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This study aims to investigate the influence of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) aspects on Online Promotion among Malaysian SME companies. The literature identifies four SEO dimensions that influence Online Promotion: SEO Connectivity, SEO Competitiveness, SEO Experience, and SEO Techniques. The online survey received 153 responses from Malaysian SME service providers. In addition to descriptive statistics, the data were subjected to Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The proposed framework builds a strong relationship between SEO Dimensions and Online Promotion for Malaysian SME businesses. According to the analysis findings, there is a significant relationship between SEO Competitiveness and Online Promotion for Malaysian SME businesses. In addition, the data found a significant relationship between SEO Experience and Online Promotion. The value of SEO Competitiveness and SEO Experience, as well as the responses to the study, show that these tactics are frequently used in Online Promotion for SME companies in Malaysia. The findings will help company decision-makers enhance their internet presence and reach. It may result in decreased marketing expenses and a rise in new clients, consequently boosting the company's sales revenue.

Traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in all capital cities. This study aims to examine the willingness of Malaysians and Filipinos to use public transport and the factors that influence their willingness to use public transport in Kuala Lumpur and Manila. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 250 respondents using purposive sampling technique. PLS-SEM analysis shows that efficiency is essential for Malaysians while Filipino transport users pay more importance to reliability. It is crucial that a holistic perspective heeding in environmental, social and governance (ESG) in transportation can assist the government to conserve the environment in line with SDG 11. Keywords: Transportation, SDGs, Efficiency, willingness eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.3751

The generation and propagation of physical signals in living biosystems are continuous issues. Traditional Hodgkin-Huxley model based on ionic current conduction could not explain the fast transmission of action potential in myelinated axons and factors influencing AP velocity. We propose that the ion distribution variation induced by sodium channel generates near field quasi-static electric field at extracellular space, termed as an ephaptic field which is able to excite nearby passive axons. Our simulation reveals the static electric field generated by sodium ion channels in one node of Ranvier is unlikely to activate the ion channels at nearest neighbor node. However, the ion channels ring on a node could induce 0.01 mV membrane potential difference on the node at nearby axon located at the middle of the two nodes, assuming the internode distance is 100 μm. Together with the superposition of ephaptic feedback field by the collective motion of many neighbor parallel axons, which could activate the next node of the original axon, the action potential could propagate in a zigzag path. Our simulation result also explain the fast speed of action potential propagation observed in experiments.

Sayed E Wahezi,1 Terence Hillery,2 Rene Przkora,3 Tim Lubenow,4 Tim Deer,5 Chong Kim,2 Dawood Sayed,6 Jonathan Krystal,7 Merritt Kinon,8 Kishan Sitapara,7 Kim Nguyen,7 Daniel Wong,7 Karen Sperling7 1Montefiore Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; 2The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA; 3Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; 5Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; 6The University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS, USA; 7Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; 8Department of Neurosurgery, USA Brain and Spine Institute, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USACorrespondence: Sayed E Wahezi, Montefiore Health System, Montefiore Multidisciplinary Pain Program, 1250 Waters Place, Tower #2, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA, Tel +1 929-263-3852, Fax +1 929-263-3950, Email swahezi@montefiore.orgPurpose: Neuroforaminal stenosis (NFS), a narrowing of the intervertebral foramen, is a cause of disability in the aging population. Formal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification of NSF has been developed recently and contradictory findings have been reported. This study aims to assess whether in-plane, anatomically conformed two-dimensional (2D) views of the neuroforamen characterize NFS more accurately than traditional axial, coronal, and sagittal views in healthy individuals with and without simulated scoliosis.Patients and methods: This observational study was approved by the designated institutional review board at our academic tertiary care center. Four volunteers underwent lumbar spine MRI twice, once in the supine position and once with intentionally introduced hip tilt. The latter resulted in lumbar curvature mimicking positioning errors approximating degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Anatomically oriented cuts such as axial with endplate correction and coronally obliqued parasagittals, also called coronal obliques, were performed. Standard sagittal and axial views were also performed in both the supine and rotated groups.Results: Coronal oblique and anatomically oriented axial views demonstrated the highest correlation with true neuroforaminal caliber. Deviation from anatomical congruence resulted in false measurements of neuroforaminal size. The hip-tilt studies produced MR that were less favorable to characterization of the caliber of neuroforamina. Coronal sections demonstrated reliability only when performed at the mid-pedicular lines. Standard axial views were reliable only when taken at the upper one-third of the neuroforamen. Coronal oblique views demonstrated superiority when evaluating consecutive neuroforamen on one image compared to non-obliqued parasagittal slices.Conclusion: To minimize error in neuroforaminal analysis, imaging specialists should perform anatomically oriented cuts to conform to individual patient anatomy. When this cannot be performed due to a patient’s spine rotation or position, the MRI reader should view oblique, axial, and coronal images simultaneously and dynamically for proper foraminal characterization.Keywords: foraminal stenosis, lumbar vertebrae, magnetic resonance imaging, neural foramen, scoliosis

Persistent and chronic pain after cancer surgery is a complex clinical problem. The etiology of pain in these cases is often multifactorial and, in addition to the surgery itself, can include or overlap with other painful syndromes such as direct effects of tumors, neuropathic pain, and pain syndromes secondary to chemotherapy and/or radiation.There is a growing body of literature which suggests that treating pain in the acute and subacute periods can prevent chronic pain, an important step in reducing the morbidity of this clinical problem. This review describes the incidence of persistent pain after cancer surgery, its pathophysiology, and treatment considerations. Additional research on diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and novel medications, restorative therapies, and interventional treatments will be essential to continue to reduce the clinical burden of persistent and chronic perioperative pain after cancer surgery.

Using the environmental, social and governance (ESG) model, this study examines the sustainability of local communities living in smart cities in Malaysia and the Philippines. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 400 respondents living in smart cities in Malaysia and the Philippines. PLS-SEM was used to analyse the data using the Singapore smart city initiatives framework. Findings show that local communities' awareness, perception and readiness to participate in the smart city initiatives impact smart city sustainability. In line with SDG 11, towards a more sustainable city, the study provides micro-level data to show the significance of local communities who are ultimately the end-users.

One phenomenon observed during the pandemic was increased staycation in most countries. This study focuses on wellness tourism through staycation in Malaysia and Singapore. A self-administered online questionnaire was completed by 109 Malaysians and 60 Singaporeans. Using IBM SPSS and SmartPLS, the determinants examined were the sense of presence, experience quality, hedonic motivation, and psychological detachment and mediated by family involvement towards the gratification of wellness tourism. This study contributes to theory and practices for Malaysia and Singapore's domestic tourism and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 12 for mental well-being and responsible consumption.

According to World Economic Forum (2021), workers daily stress reached a record high in 2020. Workers in US and Canada showed the highest level of daily stress, with 57% in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has highly impacted the personal well-being and social and working life of millions of people globally. Malaysians reported the highest level of anxiety among 12,823 employed online adults aged 16-74 across 28 countries between November and December 2020 based on research conducted by Ipsos on its Global Advisor online platform (Ipsos Malaysia, 2021). There is an unexpectedly high percentage of Malaysians who experienced increased anxiety around job security at 74% compared to a global share of 56%, and stress due to changes in work routines and organization at 67% compared to a worldwide percentage of 55%, respectively. Besides, 10% of the employees lost their jobs, and 7% of employees chose to leave their jobs during this COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2020 in Malaysia. Although stress is a potential killer to a person's health and well-being, several studies have shown that seven consecutive vacation days provided an efficient recovery strategy.

This study investigated the challenges of teaching in the digital environment and identified digital competency among lecturers in higher learning institutions in the digital era. The survey was carried out from April to September 2022 with 155 valid responses among 200 lecturers, 77.5% response rate from private and public higher learning institutions from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. PLS-SEM was used to analyse the survey results and hypothesis testing was conducted through bootstrapping. Among the seven hypotheses proposed, six were accepted and one was rejected, which was the development of digital learning resources towards competency teaching in the digital era.

Traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in all capital cities. This study aims to examine the willingness of Malaysians and Filipinos to use public transport and the factors that influence their willingness to use public transport in Kuala Lumpur and Manila. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 250 respondents using purposive sampling technique. PLS-SEM analysis shows that efficiency is essential for Malaysians while Filipino transport users pay more importance to reliability. It is crucial that a holistic perspective heeding in environmental, social and governance (ESG) in transportation can assist the government to conserve the environment in line with SDG 11.

Sabah is Malaysia's second-largest state after Sarawak. Sabah is one of the few states continuously contributing to Malaysia's GDP growth. It is rich in natural resources (DOSM, 2021). This research investigates how the number of Malaysians who visit Sabah impacts the unemployment rate (SDG 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth). Even though Sabah receives many domestic visitors yearly, the unemployment rate is relatively high. From 2012 to 2021, Sabah had the highest average unemployment rate in Malaysia, at 6.04 per cent. According to Malaysia's Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey Report (2019) by the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM), Sabah has the highest incidence of Poverty, with 23.9 and 19.5 per cent in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Consequently, it is unsurprising that Sabah has the lowest GDP and is the poorest in Malaysia compared to other states.

The study aims to determine social media marketing that influences brand engagement among parents of preschoolers’ children. The study specifically examines the influences of entertainment, interaction, customization, trendiness, and electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on brand engagement. The research methodology adopted is a quantitative approach and a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The participants of this study were drawn from millennial preschoolers’ parents from the District of Petaling, Malaysia. 200 respondents were included in the study via convenience sampling. The measurement was a structured questionnaire that was adopted from previous research. The results revealed that there are two independent variables customization and interaction are having a significant relationship with brand engagement among parents of preschoolers’ children. There are three independent variables entertainment, trendiness and electronic word of mouth are not having a significant relationship with brand engagement among parents of preschoolers’ children. Pre-schools can be guided by the findings of this study to enhance brand engagement among parents and thus improve their enrollment numbers.

This study examines the factors influencing turnover intention among primary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed online, and 313 usable responses were analyzed. The independent variables are salary and benefits, training and career development, job stress, nature of work, and relationship with co-workers while the dependent variable is turnover intention. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the reliability of the variables. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the variables. The results confirmed that salary and benefits, training and career development, job stress, nature of work, and relationship with co-workers are significantly associated with teachers’ turnover intention with job stress and nature of work having the greatest influence on teachers’ turnover intention. Thus, aside from making sure that teachers are kept engaged and providing support for them to make teaching a meaningful and rewarding job, a proactive stress management and wellness program must be implemented to ensure the well-being of teachers in our nation.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of sleep-disordered breathing. While patients on chronic opioids are at increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing, there is a lack of data on the relationship between opioid dose and OSA risk in particular. The STOP-Bang Questionnaire (SBQ) is a common screening tool for OSA, but it has not been well studied in patients on chronic opioid therapy.This study uses the SBQ to examine the relationship between total daily opioid dose and the risk of OSA in patients on chronic opioid therapy.Retrospective chart review.Academic medical center pain clinic.Patients on stable doses of chronic opioids who completed the SBQ were grouped into 3 OSA risk categories, including low (SBQ score 0-2), medium (SBQ score 3-4), and high risk (SBQ score 5-8). Morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) was calculated and compared between the 3 risk groups. In a secondary analysis, patients were instead grouped into opioid dose categories, including low MEDD (≤ 20), medium MEDD (21-50), and high MEDD (50). The SBQ scores were then compared between the 3 MEDD groups.The charts of 190 patients on chronic opioid therapy were reviewed. One hundred forty-seven patients did not have a prior diagnosis of OSA. Of these, 92 (63%) patients completed the SBQ. Fifty-five percent were women and 45% men. The average age was 59. The average MEDD was 23.32. In the primary analysis based on the SBQ score, 39% were low risk for OSA, 42% medium risk, and 18% were high risk. There was no difference in total MEDD between the 3 groups (P = 0.83). In the secondary analysis based on total MEDD, 58% had low MEDD, 32% had medium MEDD, and 11% had high MEDD. There was no significant difference in SBQ scores between these groups (P = 0.51).This is a single center study, and only 63% of eligible patients completed the SBQ. The study did not attempt to control for potential confounders. The SBQ results were not confirmed with a polysomnogram.We found no relationship between the opioid dose and the risk of OSA as measured by the SBQ score in this chronic opioid population. Opioids may be more associated with sleep apnea due to central rather than obstructive processes, and additional screening tools beyond the SBQ may be needed to better screen for sleep apnea in this population.

The Association of Academic Physiatrists, the home of academic physiatry, is interested in advancing industry partnerships in research among academic physiatrists. There are limited existing resources that outline opportunities for academic physiatrists in engaging the translational research continuum through industry partnerships and the skill sets that academic physiatrists need to successfully navigate these partnerships. In 2019, then President of the Association of Academic Physiatrists, John Chae, MD, ME, assembled a group of interested physician-scientists in physical medicine and rehabilitation to form the Research and Industry Partnerships Task Force to address this problem. The Task Force implemented a live educational session titled "Collaborating with industry" at Physiatry '19, the Annual Meeting of the Association of Academic Physiatrists held in Puerto Rico. To extend the reach of this valuable information, the Task Force is creating resources that can be easily distributed and accessed by all physiatrists. The goal of this white paper is to provide a roadmap to help academic physiatrists begin to navigate the field of academia-industry relationships with the ultimate goal of accelerating discovery for the benefit of physiatry and rehabilitation patients.

This study examined the independent variables that influence online purchasing intention in Klang Valley, Malaysia: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and perceived risk. Online purchase intention is the dependent variable. Both the Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are the underpinning theory for the research. Data was collected from 384 respondents using a quantitative approach. Online survey questionnaires with 37 items are created, distributed, and collected from responders. The data is then examined with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. Analyses such as the normality and reliability test, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression were used to test the hypotheses proposed in this study. The study found a substantial positive relationship between three independent factors, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment, and the dependent variable, online purchasing intention. These are consistent with the hypotheses that have been proposed. However, no significant relationship exists between the independent variable, perceived risk, and the dependent variable, online purchasing intention. The findings of this study may be valuable to marketers, online shopping service providers, and online retailers. As a result, they should focus their efforts on increasing perceived utility, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment in order to retain existing customers and attract new ones.

This research aims to determine whether individuals intend to verify the validity of information before posting it on social media platforms. The intention to verify news before posting it on social media is the dependent variable. The four independent variables are attitudes, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, and awareness and knowledge. This study used a quantitative approach and a self-administered questionnaire as its research instrument. It was then delivered to the respondents via Google Forms, and the data that was gathered was then analysed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. The total number of respondents is 402. Female participants are 221 (55.0%), while males are 181 (45.0%). The result revealed a significant relationship between all the independent variables (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and awareness and knowledge) and the dependent variable (intention to verify). From the standardised regression coefficients (beta coefficients), it shows that the most significant relative influence of the explanatory variables is Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC =0.358), followed by Attitude (Att =0.334), Awareness And Knowledge (AFN= 0.169) and Subjective Norms (SN= 0.092). This study helps make improvements to these elements to halt the escalation of the spread of fake news on social media among the general population.

Background: Frostbite is an injury caused by exposure to extreme cold that can result in chronic refractory pain due to sensory neuropathy in severe cases, with limited treatment options. We report the use of neuromodulation targeting the dorsal root ganglion for the treatment of refractory foot pain due to frostbite neuropathy. Case Presentation: A 65-year-old man presented 40 years after a frostbite injury with continued refractory burning and severe pain in his left foot. After failing multiple interventions, the patient underwent a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation and implantation at the left L5 level with significant improvement of his pain. Conclusion: The patient experienced significant improvement in pain at 24 months after DRG stimulation trial and implantation. This case report suggests that the use of DRG stimulation may provide effective treatment of refractory pain due to frostbite injury. Key words: Dorsal root ganglion stimulation, frostbite, frostbite neuropathy, neuralgia, neuromodulation, spinal cord stimulation

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common long-term complication of shingles and is a significant burden to the patients due to pain and disability. Currently, treatment options are limited. In refractory cases, neuromodulation using spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) have been used but is considered experimental due to limited evidence. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation has been most studied in complex regional pain syndrome and uses electrical leads that are inserted into the epidural space and placed into the intervertebral foramen to target the DRG. Due to the advantages on targeting the DRG, DRG stimulation has been used and can be considered to treat other refractory, intractable pain conditions. Case Report: We report 2 cases who experienced successful treatment of refractory PHN. Patients underwent dorsal root ganglion stimulation at the thoracic level for the treatment of refractory PHN. Both patients showed significant improvement in pain at 24 and 36 months after a DRG stimulation trial and implantation. Conclusion: We report the successful use of DRG stimulation for the treatment of PHN. Key words: Dorsal root ganglion stimulation, neuralgia, neuromodulation, postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord stimulation

Background: The COVID pandemic has impacted almost every aspect of human interaction, causing global changes in financial, health care, and social environments for the foreseeable future. More than 1.3 million of the 4 million cases of COVID-19 confirmed globally as of May 2020 have been identified in the United States, testing the capacity and resilience of our hospitals and health care workers. The impacts of the ongoing pandemic, caused by a novel strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have far-reaching implications for the future of our health care system and how we deliver routine care to patients. The adoption of social distancing during this pandemic has demonstrated efficacy in controlling the spread of this virus and has been the only proven means of infection control thus far. Social distancing has prompted hospital closures and the reduction of all non-COVID clinical visits, causing widespread financial despair to many outpatient centers. However, the need to treat patients for non-COVID problems remains important despite this pandemic, as care must continue to be delivered to patients despite their ability or desire to report to outpatient centers for their general care. Our national health care system has realized this need and has incentivized providers to adopt distance-based care in the form of telemedicine and video medicine visits. Many institutions have since incorporated these into their practices without financial penalty because of Medicare’s 1135 waiver, which currently reimburses telemedicine at the same rate as evaluation and management codes (E/M Codes). Although the financial burden has been alleviated by this policy, the practitioner remains accountable for providing proper assessment with this new modality of health care delivery. This is a challenge for most physicians, so our team of national experts has created a reference guide for musculoskeletal and neurologic examination selection to retrofit into the telemedicine experience. Objectives: To describe and illustrate musculoskeletal and neurologic examination techniques that can be used effectively in telemedicine. Study Design: Consensus-based multispecialty guidelines. Setting: Tertiary care center. Methods: Literature review of the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, lumbar, hip, and knee physical examinations were performed. A multidisciplinary team comprised of physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedics, rheumatology, neurology, and anesthesia experts evaluated each examination and provided consensus opinion to select the examinations most appropriate for telemedicine evaluation. The team also provided consensus opinion on how to modify some examinations to incorporate into a nonhealth care office setting. Results: Sixty-nine examinations were selected by the consensus team. Household objects were identified that modified standard and validated examinations, which could facilitate the examinations.The consensus review team did not believe that the modified tests altered the validity of the standardized tests.Limitations: Examinations selected are not validated for telemedicine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were not performed. Conclusions: The physical examination is an essential component for sound clinical judgment and patient care planning. The physical examinations described in this manuscript provide a comprehensive framework for the musculoskeletal and neurologic examination, which has been vetted by a committee of national experts for incorporation into the telemedicine evaluation. Key words: COVID, pain, telemedicine, physical examination, spine, shoulder, elbow, hand, hip, knee

Background: To reduce pain and anxiety associated with interventional pain procedures, sedation is often used, with benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol the most commonly used classes of drugs for sedation. However, patient coherence and ability to communicate procedural pain and abnormal sensations help prevent adverse outcomes. Therefore, discovering alternative therapies to mitigate the anxiety and pain associated with these procedures and to minimize risk is important. The aim of our study was to investigate whether lavender has an effect on pain and anxiety associated with lumbar epidural steroid injections and lumbar medial branch blocks. Methods: In this randomized controlled study, 54 subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups, and 46 patients were included in the final analysis: experimental lavender group (n=17), control almond oil group (n=15), and placebo sterile water group (n=14). Patients wore a mask infused with either lavender, almond oil, or water for 5 minutes prior to and during their procedure. Patients rated their anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to and after the procedure based on how they felt during the procedure. Patients rated their pain according to the numerical rating scale. Outcome measures were a comparison of pain among the 3 groups and a comparison of the change in anxiety before and after the procedure among the 3 groups. Results: The lavender group demonstrated the highest mean change in anxiety scores (9.9) compared to almond oil (5.3) and water (3.6) preprocedurally vs postprocedurally. The lavender group also reported the lowest mean pain level (3.8) compared to almond oil (5.6) and water (5.6). However, none of the differences between groups showed statistical significance at the P

Background Increased utilization of telemedicine has created a need for supplemental pain medicine education, especially for the virtual physical assessment of the pain patient. Traditional clinical training utilizes manual and tactile approaches to the physical examination. Telemedicine limits this approach and thus alternative adaptations are necessary to acquire information needed for sound clinical judgement and development of a treatment plan. Clinical assessment of pain is often challenging given the myriad of underlying etiologies contributing to the sensory experience. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in the use of virtual and telemedicine visits, further complicating the ease of assessing patients in pain. The increased reliance on telemedicine visits requires clinicians to develop skills to obtain objective information from afar. While eliciting a comprehensive history and medication assessment are performed in a standard fashion via telemedicine, a virtual targeted physical examination is a new endeavor in our current times. In order to appropriately diagnose and treat patients not directly in front of you, a pivot in education adaptations are necessary. Objective To summarize best care practices in the telemedicine physical exam while presenting an algorithmic approach towards virtual assessment for the pain practitioner. Design Review of the literature and expert multidisciplinary panel opinion. Setting Nationally recognized academic tertiary care centers. Subjects Multidisciplinary academic experts in pain medicine. Methods Expert consensus opinion from the literature review. Results An algorithm for the virtual physical exam for pain physicians was created using literature review and multidisciplinary expert opinion. Conclusions The authors here present simple, comprehensive algorithms for physical exam evaluations for the pain physician stemming from a review of the literature.

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p ↑ + p collisions at s = 200 GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.