GSDMD) or mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), whose activation causes pyroptosis and necroptosis, respectively. Here, we identify a BH3-like domain in both GSDMD and MLKL that mediates an interaction with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). The presence of Bcl-2 reduced GSDMD cleavage at D275 by caspase-1, 4 or 5, and enhanced the GSDMD cleavage at D87. The GSDMD D87 cleavage inactivates the pyroptotic execution program. The presence of Bcl-2 also limited RIP3 mediated phosphorylation of MLKL, which reduced MLKL oligomerization and tempered the induction of necroptosis. Our observations suggest that the presence of Bcl-2 limits the induction of three forms of cell death apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis.

The SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak was caused by a coronavirus (CoV) named the SARS-CoV. SARS pathology is propagated both by direct cytotoxic effects of the virus and aberrant activation of the innate immune response. Here, we identify several mechanisms by which a SARS-CoV open reading frame (ORF) activates intracellular stress pathways and targets the innate immune response. We show that ORF8b forms insoluble intracellular aggregates dependent on a valine at residue 77. Aggregated ORF8b induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal damage, and subsequent activation of the master regulator of the autophagy and lysosome machinery, Transcription factor EB (TFEB). ORF8b causes cell death in epithelial cells, which is partially rescued by reducing its ability to aggregate. In macrophages, ORF8b robustly activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by providing a potent signal 2 required for activation. Mechanistically, ORF8b interacts directly with the Leucine Rich Repeat domain of NLRP3 and localizes with NLRP3 and ASC in cytosolic dot-like structures. ORF8b triggers cell death consistent with pyroptotic cell death in macrophages. While in those cells lacking NLRP3 accumulating ORF8b cytosolic aggregates cause ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase-independent cell death.

Wolfberry is very difficult to dry as its surface is covered by thin wax layer. Chemical dipping is frequently used to dissolve it and enhance drying. In current work, cold plasma (CP) was employed and its pretreatment effect (15, 30, 45, 60 s) on drying time, color, rehydration ratio, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content as well as micro-, and ultrastructure of wolfberry dried by hot air drying was explored and compared with that of unpretreated and the pretreated samples using sodium carbonate (SC) solution. Suitable CP processing time could shorten the drying time by 50%. CP pretreatment increased rehydration ratio of dried wolfberry by 7–16%. The L*, a*, and b* of dried wolfberry treated by CP were significantly (p

N-heterocycles with quinoline and tetrahydroquinoline structures are highly important in pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and their highly efficient mutual transformations are vital but still challenging. In the present work, AlN supported redox cobalt catalysts (Co3O4/AlN and Co/AlN) were prepared, which could achieve the reversible aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation/hydrogenation of N-heterocycles with good performances. The catalytic performances were stem from the strong interaction between Co species with AlN support, which were confirmed by the characterizations of Raman, XPS, UV–vis DRS, and H2-TPR etc. Both of the catalysts showed good stabilities and reusabilities for the titled reactions. Besides, the gram-scale experiments achieved with good yields to corresponding products, revealing the present protocol possesses great potential applications in industry. The strategy of using redox Co-based catalyst not only provides a potential catalyst for the reversible hydrogenation/oxidative dehydrogenation reactions but also replenishes methods for constructing of other redox catalyst, especially with AlN as a carrier.

The chemical composition of the Qiantangjiang River, the largest river in Zhejiang province in eastern China, was measured to understand the chemical weathering of rocks and the associated CO2 consumption and anthropogenic influences within a silicate-dominated river basin. The average total dissolved solids (TDS, 113 mg l−1) and total cation concentration (TZ+, 1357 μeq l−1) of the river waters are comparable with those of global major rivers. Ca2+ and HCO3− followed by Na2+ and SO42−, dominate the ionic composition of the river water. There are four major reservoirs (carbonates, silicates, atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs) contributing to the total dissolved load of the investigated rivers. The dissolved loads of the rivers are dominated by both carbonate and silicate weathering, which together account for about 76.3% of the total cationic load origin. The cationic chemical weathering rates of silicate and carbonate for the Qiantangjiang basin are estimated to be approximately 4.9 ton km−2 a−1 and 13.9 ton km−2 a−1, respectively. The calculated CO2 consumption rates with the assumption that all the protons involved in the weathering reaction are provided by carbonic acid are 369 × 103 mol km−2 a−1 and 273 × 103 mol km−2 a−1 by carbonate and silicate weathering, respectively. As one of the most severe impacted area by acid rain in China, H2SO4 from acid precipitation is also an important proton donor in weathering reactions. When H2SO4 is considered, the CO2 consumption rates for the river basin are estimated at 286 × 103 mol km−2 a−1 for carbonate weathering and 211 × 103 mol km−2 a−1 for silicate weathering, respectively. The results highlight that the drawdown effect of CO2 consumption by carbonate and silicate weathering can be largely overestimated if the role of sulfuric acid is ignored, especially in the area heavily impacted by acid deposition like Qiantangjiang basin. The actual CO2 consumption rates (after sulfuric acid weathering effect deduction) is only about 77% of the value calculated with the assumption that carbonic acid donates all the protons involved in the weathering reaction.

Many intracellular pathogens cause disease by subverting macrophage innate immune defense mechanisms. Intracellular pathogens actively avoid delivery to or directly target lysosomes, the major intracellular degradative organelle. In this article, we demonstrate that activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3), an LPS-inducible protein in macrophages, affects both lysosomal biogenesis and activity. AGS3 binds the Gi family of G proteins via its G-protein regulatory (GoLoco) motif, stabilizing the Gα subunit in its GDP-bound conformation. Elevated AGS3 levels in macrophages limited the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, a sensor of cellular nutritional status. This triggered the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, a known activator of lysosomal gene transcription. In contrast, AGS3-deficient macrophages had increased mammalian target of rapamycin activity, reduced transcription factor EB activity, and a lower lysosomal mass. High levels of AGS3 in macrophages enhanced their resistance to infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, whereas AGS3-deficient macrophages were more susceptible. We conclude that LPS priming increases AGS3 levels, which enhances lysosomal function and increases the capacity of macrophages to eliminate intracellular pathogens.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the severe lung pathology that occurs during SARS-CoV infections remain incompletely understood. The largest of the SARS-CoV accessory protein open reading frames (SARS 3a) oligomerizes, dynamically inserting into late endosomal, lysosomal, and trans-Golgi-network membranes. While previously implicated in a non-inflammatory apoptotic cell death pathway, here we extend the range of SARS 3a pathophysiologic targets by examining its effects on necrotic cell death pathways. We show that SARS 3a interacts with Receptor Interacting Protein 3 (Rip3), which augments the oligomerization of SARS 3a helping drive necrotic cell death. In addition, by inserting into lysosomal membranes SARS 3a triggers lysosomal damage and dysfunction. Consequently, Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) translocates to the nucleus increasing the transcription of autophagy- and lysosome-related genes. Finally, SARS 3a activates caspase-1 either directly or via an enhanced potassium efflux, which triggers NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. In summary, Rip3-mediated oligomerization of SARS 3a causes necrotic cell death, lysosomal damage, and caspase-1 activation—all likely contributing to the clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV infection.

Wang, J.; Jiang, X., and Shan, C., 2019. International reference for efficiency of Shanghai transportation service trade in the construction of a free trade port. In: Li, L.; Wan, X., and Huang, X. (eds.), Recent Developments in Practices and Research on Coastal Regions: Transportation, Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 98, pp. 26–29. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.From the new perspective of service trade efficiency, this paper makes a horizontal comparison in efficiency evaluation among Shanghai Port, Singapore Port, and Busan Port to achieve the strategic goal of the free trade port. For this, the Interactive Linear and General Optimization Solver (LINGO) was applied to specific data processing. The innovations of this study are the use of the evaluation scores in the World Economic Forum for the efficiency of transportation service, quantification of the original nonquantitative evaluation items, and the optimized selection of the calculation mode by LINGO, which ensures the comparability of the results. The results show that Singapore Port's pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) are the highest, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) evaluation is efficient. In recent years, Shanghai Port's PTE is little higher and the SE declines, and the DEA evaluation has not been efficient. The input indicators are redundant but still improving year by year.

Laser-induced damage in optical components has always been a key challenge in the development of high-power laser systems. In picosecond regime, the laser-matter interactions are quite complex and the damage mechanism is not yet understood. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the laser induced damage of optical components in picosecond regime. Our previous study on the laser induced damage in HfO2/SiO2 high-reflective (HR) coatings in 30-ps laser pulses reported the damage morphologies to be high-density micrometer-scale pits, which are similar to the morphologies of HR coatings irradiated by 355-nm pulses in nanosecond regime. Thus, it makes sense to analyze the damage mechanism of HR coatings in picosecond regime by comparing the damage results with those tested with 355-nm pulses. In this study, laser induced damage of HfO2/SiO2 HR coatings are performed by 355-nm, 7-ns pulses and 1064-nm, 30-ps pulses, respectively. Different angles of incidence (AOIs) are operated in the tests, in order to modulate the electric field (E-intensity) distributions in the coating stacks. Damage morphologies and cross-sectional profiles are characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB), respectively. The laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) and morphologies tested with two different laser pulses are compared. The damage locations are compared with corresponding E-field distributions and the damage reasons are discussed.

The innate immune system employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect pathogens and initiate the immune response. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best studied PRRs and they act by initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that is dependent on the adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF. This response activates the critical transcription factors NF-κB and IRF3, and functions to prime both the innate and adaptive immune effector cells for pathogen clearance. Macrophages are one of the major effector cell types of innate immunity. They help clear extracellular infections by phagocytosis and eventual phagosome–lysosome fusion, and intracellular infections by enclosing microbes in autophagic vesicles for delivery to the lysosome. Initiation of autophagy requires phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P], which is generated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III (PtdIns3KC3/Vps34) complex. This chapter discusses the detailed molecular mechanisms through which TLR signaling primes macrophages for intracellular pathogen clearance by initiating autophagy. We focus on Beclin 1, a key component of the PtdIsn3KC3 complex, which is recruited to the TLR signalosome upon TLR stimulation and subsequently posttranslationally modified to disrupt its binding with its inhibitor, Bcl-2.

CD8(+) memory T (Tm) cells are a significant barrier to transplant tolerance induction in alloantigen-primed recipients, and are insensitive to existing clinical immunosuppressants. Here, we studied the inhibition of CD8(+) Tm cells by arsenic trioxide (As2O3) for the first time. Alloantigen-primed CD8(+) Tm cells were transferred to T cell immunodeficient nude mice. The mice were subjected to heart allotransplantation, and treated with As2O3. The transplant survival time was determined, and the inhibitory effects of As2O3 on CD8(+) Tm cell-mediated immune rejection were assessed through serological studies and inspection of the transplanted heart and lymphoid organs. We found that As2O3 treatment prolonged the mean survival time of the graft and reduced the number of CD8(+) Tm cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. The expression of the genes encoding interleukin (IL)-2, and IFN-γ was reduced, while expression of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β was increased in the transplant. Our findings show that As2O3 treatment inhibits allograft rejection mediated by alloreactive CD8(+) Tm cells in the mouse heart transplantation model.

Both chemotaxis and phagocytosis depend upon actin-driven cell protrusions and cell membrane remodeling. While chemoattractant receptors rely upon canonical G-protein signaling to activate downstream effectors, whether such signaling pathways affect phagocytosis is contentious. Here, we report that Gαi nucleotide exchange and signaling helps macrophages coordinate the recognition, capture, and engulfment of zymosan bioparticles. We show that zymosan exposure recruits F-actin, Gαi proteins, and Elmo1 to phagocytic cups and early phagosomes. Zymosan triggered an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) that was partially sensitive to Gαi nucleotide exchange inhibition and expression of GTP-bound Gαi recruited Elmo1 to the plasma membrane. Reducing GDP-Gαi nucleotide exchange, decreasing Gαi expression, pharmacologically interrupting Gβγ signaling, or reducing Elmo1 expression all impaired phagocytosis, while favoring the duration that Gαi remained GTP bound promoted it. Our studies demonstrate that targeting heterotrimeric G-protein signaling offers opportunities to enhance or retard macrophage engulfment of phagocytic targets such as zymosan.

Inflammation is an important physiological response to noxious stimuli, but unchecked inflammation is pathophysiological and can result in tissue destruction and autoimmune disease. Inflammasomes are large multimeric signaling complexes of the innate immune system involved in the proteolytic cleavage and activation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. Inflammasome signaling is a key early step in generating the inflammatory response as IL-1β is a critical cytokine in mediating systemic inflammation and has a variety of downstream effects. Aberrant inflammasome activation is the basis of many human autoinflammatory diseases, thus delineation of feedback loops regulating inflammasome signaling is of great importance to understanding autoinflammatory conditions. Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers damaged organelles and aged protein complexes to the lysosome for destruction. It evolved both as a cellular recycling system and as a quality control system to ensure cellular homeostasis. This chapter covers the dynamic interplay between inflammasome activation and autophagy induction, with a specific focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which autophagy feedback inhibits inflammasome signaling.

With the rapid development of cement industry in China, looseness of information management and hardness of production line optimization control have became an utmost important issue. In this paper, we design and implement a remote optimization and control system via B/S architecture, which is under the model of ASP.NET MVC. Conclusively,this system implements the functions which are data analysis and processing of cement enterprises,optimization control of production line and meta-analysis of enterprise information.

Coronaviruses (CoV) have recently emerged as potentially serious pathogens that can cause significant human morbidity and death. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV was identified as the etiologic agent of the 2002–2003 international SARS outbreak. Yet, how SARS evades innate immune responses to cause human disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that a protein encoded by SARS-CoV designated as open reading frame-9b (ORF-9b) localizes to mitochondria and causes mitochondrial elongation by triggering ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of dynamin-like protein 1, a host protein involved in mitochondrial fission. Also, acting on mitochondria, ORF-9b targets the mitochondrial-associated adaptor molecule MAVS signalosome by usurping PCBP2 and the HECT domain E3 ligase AIP4 to trigger the degradation of MAVS, TRAF3, and TRAF 6. This severely limits host cell IFN responses. Reducing either PCBP2 or AIP4 expression substantially reversed the ORF-9b–mediated reduction of MAVS and the suppression of antiviral transcriptional responses. Finally, transient ORF-9b expression led to a strong induction of autophagy in cells. The induction of autophagy depended upon ATG5, a critical autophagy regulator, but the inhibition of MAVS signaling did not. These results indicate that SARS-CoV ORF-9b manipulates host cell mitochondria and mitochondrial function to help evade host innate immunity. This study has uncovered an important clue to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection and illustrates the havoc that a small ORF can cause in cells.

The limestone and yellow sandstone soil profiles from SW China were measured for chemical and Sr isotope compositions of the bulk soils and their sequential leachates (labile, carbonate, and residue or silicate fraction), aiming to characterize the parent materials of the soils, to understand the soil weathering and formation processes, and to discuss the origin of the red residua (terra rossa). The studied yellow sandstone soil, yellow limestone soil, and black limestone soil show different pH values, SiO 2 contents, Rb/Sr abundance ratios, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. The sequential leachates of different soil types also have different 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and Ca/Sr ratios. The major chemical compositions of the studied soil profiles suggest that all the sandstone and limestone soils are developing at a stage that feldspar is exhausting and the clay minerals are changing from smectite to kaolinite and gibbsite. As compared with the red residua distributed in the karst region, the soils studied here show lower CIA values (58–84), but both higher Na 2 O/K 2 O (0.9–2.7) and Na 2 O/Al 2 O 3 concentration ratios (0.07–0.26) on average, suggesting a lower weathering intensity than that of the red residua. The depth profiles of soil CIA values, Na 2 O/K 2 O and Rb/Sr ratios, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios indicate that the weathering intensity is slightly lower for the upper and higher for the deeper soils, which suggest that the sandstone and limestone soil profiles were formed through both accumulation and weathering of in situ weathering residue and input of external detritus or soil from upper land. During weathering of the soils, preferential release of Ca and retention of Sr in soil result in higher Ca/Sr ratios in both labile and carbonate fractions than those in the residue fractions of all soil profiles. The co-variations of Hf/Nb and Zr/Nb ratios, together with those Rb/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of limestone soils, sandstone soils, and the red residua, demonstrate that their parent materials are distinct, and support the point that the widely distributed red residua is originated from the weathering residua of both carbonate and silicate clastic rocks, and further weathering of the weathering residua resulted in intensive release of Si, Na, Ca and relative enrichment of Al, K and other immobile elements in the red residua.

The chemical and strontium isotopic compositions of four major rivers (Heihe, Shule, Beida, and Shiyang) around the Badain Jaran Desert, northwestern China, were measured to understand the solute sources of surface water and rock weathering in the arid region. These rivers have high total cationic charge (TZ+) and total dissolved solids (TDS), averaging at 7379 μEq and 511 mg l−1, which are significantly higher than the global river average. The increase in TDS and major ions (Na+, Cl−, and SO4 2−) and TDS concentrations from upper to lower reaches is ascribed to the evaporite dissolution and the effect of evaporation in the arid and semiarid areas. 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of these rivers range between 0.71019 and 0.71628, with an average of 0.71328. The chemical and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic analyses indicate that three reservoirs (evaporites, carbonates, and silicates) contribute to the total dissolved loads. The contributions of the different reservoirs to the dissolved load are first calculated using a forward method in this area. The calculated results show that the dissolved cation load is dominated by carbonates weathering and evaporites dissolution, and their contribution account for about 80 % of the total dissolved cations for the rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert. The proportion of the dissolved cations from silicates weathering is 23.5, 10.8, 12.1, and 18.2 %, and the weathering rate of silicates is 0.81, 0.76, 2.04, and 0.93 ton km−2 a−1 for Heihe, Shule, Beida, and Shiyang, respectively.

Accumulative error which derived from spurious triggering, improper handling or exceptional cases with magnet-induced marker sensor could be parsed as erroneous marker commands. To ensure the extremely high reliability and real-time operation performance of Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), an error correction method with adaptive time slot along with operation speed was applied to AGV's marker command analysis task. Experiments and tests shown that the opposed method have guaranteed safety in working operations and swiftly decreased the marker sensor's error rate.

To investigate the antitumor effect of lycorine on renal cell carcinoma ACHN cells and explore the possible mechanism.We used flow cytometry to examine the effect of lycorine on ACHN cell cycle and apoptosis. The cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed with MTS assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. Colony forming assay was performed, and the mRNA and protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, survivin, caspase-3, cyclin D1 and CDK4 were measured with qRT-PCR and Western blotting.Lycorine obviously inhibited the proliferation of ACHN cells with an IC(50) of 24.34 µmol/L. Lycorine also induced apoptosis of ACHN cells, caused cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase, and suppressed the colony forming ability of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. The migration and invasion of ACHN cells were significantly inhibited by 5 µmol/L lycorine. Lycorine up-regulated the mRNA levels of CDK4, Bax, caspase-3 while down-regulated the levels of survivin, Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1; the protein levels of CDK4 and Bax were increased and cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and surviving expressions were decreased, but caspase-3 expression showed no significant changes following the treatment.Lycorine has obvious antitumor effect against ACHN cells, suggesting its value as a new therapeutic agent for renal cell carcinoma.